PRE – CALCULUS REVIEWER: 4.

Vertex – point of intersection of the conic and

and its principal axis
HISTORY OF CONIC SECTIONS: 5. Eccentricity – ratio of the conic, ratio between
1. Menaechmus - he described conic sections as the distance of the point to a focus and distance
intersection of a cone with a plane at a right to the directrix
angle to a side of the cone, he obtained the a. Parabola : e = 1
three conic sections-parabola, ellipse and b. Ellipse e < 1
hyperbola c. Hyperbola e > 1
2. Apollonius – summarized conic sections and d. Circle e = 0
extended it in his 8 books entitles "conic
section". It was he who gave conic section their
CIRCLE
names: hyperbola (excess), ellipse (defect), and
CIRCLE - set of coplanar points such that there is an
parabola (application) equal distance called radius between the points and the
PARTS OF DOUBLE RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE: fixed point called center

1. Nappe – cone-shaped part, it can be upper Equation of a circle – derived from distance formula
nappe or lower nappe
1. Standard Equation
2. Generators – line lying entirely on the cone
a. x2 + y2 = r2 Center at origin
3. Vertex – intersection of all generators 2 2 2
b. (x-h) + (y - k) = r Center at (h,k)
4. Axis – line that passes the vertex and the center
c. If r = 1 , it is a unit circle
of the circle formed
Examples:
CONIC SECTIONS – curves formed by the intersection of
a plane and a double right circular cone 1. C is at origin and radius = 2/3
x2 + y2 = r2
1. Parabola – if the cutting plane is parallel to one
x2 + y2 = (2/3)2
and only generator
x2 + y2 = 4/9
2. Ellipse – if the cutting plane is not parallel to 9x2 + 9y2 =4
any generator
2. C is (-4,6) and P on the circle is (3,4)
3. Circle– if the cutting plane is not parallel to any
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
generator but perpendicular to the axis
(3+4)2 + (4 - 6)2 = r2
4. Hyperbola – if the cutting plane is parallel to 2
49 + 4 = r2 r = sqrt53
generators 2 2
(x+4) + (y - 6) = 53
CONIC – set of points whose distances from a fixed 3. C is (15, -6) and Area of the circle is 16pi
point are in constant ratio to their distances from a 16 pi = pi r2
fixed line that is not passing through the fixed point r2 = 16 r = 4
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
PARTS OF CONIC (x-15)2 + (y + 6)2 =16
4. C is (-6, 1) and Circumference of the circle is 8
1. Focus – fixed point of the conic
pi
2. Directrix – fixed line “d” corresponding to the
8 pi = 2 pi r
focus
8 = 2r r = 4
3. Principal Axis – line that passes through the
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
focus and perpendicular to the directrix, every
(x+6)2 + (y - 1)2 = 16
conic is symmetric with respect to its principal
5. C is (-3.-4) and tangent on x = 1
axis
 Tip: Find the distance of 1 and – 3 since they are B. Convert GE to SE
both x-coordinates to find the radius: 1 - -3 = 4 1. x2 + y2 +6x + 8y + 9 = 0
so the radius is 4 h = -6/ 2 = - 3
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2 k = -8 / 2 = -4
(x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16 r2 = (6/2)2 + (8/2)2 – 9 = 9 + 16 - 9 = 16
6. Center lies on y – axis and tangent to y= - 11 (x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16
and y = -17
Tip: Since center lies on y-axis, imagine points 2. x2 + y2 -18x + 16y + 48 = 0
on the circle on (0,-11) and (0,-17), find its h = 18/ 2 = 9
midpoint and that is the center (0,-14), find the k = -16 / 2 = -8
distance of any point, which you prefer and (0,- r2 = (-18/2)2 + (16/2)2 – 48 = 81 + 64 - 48 =
14), the distance is 3, so that is the radius. 97
x2 + (y +14)2 = 9 (x-9)2 + (y +8)2 = 97
7. Endpoints of a diameter (3, -12) and (-15.8)
a. Find the midpoint to get the center: (-6, -2)
b. Find the distance between the center and Tip: You can also use transpose the constants to right
any endpoint s on the diameter by distance side, combine x and y terms in the left side, then adding
formula: the radius is sqrt181 a constant to each x terms and y terms to get a perfect
c. (x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2 square trinomial, add those numbers to the constants
d. (x+6)2 + (y +2)2 = 181 on the right side:

General Equation of a Circle: Example:

