Environmental Engineering-I

SOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Engr. GHULAM HUSSAIN

(Assistant Professor, IEER UET Lahore)
 1. SURFACE WATER
 Yield:

The portion of precipitation on a water shed which can be

collected for use is called the yield.

 Safe Yield:

Minimum yield recorded in the past.

 Draft:

Quantity of water planned for use or actually used.

 1. SURFACE WATER
IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR:
Following factors must be considered;
 Evaporation losses
 Seepage losses
 Downstream users of water
RESERVOIR STORAGE:
 An integrated hydrograph, also known as mass diagram is
used to determine the required reservoir storage graphically.
 Records of the stream must be available for substantial
periods of time, generally more than 30 years.
 1. SURFACE WATER
• Reservoir Storage: (by Mass Diagram)
 1. SURFACE WATER
INTAKES:
• Surface source of water are subject to wide variations in flow, quality, and
temperature.
• Intake structures are required to abstract the water despite these natural
fluctuations.

Intake consists of an opening (screened in some manner) and

a conduit which conveys water to a sump from which it
may be pumped to a treatment plant.
 1. SURFACE WATER
INTAKES:

Factors to be considered while locating intakes:

– Anticipated variations in water level

– Navigation requirement

– Local currents, and patterns of sediment deposition and

scour

– Spatial and temporal variations in water quality

– Quantity of floating debris

 RIVER INTAKES
Location of Intake:
Whenever practicable a river intake should be sited:

• where there is adequate flow;

• at a level that allows gravity supply to minimize pumping costs;

• upstream of densely populated and farming areas to reduce silt

inflow;

• upstream of cattle watering places, washing places and sewer

outlets

• upstream of bridges
 TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES

Unprotected Intake:
 TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
Protected Intake:
 TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
Pumped River Water Intake:
 TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES

River Intake using Infiltration Drains:

 TYPES OF RIVER INTAKES
Screened Pipe Intake
 RIVER INTAKES
Design Considerations:
• The bottom of the intake structure should be at least 1 m
above the riverbed.
• The intake structure must always include one or more
baffles or screens.
• Velocity of flow through the intake should be low,
preferably less than 0.1 m/s.
• Velocity in the conduit must be in the range from 0.3 to 0.6
m/s.
IMPOUNDING RESERVOIR INTAKE
 LAKE WATER
• The quality of lake water is influenced by self-purification
through aeration, bio-chemical processes, settling of suspended
solids, and thermal stratification.

• The water quality varies along the depth in deeper lakes.

 LAKE INTAKES
Location:

• Must be located as far as possible from source of pollution.

• Placement should take into consideration,

– sources of pollution,

– prevailing winds,

– surface and subsurface currents, and

– shipping lanes.
 LAKE INTAKES
Variable depth lake water intake:
• Provision should be made to withdraw the water at some
depth below the surface.
 LAKE INTAKES
Multi-level intake:
 LAKE INTAKES
Submersible Crib Intake:
LAKE INTAKES
 LAKE WATER INTAKES
Shallow lake intake:
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Transmission systems are composed of supply
conduits and pumping facilities.

Supply Conduits:
– Supply conduits, or aqueducts, transport water from the
source of supply to the community.

– Depending upon topography and available materials,

conduits are designed to carry the water in open-
channel flow or under pressure.
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Hydraulic Design:
1. Darcy-Weisbach Formula;

Where;

hf is the head loss, l is the length of pipe, d is the diameter of

the pipe, v is the mean velocity of flow, g is the gravity
constant, and f a dimensionless friction factor.
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Hydraulic Design:
2. Hazen-Williams Formula;

HL = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85L/d4.87

Where;
HL is the Head loss
Q is the flow through pipe
C is Hazen Williams Coefficient
L is the length of pipe
D is diameter of pipe
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Conduit Selection:
• Masonry aqueducts and tunnels are cheapest to be built
them to the full projected capacity of the system.

• Pipelines, however, are sometimes more economical if a

first line of limited capacity is built to be followed by a
second line at the time the capacity of the first line has
been reached.
 TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Supply Conduits:
Conduit Selection:
Multiple supply lines may be constructed simultaneously
under a number of special conditions, as follows:
– When the size of a single line would exceed the maximum size
of pipe that can be manufactured.

– When the pipe is known to fail in such a way that much damage
is done and that repairs cannot be made within a reasonable
length of time.

– When the location of the line presents special hazards