The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space

The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space
Math 22 - Elementary Analysis II
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
19 February 2019
Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Two-Dimensional Coordinate System
Recall:
A point in R2 corresponds to an ordered pair (a, b).
(a, b)
b
b
x
a

Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
A point in three-dimensional space will be represented by an ordered triple

of real numbers.
Definition
R3 := {(x, y, z) : x, y, z ∈ R}
The correspondence between points in space and the set of all
ordered triples (x, y, z) in R3 is called the three-dimensional
rectangular coordinate system or Cartesian coordinate system.

b
O
x y
Choose a fixed point O, called the origin

Take three directed lines through O that are perpendicular to each
other, called the coordinate axes and labeled the x-axis, y-axis and
z-axis. The direction of the axes is determined by the “right-hand
rule”.

b
O
x y

rule”.

O
b y

rule”.

b
O
x y

rule”.

b
O
e
an
x y
pl
y-
x
Each pair of axes determines a coordinate plane: the xy-plane

yz-
pl a
ne
b
O
x y
Each pair of axes determines a coordinate plane: the xy-plane, the

yz-plane

ne
pl a
xz - O
b
x y

yz-plane, and the xz-plane.

ne y z -p
pl a lan
xz - O e
b
e
an
x y
pl
y-
x
yz-plane, and the xz-plane.
The coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts, called octants.

Coordinates of a point in z
space:
x-coordinate: directed
distance from the P b
b a
yz-plane
y-coordinate: directed c
x y
distance from the
xz-plane
z-coordinate: directed
distance from the Coordinates of P : (a, b, c)
xy-plane

space:
b a
yz-plane
x y
distance from the
xz-plane
xy-plane

space:
b a
yz-plane
x y
distance from the
xz-plane
xy-plane

space:
distance from the Pb
yz-plane
x b a y
distance from the
xz-plane
xy-plane

space:
distance from the Pb
yz-plane a
x b y
distance from the
xz-plane
xy-plane

space:
x-coordinate: directed c
distance from the P
b
yz-plane
a b
y-coordinate: directed
x y
distance from the
xz-plane
xy-plane

space:
x-coordinate: directed c
distance from the P
b
yz-plane
a b
y-coordinate: directed
x y
distance from the
xz-plane
xy-plane

space:
c P
x-coordinate: directed b
y
distance from the b
yz-plane
y-coordinate: directed a
distance from the x
xz-plane
xy-plane

Example: Plot the following points on the three-dimensional coordinate

system.
A(1, 2, 3) B(2, −1, −2) C(−1, −3, 4)
b
C z
4
3
−3 −3
2
b A
1
−2 −2
−1 −1
1 1
2 2
3 −1 3
x −2 y
b
B −3

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:
First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x y

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
x y

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
x y

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
z-axis : (0, 0, z)
x y

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
z-axis : (0, 0, z)
xy-plane : (x, y, 0) x y

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
z-axis : (0, 0, z)
yz-plane : (0, y, z)

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
z-axis : (0, 0, z)
xz-plane : (x, 0, z)

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
z-axis : (0, 0, z)
a b
x = a : (a, y, z)

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0)
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
z-axis : (0, 0, z) b
b
x = a : (a, y, z)
y = b : (x, b, z)

First octant :
z
(x, y, z), x, y, z > 0
x-axis : (x, 0, 0) b
c
y-axis : (0, y, 0)
z-axis : (0, 0, z)
x = a : (a, y, z)
y = b : (x, b, z)
z = c : (x, y, c)

Distance Formula
Recall that in R2 , the distance between two points P1 (x1 , y1 ) and

P2 (x2 , y2 ) is given by
q
d(P1 , P2 ) = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 .
In R3 , we have the following analogous formula:

Theorem (Distance Formula)
The distance of between the points P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
q
d(P1 , P2 ) = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2

Distance Formula
Example: Find the distance between the following points.
1. A(1, 0, −2) and B(9, 1, 2) 2. P (3, −5, 1) and Q(2, −7, 3)
1. The distance between A(1, 0, −2) and B(9, 1, 2) is

q
d(A, B) = (9 − 1)2 + (1 − 0)2 + (2 − (−2))2
√ √
= 64 + 1 + 16 = 81 = 9 units.
2. The distance between P (3, −5, 1) and Q(2, −7, 3) is

q
d(P, Q) = (2 − 3)2 + (−7 − (−5))2 + (3 − 1)2
√
= 1 + 4 + 4 = 3 units.