1. x2 + y2 +6x + 8y + 9 = 0
x2 + y2 +Cx + Dy + E = 0
x2 + 6x + ___+ y2 + 8y + ____ = -9+ ____ + _____
C = -2h D = -2k E = h2 +k2 – r2 x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 + 8y + 16 = -9 + 9 + 16
(x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16
𝐶 𝐷
h = -C/2 k = -D/2 r2 = (2 )2 + ( 2 )2 − 𝐸
Finding the Equation given three points:
2 2
a. C + D – 4E < 0 No Graph
b. C2 + D2 – 4E = 0 Point (-8,5) (-3,10) (0,9)
c. C2 + D2 – 4E > 0 Circle First column is the coefficients of x,
-8 5 1 -89
then next is y and last is always 1,
-3 10 1 -109
Examples then the fourth is the sum of squares
0 9 1 -81
of x and y then its additive inverse.
A. Convert SE to GE That is the augmented matrix
1. (x+3)2 + (y +4)2 = 16 -8 -4 0 -8 - > R1 –R 3
C = -2(-3) = 6 -310 -28 -> R2 –R3
D = -2(-4) = 8 091 -81
E = 9 + 16 – 16 = 9 Since -4, is on first row, second
column, add it to 4 to become
x2 + y2 +6x + 8y + 9 = 0
-20 0 0 - 120 - > R1 + 4R2 0, and 9 is on the third row,
2. (x-9)2 + (y +8)2 = 97
-3 1 0 -28 second column, add it to -9 to
C = -2(9) = -18 27 0 1 171 - > R3 – 9R2 become 0, and R2 is 1.
D = -2(-8) = 16
E = 81 + 64 – 97 = 48
x2 + y2 -18x + 16y + 48 = 0 100 6 - > simplified form of R1 above
010 -10 - > R2 + 3R1
Tip: You can also use long method or expansion of 001 9 -> R3 – 27R1 So C = 6, D is – 10 and E
binomials and combine similar terms to get the GE. = 9. That is the Reduced
The result will be 1 0 0
always in this 010 Row Echelon Form and
format 001 write it on GE.
PARABOLA
PARABOLA - set of all points equidistant to fixed point
and fixed line.
Latus Rectum – chord drawn through the focus and
perpendicular to the axis of the parabola
Axis of Symmetry – line that passes through the focus
and vertex and perpendicular to the directrix
Examples:
1. y2 = 16x
Vertex: (0,0)
a = 16 / 4 = 4
Focus: (4,0) , since parabola opens right and y is
the squared variable, the y-coordinate is still 0,
and the x-coordinate is a which is 4
Directrix: x = - 4 since x is not the squared
variable and – a which is – 4
Length of LR: 4a = 4(4) = 16
Axis of Symmetry: y = 0, since it is the squared
variable
LR endpoints: (4,8) and (4,-8)
(4,0+2(4)) (4, 0+8) because the x variable is not
squared, that is the x-coordinates of both
endpoints which is from x-coordinate of focus
and y-coordinates came from 0+2a
LR Equation: x = 4
Since 4 is the coordinate which are common on
both endpoints, and they lie on the same line.
2. (x-3)2 = 3/2 (y + 6)
