RAYALASEEMA UNIVERSITY: KURNOOL

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Revised Syllabus [CBCS] w.e.f 2015-16
CREDITS
PROPOSED IN THE DEPARTMENT COUNCIL

THEORY LAB/
PRACTICAL

SEMESTER-I
PAPER101: CLASSICAL MECHANICS 4
PAPER102: MATHEMATICAL METHODS 4
PAPER103: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY & RELATIVISTIC
4
PHYSICS
PAPER104: QUANTUM MECHANICS-1 4
PAPER105: ELETRONICS-I 4
PAPER106 PRACTICAL LABORATORY COURSE – I
4
(GENERAL)
PAPER107 PRACTICAL LABORATORY COURSE – II
4
(ELECTRONICS)
SEMESTER-II
PAPER201: QUANTUM MECHANICS-II 4
PAPER202: NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES & PROGRAMMING 4
PAPER203: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS 4
PAPER204: ATMOIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS 4
PAPER205: ELECRONICS II 4
PAPER206: PRACTICAL LABORATORY COURSE – I
4
(GENERAL)
PAPER207: PRACTICAL LABORATORY COURSE – II
4
(ELECTRONICS)
SEMESTER-III
PAPER301: STATISTICAL MECHANICS 4
PAPER302: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 4
PAPER303: LASERS AND NONLINEAR OPTICS 4
PAPER304: MATERIAL SCIENCE 4
PAPER305: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS 4
PAPER306: PRACTICAL LABORATORY COURSE – I
4
(GENERAL)
PAPER307: PRACTICAL LABORATORY COURSE – II
4
(ELECTRONICS)
SEMESTER -IV
PAPER401: ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 4
PAPER402(a): APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY
(OR) (OR) 4
PAPER402(b): DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
PAPER403: PROJECT WORK 12
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Revised Syllabus [CBCS] w.e.f 2015-16

PAPER101: CLASSICAL MECHANICS

UNIT I – LAGRANGIAN MECHANICS (15 HOURS)

Mechanics of a particle and many particle systems: Conservation laws- Generalized
coordinates- Constraints and their classification with examples - Principle of virtual work -
D’ Alembert’s principle - Lagrange’s equations of motion - applications of the Lagrangian
Formulation.
UNIT II - HAMILTONIAN MECHANICS (15 HOURS)
Hamiltonian principle - Lagrange’s equation from Hamilton’s principle - Cyclic coordinates-
Hamilton’s equation of motion–Extension of Hamiltonian’s principle to Non-conservative
and holonomic systems- Some applications of Hamilton’s formulation, Rayleigh dissipation
function. Legendre transformations, Routh’s procedure, Conservation theorems, Physical
significance of Hamiltonian, Principle of least action.
UNIT III - CANONICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND HAMILTON–JACOBI
THEORY (15 HOURS)
Canonical transformations - generating function - properties: Condition for transformation to
be canonical - Illustration of canonical transformation - Poisson- brackets - canonical
equations in terms of Poisson – bracket notation - Lagrangian- brackets and their properties.
The Hamiltonian- Jacobi equation - one dimensional harmonic oscillator - Action Angle
variables - Kepler problem in action angle variables.
UNIT IV- NORMAL MODES(15 HOURS)
Formulation of normal modes problem, The Eigen value equation, Definitions of normal
modes and normal co-ordinates, Application of group theory to normal modes of vibration,
reducible and irreducible representations, Character table for C2v and C3v groups, Normal
modes water molecule.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Classical Mechanics by N.C. Rana and P.S. Joag (Tata Mc-graw Hill) New Delhi.
2. Classical Mechanics by H. Goldstein (Addison- Wesly) London.
3. Introduction to Classical Mechanics by R. G. Takwale and P.S. Puranic
4. Classical Mechanics by J.C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya Pub.house, Mumbai
5. Introduction to IR & Raman Spectroscopy, N.B. Calthrup, L.N. Daly &S.E.Wiberlay,
Academic Press, New York.
6. Classical mechanics by Aruldas
7. Classical mechanics by Gupta, Kumar and Sarma
8. Group Theory for Chemistry-Ramakrishna and Gopinathan, Vishal Publications,
Jalandhar.
9. Classical mechanics by C.R. Mondal, PHI,2009
 PAPER102 : MATHEMATICAL METHODS

UNIT – I: TENSORS AND GROUP THEORY (15 HOURS)

TENSORS: Introduction: Notations and Conventions-the rank of a tensor-Contra-variant and
co-variant tensors- Tensor Algebra: addition, subtraction, contraction, inner product and outer
product, raising and lowering of indices, associated tensors, Symmetry and anti-symmetric
tensors. Application of tensor: Stress, Strain, Piezo- electricity and elasticity tensors.
GROUP THEORY: Isomorphism and Homomorphism, the group of symmetry of an
equilateral triangle, group of symmetry of a square. Representation of groups: Reducible and
Irreducible representation, Character representation, Construction of character tables.
UNIT- II:PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION & COMPLEX VARIABLES(15 HOURS)
Partial differentiations: Method of separation of variables, equation of vibrating string,
solution of wave equation by D’Alembert’s method, one dimensional heat flow. two
dimensional heat flow Laplace equation in polar co-ordinates and transmission line equation.
Complex Variables: Functions, complex differentiation- Analytic function- Cauchy-
Reimann equations- Derivatives of elementary function. Complex integration: Cauchy’s
theorem-Cauchy integral formula-Taylor’s and Laurent’s theorem- Laurent series –poles,
Singular point- Residues: Calculations of residues and Residue theorem- evaluation of
integrals.
UNIT – III: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (15 HOURS)
Beta and gamma functions and their properties- different forms of beta and gamma functions-
relationship between beta and gamma functions.
Solutions of differential equations :Bessel’s function (recurrence formula, generating function
and orthogonolity relations only)- Legendre’s equations-Laguerre and Hermite polynomials
(recurrence formula, generating function and Rodrigue’s formulae only).
UNIT – IV: FOURIER AND LAPLACE TRANSFORMS(15 HOURS)
Fourier Transforms: Fourier transforms and its inverse transform- Linearity and shifting
properties- Fourier sine and cosine transforms.
Laplace Transform: Definition and notation- Inverse Laplace transforms- Linearity and
shifting and derivative properties-Convolution theorem- Evaluation of Integrals- Application
to Integral and differential equations.
PRESCRIBED BOOKS:
1. Matrices and Tensors- A.W. Joshi, New International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2008.
2. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists- A.W. Joshi, New International (P) Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2005.
3. A Text book of Mathematical Physics- Suresh Chandra, Narosa Publishing house,
New York, 2003.
4. Mathematical Physics- H.K. Das, S.Chand& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Laplace Transforms- MurraySpiegle, schaum’s series, McGrawHill,NY.
Mathematical methods for Physics- G. Arfken.
 PAPER103: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY & RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS

