ORAL COMMUNICATION

1ST Quarter Reviewer

Nature of Communication:
1) Dynamic processes
2) Systemic view
- Everything starts with a representation
- Words to sentences to paragraphs
4 vital implications:
a. Communication is contextual
b. A system has interrelated parts
c. The whole is more than the sum of its parts
d. Constraints within systems influence or affect meanings
3) Involves communicators- speakers and receivers
4) Irreversible- you can’t take it back
5) Proactive- starts the conversation; gives the topic
6) Episodic- different topics that leads to long conversations
7) Individually construed- being misunderstood
8) Flexible and evolving- changes from time to time
- Reasons why is it changing?
a. Generation
b. Technology
c. Trend (long term) or Fad (short term)

Elements of Communication

 Sender – responsible for choosing the purpose of message

 Message – the idea, content, or notion that needs to be imported to somebody
else
 Channel – means by which message is sent
 Receiver – s/he is the receiver of the message
 Feedback – result of monitoring by the speaker of the listener’s response
 Noise – the barrier to communication

Types of Noise

1. Physical- literal noise, basic sounds

2. Physiological- human needs like “I’m hungry”
3. Psychological- thoughts, feelings
4. Semantic- deep words like “agast”
Model – describes an object or an event

General Models of Communication

1. Linear
-one-way conversation; speaker to receiver; absence of feedback
2. Interactive
-there is an interaction, feedback is present, speaker can also be the receiver
- there’s always a field of interest or mutual understanding context or topic, but
the cannot be too episodic; no noise
3. Transactional
-there is a presence of noise which causes interaction

Different Models Created:

1. Aristotle’s Model
*Aristotle is the Father of Linear Communication
- was first developed among ancient Greeks
-in ancient times, Greek citizens thus placed a “premium” on one’s
persuasiveness to his audience
-setting is the most important element to dictate the message
2. Lasswell’s Model
-a form of question
-scientific way of modelling the features of communication
3. Shannon and Weaver Model
-originally crafted through telephone communication wherein there’s choppiness
which causes noise
4. Schramm’s Model
*William Schramm is the Father of Mass Communication
-focuses on interpretation
-misinterpretation is the source of communication breakdown
-Filed of Experience is used to interpret the message and create responses
5. Berlo’s Model
-Sender > Message > Channel > Receiver
- most detailed model of communication
- focuses on the channel which are the 5 senses
6. White’s Model
-circular and continuous, without beginning or end
-A speaker has to be proactive to keep the conversation going
7. Dance Model
 -as a person grows up, he/she widens his/her vocabulary and experiences which
makes it possible for a person to master communication

4 Kinds of Speech Context (P.I.I.M)

1. Public Communication- more than 15 people; public

2. Intrapersonal- communicating within; “alone” (“tra” means single)
3. Interpersonal- communicating with others (2-15 people)
4. Mass Communication- use of social media

5 Kinds of Speech Style (F.F.I.C.C)

1. Frozen
- You can never change it
- Establish communication proper
- Like laws, bible, regulations, vision, mission
- Language of Established words
2. Formal
- Setting is professional
- There are more knowledgeable others than you
- Diplomacy is established
- Language of Expertise
3. Intimate
- Building love and strong relationship
- Focus on fellowship/ bonding
- Language of love
4. Casual
- Equal
- Language of Equality/ Friendship
5. Consultative
- Asking
- You want to know something you don’t know
- Language to be informed

What is a Speech Act?

- To understand the definition of linguistics and pragmatics in a

sociological manner

3 Kinds of Speech Act (L.I.P)

 1. Locutionary- message given by the sender; Intial or proactive message

2. Illocutionary- manner of saying it

3. Perlocutionary- feedback

L I P
Don’t forget to smile Reminding I won’t forget
Very Good Complimenting Thank you
Welcome Expressing gratitude bye

5 Elements of Illocutionary (D.E.A.D-C)

1. Directive- you demand for an action; form of command

2. Expressive- emotive languages; play of emotions like happy, sad, in need

3. Assertive/ Representative- focus on the representation of K.O.B.I.F

(knowledge, opinion, belief, idea, facts)

4. Declarative- labelling is present

Example: “she was my girlfriend, now she is my wife”

5. Commissive- the word “commitment” is present; you give effort to accomplish

something

Speech Function- uses of speech

 Regulation and control- laws, protocols, do’s and dont’s, warnings, given to us
to be disciplined and maintain order
 Social Interaction- deal with communication, building relationship and
communication build up
 Information- sources of info like radio, newspapers
 Motivation- to uplift someone
 Therapeutic- emotional expression, show empathy

Speech Purpose

 To inform- have knowledge

 To instruct- to give knowledge (you’re going to do it)
 To motivate- to uplift
 To persuade- to get the attention of the people like youtube, networking
 To entertain- like jokes