ASCB7-98
6.0 WIND LOADS
6.1 GENERAL
6.1.1 Scope
Buildings and other structures.including the
main wind force resisting systcm and 811components
and cladding thereof, shall he designedand con-
stnlcted to resist wind loads as specified herein.
6.1.2 AUowed Procedures
The design wind loads tor buildings and other
stlUctures,including the main wind force ~isting
system and componentand cladding elementsthereof.
shall be detennined using one of the following proce-
du~: (1) Method I-Simplified Procedureas speci-
fied in Section 6.4 Cafbuildings meeting the require-
ments specified therein; (2) Method 2-AnalyticaJ
Procedureas specified in Section 6.5 Corbuildings
meeting [he requirementsspecified therein; and (3)
Method 3-Wind Thnnel Procedureas specified in
Section 6.6.
6.1.3 Wind Pressura Acting on Opposite Fata
of Eac:h Building Surface
In (he calculation of design wind loads tor the
main wind force ~sisting system and tor components
and cladding tor buildings. the aIgebraicsum of the
p~ssures acting on opposite faces of each building
surface shall be taken into account
6.1.4 Mluimum DesIgn Wlnd Loading
The design wind load. detennined by any one of
the proceduresspecified io Section 6.1.2. shatl he Dot
less than specified in this section.
6.1.4.1 Main Wind Force Rnisting S,"'UnI
The wind load to he used in the design of the
main wind force resisting system for an enclosedor
partially enclosed building or other structure shall not
he less than 10 lb/ft2 (0.48 kN/m; multiplied by the
area of the building or structure projected onto a ver-
tical plane Donna] to the assumedwind direction.
The design wind force for open buildings and other
structuresshall he nO( less than 10 lW (0.48
kN/m; multiplied by the areaAf'
6.1.4.2 Compollellts alld C/addill'
The design wind pressuretor componentsand
cladding of buildings shall be not less ihan a net
~lUre of 10 IW (0.48 kN/m2)ICUngin eidlerdi-
rectionnonnalto d)C.urflCe.
6.2 DEFINITIONS
The following definilions apply only to (he pro-
visions of Section 6:
Approved: Acceptable to the authority having
jurildiction.
Baslc \riDd Speed,V: 3-secondgust speedat 33
ft (10 m) above!he groundin Exposure C (seeSec-
tion 6.5.6.1) as detennined in accordancewith Sec-
tioo 6.5.4.
BuJIdiaa, enclOled: A building that does nol
comply with the.~uirements tor open or partially
enclosedbuildings.
BaiIdIuc eDveiope: Cladding, roofing, exterior
walli, glazing, door usemblies, wiodow assemblies,
skylight assemblies,and other componentsenclosing
the building.
Bldldilll 8Dd otber ItnIctul'e, fteDble: Slender
buildings and other struchlres that bave a fundamen-
taI natura1frequency less than l Hz.
BIdIdJDIf Iow-riae: Enclosed or partia1Iyen-
closed building. which comply with both of the fol-
lowing conditions:
1. mean roof height h 1essihan or equal ta ~ ft (18
m); and
2. mean roof height h does not exceed least horizon-
tai dimension.
BuiIdin&, open: A building having each wall at
least 80% open. This condition is expressedtor each
wall by the equationA. ~ 0.8 A. where:
A. = tOCal~ of openings in a wall that receives
positive extemal pressure,in fr (mz)
A. = Chegross area of d1atwall in which A. is iden-
tified, in rr (m1)
Building, partiaUy endosed: A building which
complies with both of the following conditions:
1. the totaJarea of openings in a wall that receives
positive extcmaJpreslure excecdsd1elum af d1e
areasof openings in the balance of the building
envelope (walls and roof) by m~ than 10%, and
2. the tota1area af openings in a wall that receives
positiveexternalpressureexcecds4 ft2 (0.37 m1
23
 LOADS R)R BUn..DINOS ANn
« I ~ of thc uea of d'8t wall. whiclleveria .
1maUer,lDd dIe percentapof openin,. in d1ebal-
anceof the buildingenvelopedoesnot exceed
20lIl.