UNIT I: Maxwell’s equations for electrostatics and magnetostatics in differential and integral
form. Electrostatic potential and electrostatic field due to point charges and continuous
charge distributions. Electrostatic field energy. Boundary value problems and their solutions
by separation of variables. Method of images and Green functions. Multipole expansion.
Electric dipole and quadrupole moments. Dielectric materials. Polarization. Maxwell’s
equations for electrostatics in presence of dielectric materials. Boundary value problems in
presence of dielectrics. (15 Hrs)

UNIT II: Introduction to vector and scalar potentials in electrostatics. Gauge transformations,
magnetic field and vector potential for simple steady current configurations. Force and torque
on current carrying conductors. Magnetic multipole expansion. Maxwell’s equations of
electrodynamics.(15 Hrs)

UNIT III: Time dependent scalar and vector potentials. Gauge transformations. Coulomb
and Lorentz gauges. Wave equation. Plane wave solutions. Polarization. Poynting’s theorem.
Conservation of energy. Momentum and angular momentum of electromagnetic fields.
Reflection, refraction and dispersion. Propagation in conductors and plasmas. Skin effect.
Propagation in Waveguides. (15 Hrs)

UNI IV – RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS (15 HOURS)

Postulates of relativistic mechanics. Minkowski Space, Geometrical representation of Lorentz

transformation of space and time. Application to Lorentz transformation. Geometrical
representation of Simultaneity, length-contraction and time dilation. Space like and time like
intervals. Relativistic classification of particle, Basic ideas of general theory of relativity.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS :
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics Griffiths
2. Electrodynamics of continuous media Landau & Lifshitz
3. Classical Fields Landau & Lifshitz
4. Classical Electodynamics J. B. Marion
5.Relativistic Mechanics – Satyaprakash, PragathiPrakashan, Meerut
 PAPER104: QUANTUM MECHANICS-I

UNIT- I: PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS (15 HOURS)

Introduction: Limitations of classical Mechanics, Difficulties with classical theories of black

body radiation and origin of quantum theory of radiation. Postulates of quantum mechanics.
Operator formalism. Eigen Values and Eigen vectors Schrödinger equation of a free particle
and a particle moving in a scalar potential. Time-independent and time-dependent
Schrödinger equations. Concept of stationary states.

UNIT- II: ONE DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS(15 HOURS)

Potential step – Reflection and Transmission at the interface. Potential well: Square well
potential with rigid walls, Square well potential with finite walls. Potential barrier:
Penetration of a potential barrier(tunneling effect). Radioactive Emission of Alfa particle.
Periodic potential and Harmonic oscillator. Energy eigen functions and eigen values.
Polynomial(Schrödinger)solutions.

UNIT- III: MATRIX FORMULATION(15 HOURS)

Matrix representation of wave functions and linear operators. The concept of row and column
matrices. Matrix algebra. Hermatian operators – definition. Dirac’s bra and ket notation.
Expectation values. Heisenberg (operator) representation of harmonic oscillator. Ladder
operators and their significance.

UNIT- IV : ANGULAR MOMENTUM (15 HOURS)

Angular momentum operators: Definition. Eigen functions and eigen values of AM operators.
Matrix representation of angular momentum operators. System with spin half(1/2). Spin
angular momentum, Pauli’s spin matrices. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. Rigid Rotator: Eigen
functions and Eigen values.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:
1. Quantum Mechanics. Vol 1, A. Messaia Noth-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, (1961).
2. A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics. P.M.Mathews and K.Venkatesam, Tata
Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi,(1976).
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. R.H.Dicke and J.P.Witke, Addison-Wisley
Pub.Co.Inc.,London, (1960).
4. Quantum Mechanics. S.L.Gupta, V.Kumar, H.V.Sarama and R.C.Sharma, Jai
Prakash Nath & Co, Meerut, (1996).
5. Quantum Mechanics. L.I. Schiff, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., Tokyo, (1968).
6. Quantum Mechanics. V.K.Thankappan.
7. Quantum Mechanics. B.K.Agarwal and Hari Prakash.
8. Quantum Mechanics. B.H. Bransden, C.Joachain, Pearson Education Ltd (Second
Edn.) 2000.
9. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Richard L. Liboff, Pearson Education Ltd
(Fourth Edn.)
 PAPER105: ELETRONICS-I

UNIT – I INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC DEVICES: (15 HOURS)

Field Effect Transistor (FET): Structure and working of JFET, Characteristics, and
parameters of JFET, Advantages of FET over BJT, FET as switch and Amplifier Application
of FET as voltage variable resistor . Structure of MOSFET, depletion type and enhancement
type, MOSFET Characteristics, MOSFET as variable resistor, Concept of CMOS. Structure,
working and Characteristics of UJT. Application of UJT as a Relaxation oscillator.