Midpoint Formula
In R2 , the midpoint M of the line segment with endpoints P1 (x1 , y1 ) with

P2 (x2 , y2 ) is given by
x1 + x2 y1 + y2

M , .
2 2
In R3 , we have the following midpoint formula:

Theorem (Midpoint Formula)
The midpoint M of the line segment with endpoints P1 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
P2 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) is given by
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2

M , , .
2 2 2

Midpoint Formula
Example: Find the midpoint of the line segment having the following
endpoints.
1. A(4, −5, 1) and B(2, −7, −3) 2. P (3, −2, 9) and Q(−5, 2, −7)
1. The midpoint of the line segment connecting points A(4, −5, 1) and
R(2, −7, −3) is
4 + 2 −5 + (−7) 1 + (−3)

M , , or M (3, −6, −1).
2 2 2
2. The midpoint of the line segment connecting the points P (3, −2, 9)
and Q(−5, 2, −7) is
3 + (−5) −2 + 2 9 + (−7)

M , , or M (−1, 0, 1).
2 2 2

Spheres
Definition
The set of all points in R3 equidistant from a fixed point C is called a
sphere. The point C is called the center of the sphere, and the fixed
distance r is called the radius of the sphere.
Suppose P (x, y, z) is a point on the sphere with center at C(h, k, l) and radius r.
z
Then
P b
r bC d(C, P ) = r
p
= (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 + (z − l)2
=⇒ r2 = (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 + (z − l)2
x y

Spheres
Equation of a Sphere
The equation of the sphere centered at C(h, k, l) with radius r is given by
(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 + (z − l)2 = r 2 .
In particular, the sphere centered at the origin with radius r has equation
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 .
Example: Find the equation of the sphere centered at (3, 1, −5) with
diameter of 8 units.
Solution: The radius of the sphere is 4, which is half of the diameter.
Hence its equation is
(x − 3)2 + (y − 1)2 + (z + 5)2 = 16.

Spheres
Example: Show that x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 2y + 6z − 11 = 0 is a sphere,

and find its center and radius.
Solution:
By completing the squares, we have
(x2 − 4x + 4) + (y 2 + 2y + 1) + (z 2 + 6z + 9) = 11 + 4 + 1 + 9
(x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z + 3)2 = 25.
Thus, its center

√ is at (2, −1, −3)
Radius: r = 25 = 5.

Spheres
Example: Find the equation of the sphere centered at A(3, −5, 1) and
contains the point B(1, 0, −1).
Solution:
The radius r of this sphere is given by the distance between the points A
and B, i.e.,
q
r = d(A, B) = (1 − 3)2 + (0 − (−5))2 + (−1 − 1)2
√ √
= 4 + 25 + 4 = 33
Hence, this sphere will have an equation
(x − 3)2 + (y + 5)2 + (z − 1)2 = 33.

Exercises
1. Locate the following points in a three-dimensional Cartesian space.
(a) (2, 4, −1) (c) (7, −2, −6)

(b) (−3, 1, −2) (d) (−2, −3, −4)
2. Given: points A(1, −5, 2), B(3, 2, −4), and C(−4, 1, 3)

Find
(a) the midpoint of DC where D is the midpoint of AB;
(b) a point in the z-axis that is equidistant to both A and B;
(c) the sphere centered at C, containing B.
3. Sketch a portion of the planes with the following equations.
(a) x = −4 (b) y = −2 (c) z = 3

The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space

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The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space

Math 22 - Elementary Analysis II

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

A point in three-dimensional space will be represented by an ordered triple

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Choose a fixed point O, called the origin

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Choose a fixed point O, called the origin

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Choose a fixed point O, called the origin

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Choose a fixed point O, called the origin

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Each pair of axes determines a coordinate plane: the xy-plane, the

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Each pair of axes determines a coordinate plane: the xy-plane, the

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Example: Plot the following points on the three-dimensional coordinate

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Some sets of points in the three-dimensional coord. system:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Recall that in R2 , the distance between two points P1 (x1 , y1 ) and

In R3 , we have the following analogous formula:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Example: Find the distance between the following points.

1. A(1, 0, −2) and B(9, 1, 2) 2. P (3, −5, 1) and Q(2, −7, 3)

1. The distance between A(1, 0, −2) and B(9, 1, 2) is

2. The distance between P (3, −5, 1) and Q(2, −7, 3) is

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

In R2 , the midpoint M of the line segment with endpoints P1 (x1 , y1 ) with

In R3 , we have the following midpoint formula:

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

Math 22 THV2 UP Diliman The Three-Dimensional Cartesian Space 19 February 2019

(x − h)2 + (y − k)2 + (z − l)2 = r 2 .