Running head: Human Anatomy Articles 1

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Human Anatomy Articles 2

Cardiovascular system –Hypertension

Primarily, the cardiovascular system is an essential system collectively known as the

circulatory system in human anatomy. Besides, the system is made up of the heart, which

enhances its functionality through heart beats, the blood that is the liquid part of it and the blood

vessels. The heart exhibits a pear shape with a size equivalent to the person’s fist. The chest

centrally encases the heart by a fibrous pericardium membrane preventing injuries of tissues.

This cavity protects the heart from injury and shock.

The arteries and veins facilitate the body interconnections and transportation of blood for

metabolic purposes such as assimilation and oxygen transportation. In addition, capillaries and

venules are classified as minor blood vessels. Majorly, the cardiovascular system enhances blood

flow within the body parts through pumping of blood.

The circulatory system is very delicate thus, emergency medical assistance should be

provided during complications whereby delays to the treatment of these medical conditions can

lead to death. High blood pressure disorder is associated with the circulatory system with obesity

as a predisposing factor to it. High blood pressure is a chronic medical condition that causes an

increase in the pressure in the arteries of the heart. Hence, blood is pumped to a raised pressure

more than normal. Hypertension can lead to severe heart disorders such as heart failure and

stroke.

Systole and diastole are used to determine a person’s blood pressure levels. Normal blood

pressure of a healthy human being ranges from 120/80-140/90 mmHg. Positive deviation in the

measurement of blood pressure is high than 120/80-140/90 then he or she should seek medical

attention to the lower negative feedback mechanism. Hypertension risks stand a chance of being

avoided through exercise, balanced diet and change in lifestyle.

Human Anatomy Articles 3

Digestive system-Hepatitis

This system has varied functionality within the body aiding in metabolic processes aimed

at sustaining life. For example, converts ingested food into ATP energy that promotes health and

other activities. The alimentary canal is approximately 9 meters in length with tubes beginning

from the mouth and ends at the anus. Down the tube-like structure, food is crushed down, mixed

with enzymes and grouped before being distributed to the whole body.

Several organs form the digestive system contribute .which include the mouth where the

food particles are broken down into small particles that be swallowed through a process known

as mastication, the esophagus which acts as the connection between the mouth and the stomach.

Broken food particles in the stomach undergo series of chemical metabolisms that enhances

emulsification of the food particles. Consequently, food particles move to the small intestine

where significant digestion, absorption and assimilation of food nutrients take place. The

indigestible food materials go to the large intestine where absorption of water takes place, and

the non-assimilated food is mixed with dead cells to form feces. The later then moves to the

rectum and appendix where excretion through an orifice known as the anus.

The liver also makes the digestive system despite it being a vital organ. It contributes to

the digestion of food particle by continued production and secretion of bile, which takes part in

the metabolism of fats and filtration process of blood from the gastrointestinal tract. The liver

stands the risk of susceptibility to a medical condition called hepatitis.

Hepatitis causes the liver to swell due to prolonged bacterial infection with no treatment, or

excessive consumption of alcohol. This medical condition can exist as a confounding or a

modifying factor to other liver diseases such as jaundice. Various categorization of Hepatitis are
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A, B, C, D and E, but most liver impairment causes hepatitis A, B, and C. This disease persists

with time, but drugs help to cure in cases of re-emergence.

Blood system-leukemia

The body functionality is sustained by an average of five liters of blood, which adds up to

the body mass estimate of 8%. The blood consists of the blood cells such as; leukocytes, which

are phagocytic, erythrocytes, for transporting oxygen, and thrombocytes for injury repairs

through clotting. The blood plasma constitutes an approximate of 50% of the blood. Blood

enhances ease in the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes, regulation function and

boosts the body immunity. In addition, blood facilitates thermoregulation and osmoregulation

activities thus providing a conducive environment for cell reproduction. The body enhances

continuous transportation of blood through blood vessels; arteries, veins, and capillaries.