UNIT – II OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS: (15 HOURS)

Block diagram of a typical Op-Amp, differential Amplifier, Comparator open loop
configuration, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. Op-amp with negative feedback,
voltage shunt feed back, effect of feed back on closed loop gain, input resistance, output
resistance, CMRR, frequency response slew rate.
Instrumentation amplifier: integrator and differentiator. Wave form generators (Square and
triangle). Filters (Low pass, high pass and Band pass).
Analog to Digital data converters (ADC), Digital to Analog conversion (DAC).

UNIT – III DIGITAL ELECTRONICS (15 HOURS)

Digital Electronics :Combinational Logic : Multiplexers, Decoder, Demultiplexer, Data
selector, Multiplexer, Encoder.
Sequential Logic: Flip–Flops, A1-bit memory, The RS Flip-Flop, JK Flip – Flop, JK Master
Slave Flip–Flops, T Flip-Flop, D Flip-Flop, Shift Registers, Serial in Serial out, Serial in
Parallel out, parallel in Serial out, Parallel in Parallel out Registers. Asynchronous and
Synchronous Counters
UNIT – IV COMMUNICATION ELECTRONICS: (15 HOURS)
Introduction to Modulation (AM & FM), Sampling Theorem, Low pass and Band pass
signals, PAM, Channel BW for a PAM signal. Natural sampling, Flat-top sampling. Signal
recovery through holding. Quantization of signals, PCM transmission, Quantization of noise,
Differential PCM, Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta modulation.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:
1. Micro Electronics by Milliman and Halkias. TMH Publications
2. “OP-Amps & Linear Integrated Circuits,” by Ramakanth A.Gayakwad, PHI, 2nd
Edition, 1991.
3. “Digital Systems” by Ronald J. Tocci, 6th Edition, PHI, 1999.
4. “Digital Principles and Applications” by A.P. Malvino and Donald P.Leach, Tata
McGraw- Hill, New Delhi, 1993.
5. “Principles of Commvunication”by Taub and Schilling, Mc-Graw Hill Publication.
6. “Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory” by Robert Boylested and Louis Nashdsky,
PHI, New Delhi, 1991
7. Micro Electronics by Sedra and Smith
8. Electronic Principles by Malvino, 6th Ed. TMH
9. Linear Integrated circuits by Roy Choudhry
10. Operational amplifiers by Collins.
 PAPER201: QUANTUM MECHANICS-II

UNIT-I : IDENTICAL PARTICLES AND MOLECULES (15 HOURS)

Identical Particles: Symmetric and anti symmetric wave functions, Indistinguishability of
identical particles, Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hydrogen molecule ion, Hydrogen molecule:
Hitler London treatment. Oscillations and Rotations of H2.Concept of Ortho and Para
Hydrogen.

UNIT-I I: APPROXIMATION METHODS (15 HOURS)

Time-independent perturbation method. Effect of anharmonicity on the solution of harmonic
oscillator problem. Time-dependent perturbation theory, transition probabilities. Variation
technique: application to solve the ground state energy of He atom.WKB approximation
method: -particle decay. Sudden and Adiabatic perturbations.

UNIT-III :THEORY OF SCATTERING (15 HOURS)

The scattering experiment. The method of partial waves. Scattering by a central potential.
Zero energy scattering. Scattering by square-well potential, effective range. Resonance
scattering. Born Approximation, Validity of Born Approximation.

UNIT-IV : RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS (15 HOURS)

Klein-Gordan equation, Probability and current density, Inadequacies of Klein-Gordan
equation.Dirac matrices, Dirac relativistic equation for free particles and solution. Concept of
negative energy states. Theory of holes.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:
1. Quantum Mechanics, S.L.Gupta, V.Kumar, H.V.Sharama and R.C. Sharma, Jai
Prakash Nath & Co. Meerut,(1996)
2. Quantum Mechanics, G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi (2002).
3. Introduction to Quantam Mechanics with applications to chemistry.Linus Pauling and
E.Bright Wilson,Jr. McGraw Hill,Book Company,New York 1935 and London.
4. Quantum Mechanics. B.K.Agarval and Hariprakash, Prentice-Hall of India Ltd.,
New Delhi, (1997).
5. Quantum Mechanics. L.I.Schiff, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.,Tokyo, (1968)
6. Modern Quantum Mechanics. J.J.Sakurai, Addison- Wesley, Tokyo, (1968).
7. A Text Book of Quantum Mechanics. P.M.Mathews and K.Venkateswaran, Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi, (1976).
8. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, R.H.Dicke and J.P.Witke, Addison-Wisley Pub.
Co. Inc.,London, (1960).
9. Quantum Mechanics, V.K.Tankappan, Wiley-Eastern Ltd.,New Delhi, (1985).
 PAPER202: NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES & PROGRAMMING

UNIT- I: NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES (15 HOURS)

Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations: Bisection method, Method of false
position and Newton-Raphson method. Principle of least squares – fitting of polynomials.
Interpolation: Finite differences(forward, backward and central difference), Newton’s
formula for Interpolation, Central difference Interpolation formula (Gauss’s & Sterling
formula), Lagrange’s Interpolation formula, Inverse Interpolation.

