Electric Circuits and Networks 29-08-2018

Lecture 13: Natural Frequency and Bode Plot

Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

Natural Frequencies
* No. of natural frequencies = # of independent initial conditions that can be assigned
≡ order of the circuit.
* can be obtained by solving for roots of the polynomial obtained by determinant of the
node/mesh based network matrix.
* n natural frequencies k1 es1 t +k2 es2 t +· · ·+kn esn t but it may happen that a frequency have
multiplicity more than one.
1
e.g. 2
→ kte−at
(s + a)
* System is stable, poles in LHP/simple poles in jω axis; transient will die out or you
get solution of form cosω0 t, sinω0 t, u (t)
Exercise - Find the natural frequencies of the following circuits

C1 C2

Hint: There could be additional poles at zero.

Laplace/Time domain analysis with loops of voltage sources and capacitors
Example 1 : Assume capacitors are initially uncharged.
+
C1
+ −
u (t) − +
C2
−

To satisfy KVL, capacitors voltages must also be of the form Ku (t) ⇒ Impulsive current
that charge both the capacitors.
In the Laplace domain,
!
1 1 1
I (s) + =
sC1 sC2 s
C C C C
I (s) = 1 2 ↔ i (t) = 1 2 δ (t)
C1 + C2 C1 + C2

1
 1 C1 C2 1 C2
VC1 (s) = =
sC1 C1 + C2 s C1 + C2
C2
vC1 (t) = u (t)
C1 + C2
C1
vC2 (t) = u (t)
C1 + C2
We can also solve this problem in the time domain using capacitor charge equation
+
C1
− C1 V1 = C2 V2
u (t) + V1 + V2 = 1
− +
C2
−
Switch capacitor circuits
Assume initial voltage across C1 is VC1 and C2 is initally uncharged. Final volage is Vf .
when switch is closed the charge in C1 will be redistributed so
+ + that final voltage is the same.
C1 C2 Initial voltage across C1 is VC1 (0)
Q = C1 VC1 (0) = Vf (C1 + C2 )
− −

Bode Plots
* circuits is stable (jω axis is in the ROC)
⇒ Given H (s) , can find H (jω) Plot response to ejωt (Eigenfunction). Plot magnitude and
phase response.

ejωt → H (jω) ejωt

| {z }
|H (jω) | & ]H (jω)

Example 1: H (s) = 1 + s/a

H (jω) = 1 + jω/a
r
w2
|H (jω) | = 1 + 2 , ]H (jω) = arctan (ω/a)
a
HdB = 20 log10 |H (jω) | decibel
= 10 log10 |H (jω) |2

|H (jω2 ) | = 10|H (jω1 ) |

|H (jω2 ) |
H1dB − H2dB = 20 log10
|H (jω1 ) |
= 20dB

2
 |H (jω2 ) | = 2|H (jω1 ) | ⇒ 6dBchange
w2
|H (jω) |2 = 1 +
a2!
w2
HdB = 10 log10 1 + 2
a
HdB ≈ 10 log10 1 = 0 ω  a;
HdB ≈ 20 log10 ω/a ω  a

HdB

40 20 log10 ω/a
actual curve slope 20 dB/decade
20

0
10a 100a log ω

]H (jω) = arctan (ω/a)

ωa → ]H (jω) ≈ 0
ω=a → ]H (jω) = π/4
ωa → ]H (jω) ≈ π/2

π/2

π/4

0.1a a 10a

1
Example 2: H (s) =
1 + s/a
1
|H (jω) | = r , ]H (jω) = − arctan (ω/a)
w2
1+ 2
a

3
 w2
!
HdB = −10 log10 1+ 2
a

10a 100a
0
slope −20 dB/decade
−20

−40

Example 3: H (s) = s

|H (jω) | = ω, ]H (jω) = π/2

HdB

40

20

0
1 ω

1
Exercise H (s) =
(1 + s/10) (1 + s/100)
1
|H (jω) | = √ √
1 + ω2 /100 · 1 + ω2 /106