Vertex: (3,-6)
a = (3/2) / 4 = 3/8
Focus: (3,-45/8) , since parabola opens upwards
and x is the squared variable, the x-coordinate
is still the same with h, and the x-coordinate is k
+ a which is -45/8
Directrix: y = - 51/8 since y is not the squared
variable and k – a which is – 51/8
Length of LR: 4a = 4(3/8) = 3/2
Axis of Symmetry: x = 3, since it is the squared
variable and it is the h
LR endpoints: (15/4,-45/8) and (9/4,-45/8)
(3+2(3/8), -45/8) (3+3/4, -45/8) because the y
variable is not squared, that is the x-coordinates
of both endpoints which is from y-coordinate of
focus and x-coordinates came from h+2a
LR Equation: y = -45/8
Since -45/8 is the coordinate which are
common on both endpoints, and they lie on the
same line.
Remember, always form the equation given to its
standard form, to easily identify the parameters.
General Equation of a Parabola:
x2 +Cx + Dy + E = 0
C = -2h D = -4a E = h2 + 4ak
h = -C/2 a = -D/4 k = ( E – h2 )/ 4a
A. SE to GE
1. (x+5)2 = y – 9
C = -2(-5) = 10
D = -4(1/4) = - 1
E = (-5)2 + 1 (9) = 25 + 9 = 34
x2 + 10x – y + 34 = 0
2. (x-3)2 = -1/3 (y-3)
C = -2(3) = -6
D = -4(-1/12) = 1/3
E = (3)2 + -1/3 (3) = 9 - 1 = 8
x2 + 6x + 1/3 y + 8 = 0
3x2 + 18x + y + 24 = 0
 B. GE to SE (7,2)
1. x2 + 10x – y + 34 = 0 Since it has horizontal axis of symmetry, the
h = -10 / 2 = -5 squared variable is y, then substitute the point
a = - (-1/4) = 1/4, 4a = 1 passes through on x and y, and center at h,k to
k = 34 – 25 / 1 = 9 get 4a. Use (y-k)2 = 4a (x-h)
(x+5)2 = y – 9
2. 3x2 + 18x + y + 24 = 0 (2- -3)2 = 4a (7-8)
25 = -4a 4a = -25
x2 + 6x + 1/3 y + 8 = 0 (Divide all by 3, so that
(y+3)2 = -25(x-8)
the coefficient of x2 is 1)
y2+6y+9 = -25x +200
x2 + 6x+ ___ =- 1/3 y - 8 + ___
y2+6y+25x - 191 = 0
x2 + 6x+ 9 =- 1/3 y - 8 + 9
(x-3)2 = -1/3 y + 1 (Divide the right side of
Tip: Try to visualize the graph, draw it as fast as
the equation by -1/3)
you can or plot the points, or draw a line,
(x-3)2 = -1/3 (y-3)
depending on what is given.
Tip: You can use the expansion of binomials,
distributing constants for SE to GE, or transpose all the x
or y terms, depending which is not the square variable
on the right side, finding a constant for it to be perfect ELLIPSE
square trinomial and add it to both sides for GE to SE. It
ELLIPSE- set of all points in the plane such that the sum
depends on you. :D
of distances from two fixed points called foci remain
y2 +Cy + Dx + E = 0 constant. Its eccentricity is less than 1.