TheaecondiuonsareexpreSlcdby d1efollowing
equationa
: tion 6.S.7. a land lurf~ cbII8Cterizedby Ibong ~-
1. A. > 1.10.4.
2. A. > 4 rt2(0.37m2)or >O.OIArwhicheveris
smaIler,andA.IA" s 0.20 where:
A.. A, are u definedtor OpenBuilding
A. . dIe sum of dIe lreaI af openinSI in dte
building envelope (walli and roof) not in-
cluding A.. in rt2 (m2)
Ali = dIe sum of dIe 81'0'1swfKe areu of dte
building envelope (walls and roof) not in-
cluding A,. in ft2 (m2)
Bu1Idin& or o&berltnd8R, rrcuJar lbapeci: A
building or od1erstnJcturehavins no unusual Se<>-
metricaJin'egularity in spatial fonn.
BIdIdiDa or otber ltnId8res, rllid: A buildinS
or other Itructure whose fundameotalfialucocy is
gJQter than or equaJto I Hz.
BalldiDa. 8IDpIe dllPbl'8llD: An enclosed
or partially enclosedbuilding in which wind loads
ale b'alWnitted Ihrough ftoor and roof diapbragms
ta me vel1icaJmain wind force resisting
systcm.
Compoaeatl aDd
ColDpODeDta and d8ddiq: Elementl of dIe
d8ddiDl: Elcments dte
building cnvclopc that do not qualify 8Spart of w
main wioo-fon:e reliltin. Iyltem.
DesIp loiU, F: Equivalent ltatic fon:e ta be
used in dte detennination of wind loads for ~
building' and other structure,.
DeIiID p~ p: Equivalent static presswe ta
be used in thc detennination of wind lOIdI tor
Elrective wIad ana: The area used ta detennine
GC,. Por component and cladding elementl. the ef-
fective wind ~ in Fiss. 6-S through 6-8 is the span
length multiplied by an effcctive width that oecd nol
be less than one-third the span length. For cladding
fulenen. the effective wind area Ihall naI be greater
than the area thaI is tributary to an individual
fastener.
Elcarpalmt: A1so Down as scarp. widl ~pect
to topographic effects in Section 6.S.7. . cliff or
steep Ilope generally scparatiDStwo levels or gently
slopinS ~.
GIuJq: Olus or tranlparalt or ttanllucent plas-
tic sheet used in windoWI. ckJon, CKakylilhtJ.
7A
(7nIBR STRUCI'URBS
GI8II8I. laa-ct r-.e.t: alainl whichhu
beenIIIown by an approvedteit medtod to wiChlland
Ibe ilnPKt of wind bCK'ne missiJeslikely ta be gener-
Ited in wind bome debril ~gionl durin, deaisn
winds.
B1D: With reapectta toPOIrapi1iceffectl in Scc-
lief in any horizonta! direction (~ Ml. 6.2).
Hunic8De proae 0..: Areas vulnerable to
hurricanes;in dte Uniled Statesand its tenitories de-
fined u:
1. (he U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
coastswhere (he buic wind apeedia glUter dlan
90 mph. and
2. Hawaii. Puerto Rico. Guam. Virxin Islands, and
American Samoa.
~~ ~at COftrfDl: A covering desisned
ta pro~ g1azing.whicb hu been shown by an ap-
proved teat mcdtOOto witbstand (he impect of wind
borne rniuiJes likely ta be geoeratedin wind txJme
debris ~gions during design winds.
1mport8ace factor, 1: A fk:tor thal accountsfor
the de~ of hazard ta human life and damage to
property.
MaIa wiad.rorce ~-!!g syltem: An usem-
blage of atrucblra1el~ts usigned to provide sup-
port and atability for the overaJl slnlCture.The ayatem
gener.ily ~vea wind lo8dina from ~ tb8Dooe
surf~.