The most known blood disorder is leukemia also known as the cancer of the blood. This

pathophysiology illness commences in the bone marrow affecting the white blood cells.

Leukemia causes the production of mutated leukocytes that compromises the body immunity

making it vulnerable to disease. In addition, this condition interferes with the functioning of the

bone marrow and replication of tumors within the cells.

The etiological cause of leukemia is idiopathic, but the major risk factor associated with

this disease is smoking, exposure to chemicals such as benzene and genetics. A biopsy, which

involves examination of living cells, is used to diagnose the fatal blood cancer. Use of

chemotherapy is one way through which blood cancer can be treated and managed.

Urinary system –Kidney stones

The urinary system, collectively known as the renal system enhances the excretion

processes among others. Constituents of the renal system are the kidneys, urethra, and the
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urinary bladder. The kidney has unique features such that it forms a bean shape with the size

equivalent to a fist. Notably, the kidney forms a significant part of the operational unit of the

system. The urinary system functionality is to excrete solely metabolic wastes, maintain a

balance I blood pressure and body PH, monitor and control homeostasis and sustain the

equilibrium of the blood electrolytes.

Ultra-filtration is the process takes place in the kidney through which urine is formed.

The urinary bladder facilitates urine storage of the urine before it is expelled from the body

through the process of urination. Consequently, ureters transport urine to the bladder for storage

while the urethra carries the urine from the bladder to out of the body through the vagina or

penis. There is a differentiating factor in the male or female urinary system is in the length of the

urethra.

The kidney is involved with a lot of extensive process of eliminating waste that deems it

a little bit more vulnerable. Kidney stones are kidney-associated disorder presented as internal

swellings affecting one or both kidneys. Deposition of raw fats and mineral salts results in the

formation of this disease. This swelling illuminate from grain size to large irregular particles.

Whether small or big, kidney stones tamper with the required function of the kidney. In most

cases, kidney stone do not appear until the moment when the stone moves out of the kidney via

the ureters.

Varying with the size, the lump may be able to pass through the urinary tract easily if it is

small but a big lump might cause obstruction, which may eventually bar the movement of urine.

The stacking of the lump may lead to acute pain to the person especially the back. In a severe

case, a kidney stone may entirely block the passage of the urine out of the body, which ceases
Human Anatomy Articles 6

urination by an individual. Therefore, this causes severe persistent pain within the urinating

organs.

Reproductive system-Prostate Cancer

The major role of the reproductive systems organs is to produce viable gametes for

fertilization. There are two distinctive reproductive systems the male and female that is

distinguished by the diverging traits of their structures.

This section emphasizes on the male reproductive system. This system is integrated to

form the following organs: externally placed penis and scrotum, vas deferens, epididymis and

accessory glands such as prostate gland. The penis aids in ejaculating viable sperms during

copulation while the accessory glands secrete fluid that facilitates the development of sperms.

Besides, the epididymis enhances storage and maintenance of sperms through providing cool

temperature. On the other hand, the vas deferens duct eases transportation of sperms from the

testis to the urethra.

Prostate cancer is a tumor that affects the reproductive system that is easily treated

during pre-prognosis stages. The tumor manifests the prostate gland resulting to feebleness in

function. This disorder initiates with the formation of mutated cells within the gland, eventually

replicating itself into more severe forms. Study shows that most mortality rates within men are

caused by this disorder. Prostate cancer exhibits unknown etiology, but age is a risk factor for

developing this cancer where men aging 50 years and above are at a higher risk. The symptoms

presented for this disorder ranges from difficulty in urinating to frequent urination.

Chemotherapy is the appropriate treatment plan, advised for prostate cancer treatment.

References
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http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150086.php

http://kidneystonewebsite.com/NEW-Pages/NEW-KidneyStone_4.shtml

http://www.medicinenet.com/leukemia/article.htm

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/livingwith

http://kidshealth.org/en/teens/hepatitis.html