For this equation, which the parabola opens left or

right, the procedure above on the parabola opens
upward or downward is the same but use the formula:
C = -2k D = -4a E = k2 + 4ah

K = -C/2 a = -D/4 h = ( E – k2 )/ 4a

or my tip above,

Find the general equation given several conditions

1. V (0,0) and F (2,0)

a=x -h=2–0=2
4a = 8
y2 = 8x y2 - 8x = 0
1. Foci – two fixed points whose distance from a
2. V (-6,-2) and D is x = -5
single point on the ellipse is constant.
Since the directrix is a vertical line, the parabola
2. Major Axis – line that contains the foci and goes
opens left or right so the squared variable is y.
through the center
Therefore we will use: x = h – a
3. Vertices – two points of the intersection of the
-5 = - 6 – a, a= - 6 +5 = -1 4a = -4
ellipse and major axis.
(y+2)2 = -4 (x+6)
4. Minor Axis – line perpendicular to the major
y2 + 4y + 4 = -4x - 24
axis and goes through the center.
y2 + 4y + 4x + 28 = 0
5. Co-vertices – two points of the intersection of
3. V (8,-3), horizontal axis of symmetry, and
the ellipse and the minor axis.
passes through
 6. Focal Chord – any chord of the ellipse passing
through the focus
7. Latus Rectum – segment cut by the ellipse
passing through the foci and perpendicular to
the major axis
Remember this formula: a2 = b2 + c2
Standard Equation of the Ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. + 169 = 1
25
a = sqrt 169 = 13
b = sqrt 25 = 5
c = sqrt (169 - 25) = sqrt 144 = 12
Center: (0,0)
Vertices: (0,+13) , since major axis lies on the y-axis
because a2 is below y2 that’s why x coordinates are the
same
Co-vertices: (+5,0) , since minor axis lies on the x-axis
because b2 is below x2 that’s why y coordinates are the
same.
Foci: (0,+12), since vertices and foci are on the same
line, they have the same x-coordinates but different y-
coordinates from the vertices, and the coordinates are
the value of +c.
Major Axis Length = 2a = 26, Eq. of Major Axis: x = 0,
since vertices have common x-coordinate which is 0
Minor Axis Length = 2b = 10 Eq. of Minor Axis: y = 0,
since co -vertices have common y-coordinate which is 0
Latus Rectum Endpoints are (+25/13 , +12), since latus
rectum is perpendicular to the major axis and passes
through the focus, the coordinate which are the same
with focus but not the same with vertices is + 12 and
the other coordinate is h + b2/a = +25/13
2
Length of LR: 2b / a = 50 / 13
Eccentricity: c/ a = 12/13
(𝑥+10)2 (𝑦−8)2
2. + =1
144 16
a = sqrt 144 = 12
b = sqrt 16= 4
c = sqrt (144 - 16) = sqrt 128 = 8√2
Center: (-10,8)
Vertices: (-10+12,8) , since major axis is parallel to the
x-axis because a2 is below x2 that’s why y coordinate of
the vertex are the same at the center and for the x-
coordinates: h + a which are -10 + 12, simplify if
necessary
Co-vertices: (-10,8+4) , since minor axis is parallel to the
y-axis because b2 is below y2 that’s why x coordinate of
the co-vertices are the same from the center and for
the y-coordinates: k + b which are 8 + 4, simplify if
necessary
Foci: (-10+8√𝟐, 8), since vertices and foci are on the
same line, they have the same y-coordinates but
different x-coordinates from the vertices, and the
coordinates are h + c , simplify if necessary
Major Axis Length = 2a = 24, Eq. of Major Axis: y = 8,
since vertices have common x-coordinate which is 8
Minor Axis Length = 2b = 8 Eq. of Minor Axis: x = -10,
since co -vertices have common x-coordinate which is -
10
Latus Rectum Endpoints are (-10+8√𝟐, -8 + 4/3), since
latus rectum is perpendicular to the major axis and
passes through the focus, the coordinate which are the
same with focus but not the same with vertices is -
10+8√𝟐, and the other coordinate is k + b2/a = -8 + 4/3 .
Expand if possible and simplify fractions, if possible.
Length of LR: 2b2 / a = 8/3
Eccentricity: c/ a = (2√2) /3
General Equation of an Ellipse given Several Conditions
1. Vertices: (2,8) (-22,8)
And Co-vertices: (-10,12) (-10,4)
2a = 2 - -22 = 24 , a = 12 which is the distance of the
vertices
2b = 12 – 4 = 8 , b = 4 which is the distance of the co-
vertices
c2 = 122 – 42 c2 = 144 – 16 = 128, c = sqrt128
To find the center, what is the common coordinate of
vertices and co-vertices which is (-10,8) and 122 is below
of x-variable because the vertices have common y-
coordinate.
The standard equation is:
(𝑥 + 10)2 (𝑦 − 8)2
+ =1
144 16
Multiply it to 144 which is their LCD.
(x2+20x+100) + 9(y2-16y+64)= 144
x2+20x+100 + 9y2-144y+576 – 144 = 0
x2+ 9y2 + 20x -144y + 532 = 0
2.Endpoints of Major Axis: (10,2) (-2,2) and
Foci (4 +3√𝟑, 2),
HYPERBOLA
Hyperbola - a set of points in the plane such that the
difference of the distances from two fixed points, called
foci, is constant. Its eccentricity is greater than 1.
1. Branches – two symmetric parts of hyperbola, it
has a vertex and a focus.
2. Center – the midpoint of the line segment
between the two focus and vertices
3. Transverse Axis - axis that contains the vertices,
contains the foci and goes through the center of
the hyperbola.
4. Conjugate Axis –line that is perpendicular to the
transverse axis and goes through the center of
the hyperbola.
5. Vertices – points of intersection of the
hyperbola and the transverse axis

The endpoints of the major axis are the vertices.

2a = 10 - -2 = 12, a = 6, distance of the vertices

2c = 4 +3√3 - 4 - 3√3, = 6√3, c = 3√3,

b2 = 62 – (3√3)2 = 36 - 27 = 9

To find the center, find the midpoint of the vertices

which is (4,2) and 62 is below of x-variable because the
vertices have common y-coordinate.

