(a) 0.

7 (b)
θ = 0.5 θ = 0.5
2.5 θ =1 θ =1
θ =2 0.6 θ =2
θ =3 θ =3
2.0 θ =4 θ =4
0.5

0.4

g (x)
1.5
g (x)

0.3
1.0
0.2

0.5
0.1

0.0 0.0

0 1 2 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
x
x
10 (d)
(c) λ = 0.5 λ = 0.5
λ= 1 λ= 1
λ= 2 λ= 2
8 3
λ= 3 λ= 3
λ= 4 λ= 4

6
g (x)

2
g (x)

1
2

0 0

0.0 0.5 1.0 0 2 4

x x
 1.0 (a) 1.0 (b)

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

G (x)
G (x)

0.4 0.4

θ = 0.5 θ = 0.5
0.2 θ =1 0.2 θ =1
θ =2 θ =2
θ =3 θ =3
θ =4 θ =4
0.0 0.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
x x

1.0 (c) 1.0 (d)

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
G (x)
G (x)

0.4 0.4

λ = 0.5 λ = 0.5
λ= 1 λ= 1
0.2 0.2
λ= 2 λ= 2
λ= 3 λ= 3
λ= 4 λ= 4
0.0 0.0

0 1 2 0 2 4
x x
 3.0
(a) θ = 0.5 (b)
θ =1 1.0
θ = 0.5
2.5 θ =2
θ =3 θ =1
θ =2
θ =4 0.8
2.0 θ =3
θ =4
0.6
h (x)

1.5

h (x)
1.0 0.4

0.5 0.2

0.0 0.0

0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
x x

(c) λ = 0.5 4 (d) λ = 0.5

λ= 1 λ= 1
10 λ= 2
λ= 2
λ= 3 λ= 3
8 λ= 4
3 λ= 4

6
2
h (x)
h (x)

1
2

0 0

0 2 4 0 2 4
x x
 Two-parameter Crack
0.15 Three-parameter Crack
IG
LBIG
BS

0.10
Density

0.05

0.00

0 5 10 15 20 25
X