UNIT-II: NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION & INTEGRATION (15 HOURS)

Differentiation: Cubic Spline Method, Maximum and Minimum values of a Tabulated
function.
Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal Rule, Simpson’s 1/3 Rule and 3/8 Rule. Solutions of
linear systems- Direct methods: Matrix Inversion method, Gaussian Elimination method,
Modification of Gaussian Elimination method (Gauss-Jordan Method). Iterative methods:
Jacobi method, Gauss Seidel method. Numerical solutions of ordinary differential
equations: Solution by Taylor’s series, Picard’s method of successive approximations,
Euler’s method (Error estimates for the Euler’s method, Modified Euler’s method) and
Range-Kutta method.

UNIT- III: INTRODUCTION TO ‘C’ LANGUAGE(15 HOURS)

Character Set, C tokens, Key words and Identifiers, Constants and Variables, Data types,
Declaration of variables. Operators and expressions: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical,
Assignment, Increment and Decrement operators, Conditional, Bitwise and special
operators. Precedence in evaluating arithmetic operators. IF, IF-ELSE, Nesting IF-ELSE,
ELSE IF ladder and GOTO statements, WHILE, DO, FOR loop statements. Simple
programs

UNIT- IV: PROGRAMMING IN C -LANGUAGE (15 HOURS)

Arrays: One and Two dimensional arrays, Declaring and initializing string variables.
Reading strings from terminal and writing strings to screen.
User defined functions: definition of functions, Return values and their types. Function
calls and function declaration. Pointers: Declaring and initializing pointers, accessing a
variable through its pointer. C- Programming: Sorting of numbers, Calculation of
standard deviation and matrix multiplication.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:
1. Numerical Methods. B.S.Gopal& S.N.Mittal
2. Numerical Methods. S.Sastry
3. Mathematical Physics. H.K.Das, S.Chand & Co.
4. Programming in ANSI C, E Balaguruswamy, TMH New Delhi, 2004.
5. Let us C, Yashavant Kanetker, BPB Publications, New Delhi, 1999.
 PAPER203: CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

UNIT I - LATTICE DYNAMICS (15 HOURS)

Bonding of solids- Origin and Lattice energy calculations for ionic and Vander Waals
crystals – Lattice Vibrations : Mono and diatomic one dimensional infinitely long lattices-
Bravais lattices- Infrared absorption in ionic crystal, Vibrational spectra of finite lattice –
concept of quantization of Lattice vibrational energy – phonons.
UNIT II - TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AND SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS(15
HOURS)

Free electron theory - Drude model, Summerfield model- Fermi level and density of states,
eexpression for thermal and electrical conductivities for metals- Weidemann-Franz ratio for
metal –Success and failure of the theory, Boltzmann transport equation, Bloch functions,
Kronig – Penney model- different schemes of representation of E vs. K curves- Brillouin
zones- band theory of metals, insulators and semiconductor-Intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors- Expression for position of Fermi levels and carrier concentrations-continuity
equation -Direct and indirect band gap semiconductors-Hall effect.

UNIT III –IMPERFECTIONS IN CRYSTALS (15 HOURS)

Defects and types in crystals- point defects- Schottky and Frenkel defects- energy of
formation of these defects- colour centres- line defects-screw and edge dislocations- Burger’s
vector, dislocation energy- surface imperfections-stacking faults and grain boundaries-
volume defect.

UNIT IV – SUPERCONDUCTORS (15 HOURS)

Concept of zero resistance- Magnetic behavior of perfect conductor and superconductor-
Meissner effect- isotope effect- type I and type II superconductors- specific heat behavior-
Two-fluid model- Expression for entropy difference between normal and superconducting
states –Josephson junctions -London’s equations – Qualitative ideas of BCS theory-
Applications of superconductors – High Tc superconductors.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Solid State Physics- C. Kittel, John iley& sons.
2. Solid State Physics- A. J. Dekkar, Mac Millan& Co Ltd, London.
3. Solid State Physics- S.O. Pillai, NAIP, ND.
4. Solid State Physics- S. L.Kakani and C. Hemarajan
5. Solid State Physics – Ashcroft and Mermin, Thompson Asia.
6. Elementary Solid State Physics- M. Ali Omar
7. Solid State Electronic Devices – B. G. Streetman, PHI,New Delhi.
8. High Tc Superconductivity – C.N. R. Rao and S. V. Subramanyam
9. Science of Engineering Materials-C.M. Srivastava and Srinivasan, Wiley Eastern Ltd,
Madras.
10. Electronic Processes in Materials-L.W.Azaroff and J.J. Brophy, McGraw Hill, New
York.
 PAPER 204: ATMOIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS

UNIT- I: ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY (15HOURS)

Principle of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Instrumentation, Atomic absorption

spectrometers, Differences between atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy,
Determination of lead in petrol.
Emission Spectroscopy: Line spectra of atoms and ions – Excitation and Ionization potentials
– Emission spectrographs –Constant deviation spectrometer – Qualitative analysis –
Quantitative methods (Internal standard).

UNIT- II: MOLECULAR SPECTRA (15HOURS)

Born-oppenheimer approximation, Types of molecular spectra, Diatomic molecule as a rigid

rotator and its spectra (Microwave), Vibrations of a molecule and its spectra (IR), Vibration-
rotational spectra, Electronic Spectra: vibrational coarse structure –rotational coarse structure,
Effect of isotopic substitution on rotation and vibration spectra, Franck-Condon principle,
Dissociation energy.

UNIT- III: UV & VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (15HOURS)

Beer-Lambert’s law, Deviations from Beer’s law, Instrumentation: radiation sources –

Monochromators – Detectors – Non recording single and double spectrophotometers –
Recording double spectrophotometers, Differences between single and double beam
spectrophotometers – Applications of Visible spectroscopy: Structures of simple organic and
inorganic compounds – Evaluation of molar absorptivity () and molecular weight of
isoprene.