The standard equation is:

(𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑦 − 2)2
+ =1
36 9
Multiply it to 36 which is their LCD.
If hyperbola opens left and right, the standard form is
(x2-8x+16) + 4(y2-4y+4)= 36
x2-8x+16 + 4y2-16y+16 – 36 = 0 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
x2+ 4y2 - 8x -16y - 4 = 0 𝑎2 𝑏2
If hyperbola opens upward and downward, the
standard form is
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Remember this formula: c2 = a2 + b2 , where
a = distance of the center to the end of transverse axis
b = distance of the center to the end of conjugate axis
c = distance of the center to the foci
1.
(𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑦 − 2)2
− =1
36 9
a = sqrt 36 = 6
b = sqrt 9 = 3
c = sqrt (36 + 9) = sqrt 45 = 3√5
Center: (4,2)
Vertices: (4+6, 2) , since transverse axis is parallel to the
y-axis because a2 is below x2 that’s why y coordinates
are the same and x-coordinates came from h + a
Foci: (4+3√𝟓, 2), since vertices and foci are on the
same line, they have the same y-coordinates but
different x-coordinates from the vertices, and the
coordinates are h + c.
Transverse Axis Length = 2a = 12,
Conjugate Axis Length = 2b = 6
Asymptotes: y = 2 + 1/2(x - 4)
where b/ a is the slope, rise over run, from the formula:
y = k + b/a (x - h) when transverse axis is parallel to x-
axis or on x-axis while : y = k + a/b (x - h) when
transverse axis parallel to y-axis or on y-axis
General Equation of an Ellipse given Several Conditions
1. Vertices (7,9) and (7,-3) and Conjugate Axis is
28 units long
2a = 9 - -3 = 12, a = 6
2b = 28, which is the length of conjugate axis.
b = 14
Center is the midpoint of the vertices: (7,3)
and 62 is below of y-variable because the
vertices have common x-coordinate.
(𝑦 − 3)2 (𝑥 − 7)2
− =1
36 196
Remember, it is possible that conjugate axis is greater
than transverse axis which means that a can be less
than b.
Multiply it to 1764 which is their LCD.
49(y2 -6y+9) - 9(x2-14x+49)= 1764
49y2-294y+441 - 9x2+126x-441 – 1764 = 0
49y2 -9x2 -294y + 126x - 1764 = 0
GE of a conic: Ax2+ By2 + Cx + Dy + E= 0
1. A = B, A and B are not equal to 0, it is a circle
2. A = 0 or B = 0 , it is a parabola
3. A and B are greater than 0, it is a ellipse
4. A is less than 0 or B is less than 0, either one of
them will be less than 0 but not both A and B
and the other one will be greater than 0, it is a
hyperbola.
WORD PROBLEMS
1. A pizza delivery area can be represented by a
circle, and extends to the
points (0,18) and (−6,8) (these points are on
the diameter of this circle). Write an equation
for the circle that models this delivery area.
a. Find the center of the circle by getting the
midpoints of the diameter: (-3,13)
b. Find the radius by getting the distance of
any endpoint to the center: r2 = (0- -3) 2+
(18- 13) 2 = 32 + 52 = 34
c. Substitute the center and radius to the form
(x-h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
d. (x+3)2 + (y - 13)2 = 34 : standard form
e. If the question states that the equation
must be GE, the answer is x2+ y2 +6x -26y +
144 = 0
2. A searchlight has a parabolic reflector (has a
cross section that forms a “bowl”). The
parabolic “bowl” is 16 inches wide from rim to
rim and 12 inches deep. The filament of the
light bulb is located at the focus. (a) What is
the equation of the parabola used for the
 reflector? (b) How far from the vertex is the
filament of the light bulb?
a. The vertex of the parabola is at the origin.
b. Use the equation x2 = 4ay, since the
parabola opens upward.
c. Substitute y = 12 , since it is 12 inches and x
= 8 because it is half of 16 inches, which is
the width of the parabolic bowl, it means
that (8, 12) is a point on the parabola.
d. 64 = 4a (12) 4a = 16/3 , a = 4/3
e. Substitute 16/3 to 4a for the equation: x2 =
16/3 y , so the length of latus rectum is
16/3 and a = 4/3 which is how far from the
vertex is the filament of the light bulb, the
focus itself.
f. The general equation is x2 - 16/3 y = 0, 3x2
- 16y = 0
3. Two girls are standing in a whispering gallery
that is shaped like semi-elliptical arch. The
height of the arch is 30 feet, and the width
is 100 feet. How far from the center of the
room should whispering dishes be placed so
that the girls can whisper to each other?
a. The center of the arch is at the origin.
b. The width of the arch is the length of major
axis, 100 ft, which is 2a so the value of a =
50
c. The height of the arch is the half the length
of minor axis, 30 ft, which is b so the value
of b= 30
d. We need to find c so that how far from the
center should whispering dishes should be
placed, which are the foci.
e. C2 = 502 – 302 = 2500 – 900 = 1600, c = 40
f. So, the girls should stand 40 ft from the
center so that they could hear each other
g. If the question is what is the equation that
will represent this problem, the answer is:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
2500 900
Tip: If there are questions that what is the length of the
string, that is the same as the length of the major axis,
which is 2a.
at this same time. Find the coordinates of all
possible points where the airplane could be
located. (Find the equation of the
hyperbola where the plane could be located).
a. The radars are the foci and the length of the
radars are 160 miles so the center is at
(80,0) so c = 80
b. Next is get the difference of the distance
traveled by an airplane which is 200 m –
100 m = 100 m and that is 2a so a = 50
c. To get b2 = c2 – a2 , b2 = 802 – 502 = 6400 –
2500 = 3900
d. Substitute that to the form below since the
plane’s path is actually on one branch of the
hyperbola; let’s create a horizontal
hyperbola
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥−80)2 𝑦2
e. − = 1 since a2 = 2500 b2
2500 3900
= 3900 and center is at (80,0)
References for problem solving questions:
https://shelovesmath.com/precal/conics/
Galingan natin guys sa exam, aral tayo mabuti para
hindi lang makapasa kundi matuto, ilaban natin
iyan, ilaban natin iyan. God Bless sa lahat. Kapag
may mali sa reviewer or tanong, tanungin na lang
ako haha, salamat ulit. :D

