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COMPRESSORS
Ans : Electric motor, gas turbine, steam turbine and gas engine.
Ans : Highspeed impellers increase the kinetic energy of the gas, converting this energy into higher
pressures in a divergent outlet passage called a diffuser. Large volume of gas at moderate pressure.
4. What are types of steam turbine and why are they popular?
Ans : Condensing and non-condensing, Popular because can convert large amounts of heat energy
into mechanical work very efficiently.
Ans : Desserts and offshore platforms where gas is available, for gas transmission, gas lift, liquid
pumping, gas re-injection and process compressors.
Condensate pump, Air blowers, Inlet air filters, Wast heat system,
Ans : Floor elevation, building width, building elevation, hook centreline elevation.
Ans : Block Valve, Strainer, Break out flanges in both inlet and outlet to
layout?
Ans : High pulsation, simple line as low to grade as possible for supporting, analog study, all branches
close to line support and on top, Isolate line support from adjacent compressor or building
foundations
DRUMS
operator access.
Ans : Skirt for large drums, legs, lugs, saddles for horizontal drums.
Ans : Inlet, outlet, manhole, drain, pressure relief, agitator, level guage,
Ans : Away from the turbulence at the liquid outlet nozzle, although the
quiet zone of the vessel for example on the opposite side of the weir or
Ans : AT the top section of drum at the end opposite the steam out
connecton.
Ans : Must be anywhere in the vapor space, preferable at the top section
of drum
valves
construction material, disc type, stem type, how to operate, bonnet type,
Ans : Cast iron, bronze, gun metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy
8. What is trim?
Ans : Trim is composed of stem, seat surfaces, back seat bushing and
other small internal parts that normally contact the surface fluid.
Ans : All parts that come in contact with surface fluid are called wetted
parts.
Ans : This term is used to indicate the premature erosion of the valve
seat caused by excessive velocity between seat and seat disc, when valve
Ans : Full port design and regular port design, according to type of seat,
Ans : Single piece, double piece, three piece, the short pattern, long
Ans : Because of soft seat PTFE which can damage during welding.
Ans : Double flange type, wafer lug type and wafer type.
Ans : Swing check valve, conventional check valve, wafer check valve,
tilting disc check valve, piston check valve, stop check valve, ball check
valve.
between each boiler and the main steam header. It can be optionally
Ans : Used for low pressure corrosive services as shut off valves.
Ans: Any valve having a body machined from solid metal (barstock).
Ans Refers to a plug type disc globe valve used for removing sludge and
sedimentary matter from the bottom of boiler drums, vessels, driplegs etc.
Ans: A special self acting valve installed on storage tanks etc. to release vapour or gas on slight
increase of internal pressure ( in the region of ½ to 3 ounces per square inch).
Ans: A non return valve having a hinged disc or rubber or leather flap
Ans: A gate or globe valve having one of its ends externally threaded to
one of the hose thread standards in use in the USA. These valves are
Ans: A single disc single seat gate valve (Slide gate) with knife edged or
notched disc used to regulate flow of paper slurry or other fibrous slurry.
header.
Ans: Any valve used to closely regulate flow in the just-open position.
Ans: A special self-acting valve or nay valve suitable for vacuum service,
Ans: Any on/off valve rapidly operable, either by manual lever, spring or
in falling operates the valve. Quick acting valves are desirable in lines
Ans : This valve switch flow from one main line to two different outlets.
Ans : Usually of needle or globe pattern, placed in branch line for the
pattern and angle type, used to remove air and other gases from boilers
etc.
Ans : Rapid opening(popping action) full flow valve for air and other gases.
Ans : Valve used to maintain a head of water on the suction side of sump pump, basically a lift check
valve with integrated strainer.
Ans : Used to control liquid level in tanks, operated by float, which rises with liquid level and opens
the valve to control water level. It can also remove air from system, in which case, air flows out of
system in valve open condition, but when water reaches valve, float inside valve raises to close the
valve and stop flow of water. Used in drip legs.
Ans : Special type of valves used to drain out the piping, reactors and
Ans : Valves with discs opening into the tank and valves with disks into
the valve.
vise versa, isolating one safety valve, division of flow with isolation
facility.
Ans : Rectangular port, area almost equal to pipe bore, smooth transition
Ans : Valves with face to face dimension of gate valve, as a alternative to gate valve.
Ans : With holes in port top and bottom connecting two chambers on top
Ans : PTFE sleeve between plug and body of valve, low turning effort,
Ans : Plug valves with Teflon seat instead of sleeves, for on off
applications, can handle clean viscous and corrosive liqiuids, Graphite seat
for high temperature applications. Drip tight shut off not possible.
Ans : Off center plug, corrosive and abrasive service, on off action,
get sqeezed to control or stop the flow, Cast iron body, for very low
standard.
Ans :Full pyramid disc, same design as globe valve, smaller sizes, sw or threaded, flow control, disc
can be integral with stem, inside screw, borged or barstock body and bonnet, manufacturers
standard.
Ans : Globe valve should be installed such that the flow is from the
underside of the disk, Usually flow direction is marked on the globe valve.
Ans : Full port: More than 85% of bore size, Reducer port: One size less
Ans :Flat faced type for positive shutoff, loose plug type for plug renewalor needle type for finer
control.
Ans : Always rising design, with disk nut at the lower end and handwheel
at upper end.
Ans : Angle globe valve, plug type disc globe valve, wye-body globe
Ans : For severe regulating service with gritty liquids such as boiler
Ans : In line ports with stem emerging at 45 degree, for erosive fluids
Ans : Has two discs bearing on separate seats spaced apart, on a single
Ans : Full port and reduced port. Default is reduced bore. Full port has to
be specified in bom.