Meaa rooI belPt, h: The averageof (he roof
eave beight and (he beight to dte highest point on dte
roof surf~, except daat,for roof angles of less Ihan
or equal ta 10, the mean roof beigi1tshaJlbe the roof
beave heighl
O~--: Apertures or holes in dIe building en-
velope which allow sir ta ftow through (he building
enveiope and whicb ue designeciII ..~., during
desisn winds u defined by d1eseprovisions.
~~~ UteratuR: Publishcd ~h find-
ings and technical papen lha1 ue approved.
Ridp: With reapectto topolr8phic effects in
Section 6.S.7 an eloogated crest of a hill chancter-
ized by slroog ~Iief in two directions (see Pig. 6.2).
WInd bome debrls regloas: Areas within hurri-
cane prone regions localed.
1. within one mile of (he couta! mean high watcr
lme where (he buic wind Speedis equal ta or
greatcr tban 110 mph and in Hawaii; or
2. in ~ where d1ebuic wind speedis equal ta or
greatcr dtan 120 mph.
41
 MIN1MUMDESION LOADS ~ BUIl.DINOSANO ontER STRUcroRES

42
 ASCE7-98

" .

43

~
MINIMUM DESIGNWADS ~ BUD.DINOSAND 0t1IBR STRUcroRES

b ~ 60 n.
Fllure 6-5A Exta'DaIP.-n t::'~~ii,
EnclOled.PaniaOyEnelOledBuDdlnp Waits

"
MlNIMUM ~JGN LOADSR)R BUIlDINOS AND onIBR STRUC11JRES

62
 MINlMUM DBSION LOADS R>R BUD.DINOS AND O'I1IBR STRUcruRES

R, . -1 - - 1 (1 - e-2") fOl''1 > 0 (Eq.6-i .a) regionsshallbe impactresistantglazingor protected

'7 2'" with an impact ~sistant covering, or such glazing
that receivespositive extemal shall be as-
R,= I for'1=O (Eq.6-llb) sumed to be openings.

wheredte subscriptt in Eq. 6-11 shall be takenash, 6.5.9.4 Mllidpl. CIas'~GIioIU

B, andL respectively. If a building by definition complies with both the
"open" and "partiaJly encloscd" definitions, it shall
n, =building naturaJf~uency; he classified as an "open" building. A building that
Rf = Rio setting 11 = 4.6n.hl9i;
does not comply with either the "open" or "paltially
Rf = R. setting 11= 4.6n.BIV-;
enclosed" definitions shall he classified as an "en-
Rf = RL setting 11= IS.4n\U9i;
closed" building.
.B =damping ratio, pen:ent ot critical h, B, L are de-

fined in Section 6.3; and

6.5.10 Velodty Pre88ure
Vi =mean hourly wind speed(tt/S) al height i deter-
Velocity pressure,q" evaluatedat height z shall
minedfrom Eq. 6-12.
he calculatedby the following equation:

Vi = b (~). V(~) (Eq.6-12) q, . ().00256K,K..K"V21(Ib/fr) (Eq.6-13)

[in SI: q, = 0.613K,K.,K.,V21

(N/mz»)
where b and ä ale consrantslisted jn Table 6-4 and
V is the basic wind specd io mph.
where K" is the wind directionality factor defined in
Section 6.5.4.4, K. is the velocity pressureexposure
6.5.8.3 R4Iio1lal AlIaly.ris
coefficient defiDedin Section 6.5.6.4, K" is the tapo-
Jn lieu of tbe proced~ defined in Sections
gr3phic factor defined in Section 6.5.7.2, and q. is
6.5.8.1 and 6.5.8.2. detenninaaon of Chegust effect
the velocity pressurecalculated using Eq. 6-13 at
factor by any rationaI analysis defined in Cherecog-
mean roof hcight h.
nized litera~ is pennitted.
The numericaJcoefficient 0.00256 (0.613 in SI)
shall he usedexcept whcre sufficient climatic data
6.5.8.4 UmiIGtions
are available to justify the selection of a dift'erent
Where combined gust effect factors and pressure value of this factor tor a design application.
coefficients (GC,. GC,.. and GC,,> are given in fig-
ures and tables. d1egust effect factor shall not he de-
6.5.11Pressureand Fon:e
termined separately.