UNIT- IV: INFRARED AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY(15HOURS)

Theory of IR, IR double beam spectrometer, Vibrations of polyatomic molecules, Analysis of

IR spectra of thymidine and Hydrocarbons.

Raman Spectroscopy: Classical and quantum theories of Raman Effect, Laser Raman
spectrometer, Raman spectra of CO2, N2O, SO2. Differences between IR and Raman,
Advantages of Raman spectroscopy over IR.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:

1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New

Delhi, 1983.
2. Spectroscopy,Chatwal and Anand, Himalya Publishing House,New Delhi, 2002.
3. Spectroscopy, B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1998.
4. Elements of diatomic Molecular spectra,H.Brain Dunford NV,1968.
5. Spectrochemical Ananlysis, S.H.Arhens & W.Taylor,Addison-Wisely, NY, 1998.
6. Spectroscopy, H. Kaur, Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, 2008.
7. Spectroscopy, B.P.Straughan&S.Walker,Vols.1-3,Chapmann ad Hall, NY, 1976.
8. Molecular Spectroscopy, J. D. Graybeal, Tata McGraw Hill, New York, 1976.
9. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, G. Aruldhas, Prentice-Hall of India, New
Delhi, 2001.
 PAPER205: ELECRONICS II

UNIT I – INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR HARDWARE (15 HOURS)

Introduction, internal architecture, pin details, minimum and maximum mode operations,
interfacing with memories and I/O ports, programmed I/O, Interrupts, DMA operation,
addressing modes, Instruction set, Simple programs.

UNIT II – 8086 MICROPROCESSOR SOFTWARE (15 HOURS)

Introduction, Addressing modes, Instruction set, Writing Program- Initialization instructions,

A standard program format, documentation, Writing programs for use with an Assembler
(MASM86)- Assembler directives, Types of Numbers used in data statements, Accessing
named data with program instructions, naming addresses-labels. Assembly Language
Program Development Tools-editor, Assembler, Linker, Locator, Debugger, Emulator,
Simple Programs.

UNIT III – BASICS OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES (15 HOURS)

Programmable Serial Interface 8251, Programmable Peripheral Interface 8255,

Programmable Interval Timer 8254, Programmable Interrupt Controller 8259,
Keyboard/Display controller 8279, DMA Controller 8237.

UNIT IV- MICROPROCESSOR APPLICATIONS AND PERIPHERAL

INTERFACING(15 HOURS)
Interfacing hexadecimal Keyboard and display unit, CRT interfacing , ADC interfacing, DAC
interfacing and development of waveforms- square wave, sine wave and triangular , Stepper
motor interfacing, LED interfacing, Dc motor, Traffic light controller.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:

1. Microprocessor, Architecture, Programming and Applications with the 8085-

Ramesh S Gaonkar, Penram International.
2. Microprocessors and Microcomputer based system design- Mohammed
Rafiquzzaman, Universal Book Stall, New Delhi,
3. Microprocessors and Interfacing, Programming and Hardware, Douglas V.Hall,TMH.
4. Microprocessors Theory and Applications- Mohammed Rafiquzzaman, PHI.
5. The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088,……, Pentium,.. Pentium 4, Architecture,
Programming and Interfacing- Barry B. Brey, Pearson Education.
6. 8085 Microprocessor – A. Mathur.
7. Microprocessor-Based Laboratory experiments and Pojects by A.K. Mukhopadhyay,
I.K. international publishing house pvt., Ltd.2010
 PAPER301: STATISTICAL MECHANICS

UNIT- I: ENSEMBLES (15 HOURS)

Phase space – Concept of ensembles – Types of ensembles - Ensemble average - Liouville’s
Theorem – Micro canonical ensemble: ideal gas – Gibb’s paradox – Entropy and probability
– Canonical ensemble – Ideal gas in canonical ensemble – Grand canonical ensemble – Ideal
gas in grand canonical ensemble – Comparison of various ensembles.

UNIT – II: PARTITION FUNCTIONS(15 HOURS)

Canonical partition function – Molecular partition function – Translational partition function
– Rotational partition function – Vibrational partition function – Electronic and Nuclear
partition functions – Applications of Rotational partition function – Applications of
vibrational partition function to solids.

UNIT – III: MAXWELL – BOLTZMANN AND BOSE – EINSTEIN STATISTICS (15

HOURS)
Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution - Distribution of velocities – Experimental verification -
Calculation of mean values – Equipartition theorem. Bose – Einstein distribution, Bose –
Einstein condensation, Black body radiation and the Planck’s radiation law - Dulong and
Petit’s law - Einstein and Debye’s theories of heat capacities - Liquid helium – Two fluid
model of liquid helium II – Super fluid phase of 3He.

UNIT – IV: FERMI – DIRAC STATISTICS & FLUCTUATIONS(15 HOURS)

Fermi - Dirac distribution – Electrons in metals – Thermionic emission – Magnetic
susceptibility of free electrons – White dwarfs – Fluctuations in ensembles, Onsagar’s one
dimensional and reciprocal rotations and their applications to thermoelectric phenomena,
Kelvin’s first and second equations: One dimensional random walk – Random walk and
Brownian motion.