Ans : Solid plane wedge, solid flexible wedge, split wedge, double disc parallel seats, double disc
wedge, single disc single seat gate or slide, single disc parallel seats, plug gate valve.
seal bonnet.
76. Can you explain in detail three or more major differences between code ANSI B31.1 and code
ANSI B31.3?
Answer: There is only one major difference between the two, B31.1 is for Power Piping and B31.3 is
for Refinery/Chemical Plant Piping.
77. There is a power plant inside a Process refinery. Where exactly the ANSI B31.1 & ANSI B31.3
scope break occurs?
Answer: Based on my experience there were two cases. Case #1, B31.1 stopped at the Power Plant
Unit block valves. Thus all piping inside the Power Plant was B31.1. Case #2, B31.1 stopped at the
equipment (Boiler) isolation block valves and then all other piping was B31.3. This is normally the
choice of the owner/operator/client.
78. Which of the following piping system is more health hazardous. A) Fuel oil piping b) Process
piping with Caustic c) process piping with HF acid d) Sulphuric acid piping.
79. There is a steam piping with low pocket but without steam trap. What will be worst consequence
of this layout?
Answer: There will be a build up of condensate to the point that a slug will be pushed by the steam
flow. This slug of condensate will ause ater ha er a d ould rip the pipi g apart.
80. In what circumstance, the reducer of a pump suction piping will be in bottom flat position.
Explain why the reducer should be so.
Answer: When reducers are placed in pipe Rack they are generally bottom side flat to maintain BOP
to facilitate supporting. (Answer Credit: Samir Kumar)
81. A P&ID shows a spec break (at Flange) between carbon steel & stainless steel specification. What
additional arrangements you have to make for that dissimilar material flange joint?
82. A stainless steel piping specification mentions Galvanized carbons steel bolts. What is your first
reaction to this and how do you rectify it?
Answer: If that is what the Spec call for then that is what I am supposed to use. But, I would ask the
Piping Material Engineer (PME) why he/she specified galvanized bolts.
83. How many types of piping specialty items do you know? Why it is called a piping special? Why
not we include them in standard piping specification.
Answer: I could possibly count 50 or more depending on the PME and how the piping material specs
were developed. They are called them SP items because they are NOT written into the normal Piping
Material (Line Class) Specifications. They are not included because they are normally of limited use,
purchased from a limited product line vendor and are often after thoughts.
84. Draw a typical steam trap station layout and explain why the existence of a by-pass line around
the trap is not a good idea, when the condensate is returning to a condensate header?
Answer: (No drawing) It is not advisable to have a bypass around a steam trap because the block
valve could be left open and defeat the purpose of the trap.
85. E plai hat is a Dou le lo k & Bleed al e? Wh e eed a leed al e? Whe do e use
this?
A s er: The pri ar purpose of a Dou le Blo k & Bleed is Safet . Ho e er it is ot fail safe. The
next better Safet set-up would be Double Block Valve with a Spec Blind between the valves. The
higher level of safety would be double block valves with a removable spool for absolute isolation.
86. In a typical tie-in where should the spectacle blind be inserted? a) after block valve and towards
existing plant b) before block valve and towards new plant. Explain why.
Answer: The Spec Blind shall be placed on the Unit side of the Unit Block valves. This placement
allows for the closing of the Unit isolation block valve, the unit side is depressured and drained. Then
the spec blind can be installed for isolation of the unit.
87. Stress i te sifi atio fa tor SIF Where do e use this? E plai this ter . Ho a t pes of
these SIF’s e ist?
Answer: Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) is a multiplier on nominal stress for typically bend and
intersection components so that the effect of geometry and welding can be considered in a beam
analysis. Stress Intensification Factors form the basis of most stress analysis of piping systems. As for
the quantity, ask a Stress Engineer.
88. When all design parameters are same, whose thermal expansion is higher among the following?
A) Carbon steel b) Stainless steel c) Duplex steel d) Cast Iron e) Galvanized Carbon steel.
89. In a hose station the hose couplings used for water, air & steam should be different type. Do you
agree? Explain your view.
Answer: I agree. If they are all the same then the hoses can be connected to the wrong services and
could result in the injury of an operator (i.e.: thinking the hose is connected to water when it is
connected to steam).
90. What is your view on the usage of Metallic expansion joints? When they become necessary and
when they could be avoided?
Answer: I do everything I can as a piping designer to avoid the use of all types of expansion joints.
Expansion joints are always the weakest point in any system where they are used.
91. A water cooler heat exchanger, located on a 20 m high structural platform. Water header is
located u/g. What precaution do you take, in case of Pressure loss in cooling water header?
Answer: I do not understand this question it does not appear to be a piping issue. I would assume
that the cooling water system has a (loss of) pressure sensor and the plant shut-down alarms and
sequence would be activated.
92. In what order do you arrange the pipes in the Pipe rack and why? How much % of area should be
reserved for Future expansion? Specify a range.
Answer: The largest hottest lines on the outside edge of the pipe rack working in with cooler lines in
towards the middle of the rack. This allows the longer loop legs as you lay the loops back over the
other lines to the other side of the rack and back. The lower temperature loops ould e ested
inside the larger, hotter loops.
Future ra k spa e is or all at the dire tio of the Clie t. It a e a thi g fro 0% to as u h
as 25%.
93. When a utility line (like condensate or water etc) is connected permanently to a process piping
what precaution we have to take to avoid cross contamination?
94. A air fin cooler (2 air coolers with each having 2 inlet nozzles) needs a Typical piping
arrangement. How many types of piping arrangement is possible.
Answer: There are a number of ways to pipe a Fin-Fan cooler depending on what the P&ID call for?