6.5.11./lnUmal pT.u",. Co..o;ci6n1s
6.5.9 Enclosure CIa.uificatiODS
lntemal pressurecoefficients, GC,I' shall be de-
tennined from Table 6-7 basedon building enclosure
6.5.9.1 General
classifications
detenninedfrom Section6.S.9.
For the pwpose of detennining intemal pressure
coefficients, all buildings shaJlhe classified as en-
6.5.JJ.J.J Reductionfactor tor large volume
closed, paJtially eocloscd, Dr open as defined in Sec-
bon 6.2. building!. R;
For a partially cnclosedbuilding containing a
single, unpartitioned large volume, the intemal pres-
6.5.9.2 Openings
sure coefficient, GC". shall he multiplied by the fol-
A detennination shall he made of me arnount of
lowing reductionfactor,R;:
openings in chebuilding envelope in order to deter-
roine cheenclosure classification as defined in Section
6.5.9.1. + 1
R1= 1.0 or R1= O.S (1 '. + -L ) s 1.0
6.5.9.3WindBorn. D.brls
GJazingin the Jower60 ft (18.3m) of Category
,,1 T22:~ .. :
II. 111,or IV buildingssitedin wind bornedebris (Eq.6-14)

30

where
.4.. .
totaI aIea of openings in dte building envelope
(walls and roof. in rt2);
V,D unpartitioned intemal volume, in ft'.
6.5.11.2 Ext.ntal Pr6Slun CHfficUlIb
6.5.J J.2.J Main wind force ~sisting systems
Extemal p~W'e coefficients tor main wind
f~e resisting systemsC, ~ given in Pig. 6-3 and
Table 6-8. Combined gust effect factor and extemal
pressW'ecoefficients. GC, ~ given in Pig. 6-4 for
low-rise buildings. The press~ coefficient values
and gust effect factor in Pig. 6-4 shall not he
separated.
6.5.J J.2.2 ComponentsoM cladding
Combined gust effcct f8CtOrand extemal p~s-
~ coefficienrs for componentsand cladding GCp
are given in Figs. 6-5 through 6-8. The pressureco-
efticient values and guat eft'ect factor sball not be
separated.
6.5.11.3 Forc, Coefficilllb
Fon:e coefficients C1are given in Tables 6-9
d1rough6-13.
6.5.11.4 ROD/OJIerhangl
6.5.J J .4. J
Main wind-force ~sisting syslem
Roof overhangsshall he designecifor a positive
pressureon the bottom surface of windwanJ roof
overhangscorresponding to C, = 0.8 in combination
with dJe pressuresdetennined from using Fip. 6-3
Q...f~
ASCE7-98
. 6.5.12.1.2 CrlticallOdd condltion
Values af extemal and internaI prcssurcsshall be
combined algebraically ta detennine the most critical
load.
6.5.12./.3 Tributary anas gnater Ihan 700 Jf
(65 m2J
Component and cladding elementswith tributary
areasgreatcr than 700 ft2 (65 m~) shall be pennitted
ta be designedusing the provisions tor main wind
force resisting systems.
6.5.12.2 Main Forcl RI,iltinr Synlm'
6.5./2.2./ Rigid buildings 0/ all /leights
Design wind pressurestor the main wind force
resisting sysle~ af buildings of afl heights shall be
detcrmined by the following equation:
p =qGC, - q,(GC1i)(Ib/fr) (N/m1 (Eq.6-15)
q = q, tor windwud walls evaluated at height l
above the ground;
q = q. tor leewud waIls, side walls, and roofs,
evaJuatedat height h;
q/ = q. tor windwud walls, side waIls, leeward
walli, and roofl of enclosedbuildings and
tor negative intcmaI pressureevaluation jn
paniaIly enclosedbuildings;
q, = q, fOl' positive intemal pressureevaluation in
partially enclosedbuildings where height z is
defined as the level of the highest opening in
~L- L__""'-- ~L_. ,.. ~ -'-- ---,"'--- ,-