BOOKS FOR STUDY

1. Statistical Mechanics , B.K. Agarwal, Melvin Eisner,2nd Edition, New Age International
(P)Ltd.
2. Statistical Mechanics and properties of Matter by ESR Gopal — Student Edition ( Ellis
Horwood )
3. Statistical and Thermal Physics , F. Reif—4th Edition, Mc Graw Hill
4. Elementary Statistical Mechanics, C. Kittel, Dover Publications

BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:

1. Statistical Physics, Bhattacharjee
2. Thermal Physics, Kittel and Kremer
 PAPER302: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
UNIT I : DIFFRACTION METHODS FOR STRUCTURE ANALYSIS (15 HOURS)
Crystal systems, symmetry elements, concept of point groups and space groups. Reciprocal
Lattice: Geometrical construction, relation between direct – reciprocal Lattice X- ray
diffraction, Bragg’s law, Laue transmission and back reflection methods, Powder X-ray
Diffractometer – Focusing circle geometry- detection of diffracted X-ray beam by
scintillation detector and proportional counter, Determination of lattice constant of a cubic
and tetragonal structures using d-spacings, Single Crystal X-ray Diffractometer –
Description. Electron and Neutron diffraction: Basic principles and application
UNIT II: ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE AND MOSS BAUER
SPECTROSCOPY(15 HOURS)
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy(ESR): Magnetic moment of an electron, two states of
an electron in a magnetic field, ESR theory- spin-spin interaction, spin-lattice interaction -
hyperfine interaction-g factor, relaxation effects, experimental methods and applications.
Moss Bauer spectroscopy: Introduction, Moss Bauer effect, recoilless emission and
absorption, Moss Bauer spectra, Lamb Moss Bauer factor, Moss Bauer nuclides, standard
reference absorber, experimental methods and applications.
UNIT III: NMR AND NQR TECHNIQUES (15 HOURS)
Introduction to NMR, nuclear spin and magnetic moment, quantum description of NMR,
theory of NMR, chemical shift, spin-lattice (T1), spin-spin (T2) couplings, the Bloch
equations, the theory of relaxation mechanisms for spin ½ nuclei, proton NMR, Carbon-13
NMR and NMR applications.
Basic concepts of NQR spectra, half integrals and integral spins, instrumentation, super
regenerative oscillator, CW oscillator, pulse RF detection and NQR applications.

UNIT IV - ADVANCED SPECTROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES (HOURS)

Basic principle, instrumentation and applications of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,
Photoelectron spectroscopy and Photo acoustic spectroscopy.
Basic principle, instrumentation and applications of surface topographic techniques: Scanning
electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy
PRESCRIBED BOOKS:
1. Elements of X-ray diffraction, BD Cullity
2. Elements of X-ray crystallography, L V Azaroff
3. X-ray diffraction methods by E.W.Nuffeld , John Wiley and sons Inc.,
3. Interpretation of X-ray diffraction, Photographs, Henry, Lipson and Wooster
4. Neutron diffraction, GE Bacon, Oxford University Press, London, 1962
5. Electron diffraction, T.B. Rymer, Methnen, London, 1970
6. The Powder method in X-ray crystallography by L.V. Azaroff and M.J. Buerger
7. X-ray crystallography, M.J. Buerger, Wiley, New York, 1959
8. X-ray structure determination, H. Stout and LH. Jenson, Macmillan, London, 1968.
9. An introduction to electron paramagnetic resonance, M. Bersohn, J.C. Baird,
Benjamin Inc., London, 1966
10. Instrumental methods of analysis, Willard Merritt, Dean Settle, CBS publishers, New
Delhi, 1986
11. Spectroscopy, B.P Straughan and S. Walker, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1976.
12. Spectroscopy, G. Chatwal and S. Anand, Himalaya Pub. House, 1979
13. Spectroscopy, B.K. Sharma, Goel Publishers House, Meerut, 1975
14. NMR Spectroscopy, R.K. Harris, Longman Sci. Tech, 1983
 PAPER303: LASERS AND NONLINEAR OPTICS

UNIT-I: LASERS (15 HOURS)

Einstein coefficients. Amplification in a medium and population inversion. Spatial and

temporal coherence. . Lasing action ,Role of feedback (cavity). Comparison with blackbody
radiation Different Laser Systems The ruby laser, Helium-Neon laser, four level solid state
laser. CO2 laser, Dye laser, semiconductor laser.: , liquid state and excimer lasers..

UNIT II: NON LINEAR OPTICS.(15 HOURS)

Basic Principles, Harmonic generation, Second harmonic generation, Phase matching

condition, Third harmonic generation, Optical mixing, Parametric generation of light ,
Parametric light oscillator, Frequency upconversion, Self focusing of light.

UNIT-III: HOLOGRAPHY AND FOURIER OPTICS (15 HOURS)

Introduction to Holography: Basic theory of Holography, Recording and reconstruction of

Hologram, Fourier transform Holography, Pattern recognition and Applications of
Holography.
Fringe contrast variation. Fourier Transformation spectroscopy. Michelson interferometer.
Advantages of Fourier transforms. Optical data processing. Diffraction.

UNIT-IV: FIBRE OPTICS (15 HOURS)

Optical fibres. Basic optical laws. Optical fibre modes, fibre types, rays and modes.
Distinction between step index fibre and graded index fibre structures. Ray optics and wave
representation. Attenuation in fibres. Absorption & scattering losses, radiation losses.
Material dispersion. Fibre materials. Applications of fibre optics.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS :

1. An Introduction to Laser & their Applications O’Shea, Callen & Rhodes

2. Introduction to Laser Physics K. Shimoda
3. Laser Physics M. Sargent, M. O. Scully & W. E. Lamb
4. Lasers Siegman
5. Lasers Svelto
6. Quantum Electronics Yariv
7.Fibre Optic Communications. Keiser.
8.Introduction to Classical and Modern Optics. J.R. Meyer.
9.Lasers and Non Linear Optics. B.B.Laud, New Age International Publishers (2008).
10.Introduction to Modern Optics. Grant R. Fowles,Holt,Rinehart and Winston,Inc New York
(1968)
11. Contemporary Optics. Ghatak and Thyagarajan, Mc Millan, India.
12.. Electromagnetism, B.B.Laud
 PAPER304: MATERIAL SCIENCE

UNIT-I: MAGNETIC MATERALS (15 HOURS)

Heisenberg Model- exchange energy- origin of domains- Hysteresis behavior.