4. Two radar sites are tracking an airplane that is

flying on a hyperbolic path. The first radar site is
located at (0,0), and shows the airplane to
be 200 meters away at a certain time. The
second radar site, located 160 miles east of the
first, shows the airplane to be 100 meters away
KPWKP
6 NAPARAAN NG PAGBABAHAGI NG WIKA
Roman Jacobson
■ Siya ay isa sa mga pinakamagaling na dalubwika ng
ikadalawampung siglo. Isa siya sa mga nagtatag ng
Linguistic Circle of New York.
■ Ang kanyang bantog na Functions of language ang
kanyang naging ambag sa larangan ng semiotics.
■ Ang semiotics ay ang pag- aaral sa mga palatandaan
at simbolo at kung paano gagamitin.
1. Pagpapahayag ng Damdamin (Emotive)
■ Saklaw nito ang pagpapahayag ng mga saloobin,
damdamin, at emosyon.
2. Panghihikayat (Conative)
■ Ito ay ang gamit ng wika upang makahimok at
makaimpluwensiya sa iba sa pamamagitan ng pag-
uutos at pakikipag- usap.
3. Pagsisimula ng pakikipag- ugnayan (Phatic)
■ Ginagamit ang wika upang makipagugnayan sa kapwa
at makapagsimula ng usapan.
4. Paggamit bilang Sanggunian (Referential)
■ Ipinakikita nito ang gamit ng wikang nagmula sa aklat
at iba pang sangguniang pinagmulan ng kaalaman
upang maparating ang mensahe at impormasyon.
5. Paggamit ng kuro- kuro (Metalingual)
■ Ito ang gamit na lumilinaw sa mga suliranin sa
pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng komento sa isang
kodigo o batas.
6. Patalinghaga (Poetic)
■ Saklaw nito ang gamit ng wika sa masining na paraan
na pagpapahayag gaya ng panulaan, prosa, sanaysay, at
iba pa
Mga Teorya ng pinagmulan ng Wika
 Tore ng Babel
Batay sa istorya ng Bibliya, iisa lang ang wika noong
unang panahon kaya’t walang suliranin sa
pakikipagtalastasan ang tao.
 Bow wow
Ayon sa teoryang ito, maaaring ang wika raw ng
tao ay mula sa panggagaya sa mga tunog ng
kalikasan. Ang mga primitibong tao diumano ay
kulang na kulang sa mga bokabularyong
magagamit.
Nagkaroon ng wika ang tao dahil ginagay nila ang
tunog na nilikha ng mga hayop.
 Ding-dong
Kahawig ng teoryang bow-bow, nagkaroon daw ng
wika ang tao, ayon sa teoryang ito, sa
pamamagitan ng mga tunog na nalilikha ng mga
bagay-bagay sa paligid. Ngunit ang teoryang ito ay
hindi limitado sa mga kalikasan lamang kungdi
maging sa mga bagay na likha ng tao.
Ginaya ng mga tao ang tunog ng kalikasan at
paligid.
 Pooh-pooh
Unang natutong magsalita ang mga tao, ayon
teoryang ito, nang hindi sinasadya ay napabulalas
sila bunga ng mga masisidhing damdamin tulad ng
sakit, tuwa, sarap, kalungkutan, takot, pagkabigla
at iba pa. Pansinin nga naman ang isang Pilipinong
napapabulalas sa sakit.
Ang tao ay nakalikha ng tunog sanhi ng bugso ng
damdamin.
 Yo-he-ho
Pinaniniwalaan ng linggwistang si A.S. Diamond ho
(sa Berel, 2003) na ang tao ay natutong magsalita
bunga diumano ng kanyang pwersang pisikal. Hindi