Antiferromagnetism- Two sub-lattice model – Ferrimagnetism – Neel’s theory of
ferrimagnetism – Ferrites and Garnets. Basic principles of magnetic bubble memories.

UNIT-II: ELECTRONIC AND DIELECTRIC MATERIALS (15 HOURS)

Photoconduction in semiconductors, Principle of working, theory and characteristics of

photodiode, solar cell, LED and their materials.

Dielectric constants and Polarizability, Clausius–Mossotti relation, Sources of Polarizability

– electronic, ionic and dipolar polarizability, Frequency dependence of polarizability and
dielectric loss, Ferro electricity- General Properties and classification of representative
ferroelectric materials.

UNIT-III: ALLOYS(15 HOURS)

Gibb’s phase rule- phase diagram of complete solid solution- Humme-Rothery’s rules-
eutectic phase diagram-phase diagrams of Cu- Ni, Pb-Sn and Iron-Carbon systems - order
and disorder transformations.

UNIT-IV: NANO MATERIALS (15 HOURS)

Introduction- size dependence of properties- Quantum size effect in Nanoparticles- Atoms,

Clusters and Nanomaterials- Surface energy- Chemical Potential as a function of surface
curvature- Electrostatic stabilization- Fabrication of Nanomaterials- Ion Sputtering- Laser
ablation- Spray pyrolysis and Ball Milling. Elementary ideas of Quantum wells- wires and
dots- carbon nanotubes.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:
1. Electronic Processes in Materials- L.W. Azaroff and J.J.Brophy, MGH, NY, 1963.
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics- C.Kittel. JW&S, VII Ed., NY, 2000.
3. Science of Engineering Materials- C.M.Srinivasa and Srinivasan, WEL, Mad, 2000.
4. Solid State Physics-A.J.Dekker, Mac Millan& co Ltd. London.
5. Solid State Physics-S.O.Pillai., NAIP, ND, 2001.
6. Solid State Devices and Materials- B.G. Streetman, PHI, New Delhi.
7. Solid state physics- Kumar and Gupta
 PAPER305: NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

UNIT – I: NUCLEAR FORCES AND MODELS (15HOURS)

Nuclear Forces: Characteristics of nuclear forces – Ground state of Deuteron – Proton –

Proton scattering – Neutron – Proton scattering – Meson theory of nuclear forces.
Nuclear Models: Introduction – The liquid drop model – Bethe-Weizacker semi-empirical
binding energy equation and its applications – Nuclear shell model – Energy levels and
calculation of angular momentum – Collective model.

UNIT – II:NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND DECAYS (15HOURS)

Nuclear Reactions: Types of nuclear reactions – Compound nuclear reactions – Nuclear

cross section – Resonance theory – Briet Wigner formula.
Nuclear Decays: Nuclear transformations – Radioactive decay – Alpha decay – Gamow’s
theory – Beta decay – Fermi theory –Selection rules – Interaction of gamma radiation with
matter – Photo electric effect – Compton scattering – Pair production.
UNIT – III: NUCLEAR ACCELERATORS AND REACTORS (15HOURS)

Nuclear Accelerators: Introduction – Linear accelerators – Drift tube and Wave guide
accelerators – Low energy circular accelerators – Cyclotron and Betatron – High energy
circular accelerators – Synchrotron and Microtron
Nuclear Reactors: Nuclear fission and fusion reactions – Nuclear chain reactions – Four
factor formula – The critical size of a reactor – General aspects of reactor design –
Classification of reactors – Power reactors (elementary aspects only)

UNIT – IV: ELEMENTARY PARTICLES (15HOURS)

Discovery and classification of elementary particles – Types of interactions – Conservation

laws – Iso-spin, parity, charge conjugation – Time reversal – CPT theorem – Properties of
leptons, mesons and baryons – Elementary particle symmetries (SU2 and SU3 symmetries) –
Quark model – Search for Higg’s particle – elementary ideas.

PRESCRIBED BOOKS:

1. Nuclear Physics – Irving Kaplan, Narosa Pub. (1998)

2. Nuclear Physics – Theory and experiment – PR Roy and BP Nigam, New Age Int.
(1997)
3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Vol.2) – S.N.Ghoshal, S.Chand &Co. (1994)
4. Nuclear Physics – D.C.Tayal, Himalaya Pub. (1997)
5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics – R.C.Sharma
6. Nuclei and Particles – E.Segre
7. Introduction to Nuclear Physics – H.A.Enge, Addison Wesley (1975)
8. Introduction to Nuclear Physics - K.S.Krane
 PAPER401: ADVANCES IN PHYSICS

UNIT – I: NANO TECHNOLOGY (15 HOURS)

Introduction to Nanomaterials – Zero, One and Two Dimensional Nanostructures -
Quantum confinement - Density of states and Dependence of dimensionality –
Properties of Nanomaterials – Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerenes.
Synthesis of Nanomaterials – Physical Techniques: Ball Milling – Plasma Arc
Deposition – Inert Gas Condensation – Pulsed Laser Deposition – Molecular Beam
Epitaxy.
Chemical Techniques:Hydrothermal synthesis– Sol-Gel Process – Chemical Vapour
Deposition. Applications: Single Electron Transistor – Solar Cells – Light Emitting
Diodes – Nano-filtration.
UNIT – II: MICRO AND NANO DEVICES (15 HOURS)
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS): Introduction to MEMS, Basic MEM
structure. Applications of MEMS: Pressure sensors, Accelerometers, Inertial sensors,
Mass flow sensors.
Nanodevices: Quantum well and quantum dot devices: Infrared Detectors-Quantum
Dot Lasers. Carbon nanotube emitters - Photoelectrical cells - Plasmons propagation
in wave guides.
UNIT – III: 8051 MICROCONTROLLERS (15 HOURS)
Microcontrollers and Embedded Processors: Introduction, 8051 Internal Architecture,
Register Structure, I/O pins, Memory Organization, 8051 Addressing modes. 8051
Assembly Language Programming Tools. 8051 Instruction set: Data Transfer
Instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logical instructions, Boolean Variable
Manipulation Instructions-Bit Addressability, Single-Bit instructions, Program
Branching instructions-Jump, Loop, and Call instructions, Rotate Instructions, Stack
Pointer.
UNIT - IV: REMOTE SENSING (15 HOURS)
Definition of remote sensing; introduction to concepts and systems; Electromagnetic
radiation; electromagnetic spectrum; image characteristics; remote sensing systems;
remote sensing platform; Sources of remote sensing information; Advantages of
remote sensing. Application of Remote sensing in Environmental Management,
Natural resource management – forest resources, water resources, land resources and
mineral resources.
REFERENCES BOOKS
1. Nano structures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and Application By
Guozliong Cao, Imperial College Press, 2004.
2. Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles P. Poole, Jr & Frank J. Owens, Wiley
India, 2006.
3. An Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering, Nadim Maluf.
4. Nanomaterials Synthesis Properties and Applications, Alen. S. Edelstein and Robert
C. Cammarata, 1998.
5. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems, Mahammad Ali Mazidi and
Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education Asia, Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
6. Floyd F. Sabins Jr., Remote Sensing Principles and interpretation, W.H. Freeman
and Company, 2nd Ed., New York, 1987.
7. T.M. Lillesand & R.W. Kiefer, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.
 PAPER 402(a) : APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY

UNIT – I : FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY (15

HOURS)
Introduction – Normal and Resonance Fluorescence – Intensities of Transitions – Non-
radiative decay of fluorescent molecules – Phosphorescence and the nature of the triplet
state – Population of the triplet state – Delayed Fluorescence – Excitation spectra –
Experimental methods – Emission lifetime measurements – Time resolved emission
spectroscopy – Applications of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.

UNIT - II: SOLID STATE SPECTROSCOPY – RARE EARTH IONS (15 HOURS)
Introduction – Spectroscopic characteristics of rare earths activated crystals – Intensity of
absorption and emission bands – Oscillator strengths – Intra-configurational f-f transitions –
Selection rules – Electric and Magnetic dipole transitions – Judd-Ofelt theory and evaluation
of Judd-Ofelt parameters – Radiative transition probabilities of excited states of rare earth
ions – branching ratios, stimulated emission cross-sections –– Applications of rare earth
doped luminescent materials.

UNIT – III: HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY (15 HOURS)

Introduction – Light detectors – Single photon counting technique – Phase sensitive detectors
– Laser optogalvanic spectroscopy – Matrix isolation spectroscopy – Laser cooling and its
applications.

UNIT- IV: TWO PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY (15 HOURS)

Introduction – Two photon absorption spectroscopy – Selection rules – Expression for the
two photon absorption cross section – Photo acoustic spectroscopy – Experimental
methodology and applications to Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Medicine.

BOOKS FOR STUDY

1. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R.Lakowicz - Plenum Press, 1983.
2. Laser Crystals, A.A. Kaminskii, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981.
3. Laser and Excited states of Rare Earths, R. Reisfeld and C.K. Jorgnesen, Springer-
Verlag, New York, 1977.
4. Optical Properties of Transparent Rare Earth compounds, S. Hufner, Acad. Press,
1978.
5. High Resolution Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas.
6. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, C.N. Banwell, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Pub.
1983.
7. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Willard, Merritt, Dean and Settle, CBS Pub.
2001.
8. Opto Acoustic Spectroscopy and Detection, Yoh-Han Pao, Academic Press, 1977.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Laser Spectroscopy - Basic Concepts and Instrumentation, 3rd Edition, Demtröder,
Wolfgang Springer Verlag, 2003.
2. Photoacoustics and its Applications, C. Roseneweig.
3. Introduction to Non-linear Spectroscopy, M.D. Levenson.
 PAPER 402(b): DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

UNIT-I:

Discrete-time signals and systems, Discrete convolution and correlation. Representation and
realization of discrete-time systems, Z-transforms – Properties of the region of convergence
for the z-transforms-The inverse z-transforms – z-transforms properties. (15 HOURS)

UNIT –II:

Frequency domain representation: DFT, Discrete - Hibert transform and Discrete Cosine
Transform. Introduction to wavelet transforms. Two-dimensional signal and systems.
2D-transform & applications. (15 HOURS)

UNIT-III :

Fast algorithms for frequency domain mapping, FFT algorithms computational

considerations, applications of FFT. Digital Filters - specification and design techniques of
digital filters - FIT and IIR filter design and implementation.(15 HOURS)

UNIT –IV:

Finite word length effect in digital signal processing: Signal processing hardware.
TMS 320C series chips - Real-time implementation considerations.(15 HOURS)

REFERENCES :

1. A.V. Oppenheim and R.W. Schaffer, "Discrete time signal processing",

Prentice-Hall, 1989.
2. A.V. Oppenheim and R.W. Schaffer, "Digital Signal Processing", Prentice-Hall,
1994.
3. N. Ahmed and T.R. Natarajan, "Discrete time signals and systems", Reston Pub.
Co., 1983.