nga ba’t tayo’y nakalilikha rin ng tunog kapag
tayo’y nag- eeksert ng pwersa.
Nagsimula ang wika sa indayog ng himig-awiti ng
mga taong sama- samang nagtatrabaho
 Yum-yum
Katulad ng teoryang ta-ta, sinasabi rito na ang tao
ay tutugon sa pamamagitan ng pagkumpas sa
alinmang bagay na nangangailangan ng aksiyon.
Ang pagtugong ito ay isinasagawa sa pamamagitan
ng bibig ayon sa posisyon ng dila.
Ang wika ay nagmula sa pagkumpas ng maestro ng
musika at sa bawat kumpas ay nakakaya niyang
gumawa ng tunog mula sa kanyang labi.
 Ta-ta
Ayon naman sa teoryang ito, ang kumpas o galaw
ng kamay ng tao na kanyang ginagawa sa bawat
particular na okasyon ay ginaya ng dila at naging
sanhi ng pagkatuto ng taong lumikha ng tunog at
kalauna’y nagsalita.
 Sing-song
Iminungkahi ng linggwistang si Jesperson na ang
wika ay nagmula sa paglalaro, pagtawa, pagbulong
sa sarili, panliligaw at iba pang mga bulalas-
emosyunal. Iminungkahi pa niya na taliwas sa iba
pang teorya, ang mga unang salita ay sadyang
mahahaba atmusikal, at hindi maiikling bulalas na
pinaniniwalaan ng marami.
 Hey you!
Hawig ito ng teoryang pooh-pooh. Iminungkahi ng
linggwistang si Revesz na bunga ng interpersonal
na kontak ng tao sa kanyang kapwa tao ang wika.
Ayon kay Revesz, nagmula ang wika sa mga tunog
na nagbabadya ng pagkakakilanlan (Ako!) at
pagkakabilang (Tayo!). Napapabulalas din tayo
bilang pagbabadya ng takot, galit o sakit (Saklolo!).
Tinatawag din itong teoryang kontak.
 Coo Coo
Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang wika ay nagmula sa mga
tunog na nalilikha ng mga sanggol. Ang mga tunog
daw na ito ang ginaya ng mga matatanda bilang
pagpapangalan sa mga bagay-bagay sa paligid,
taliwas sa paniniwala ng marami na ang mga bata
ang nanggagaya ng tunog ng mga matatanda.
 Babble Lucky
Ayon sa teoryang ito, ang wika raw ay nagmula sa
mga walang kahulugang bulalas ng tao. Sa
pagbubulalas ng tao, sinuwerte lamang daw siya
nang ang mga hindi sinasadya at walang
kabuluhang tunog na kanyang nalikha ay naiugnay
sa mga bagay-bagay sa paligid na kalaunan ay
naging pangalan ng mga iyon.
 Hocus Pocus
Ayon kay Boeree (2003), maaaring ang
pinanggalingan ng wika ay tulad ng pinanggalingan
ng mga mahikal o relihiyosong aspeto ng
pamumuhay ng ating mga ninuno. Maaari raw
kasing noo’y tinatawag ng mga unang tao ang mga
hayop sa pamamagitan ng mga mahikal na tunog
na kalaunan ay naging pangalan ng bawat hayop.
 Eureka!
Sadyang inimbento ang wika ayon sa teoryang ito.
Maaari raw na ang ating mga ninuno ay may ideya
ng pagtatakda ng mga arbitraryong tunog upang
ipakahulugan sa mga tiyak na bagay. Nang ang mga
ideyang iyon ay nalikha, mabilis na iyong kumalat
sa iba pang tao at naging kalakaran sa
pagpapangalan ng mga bagay-bagay (Boeree,
2003).
 La-la
Mga pwersang may kinalaman sa romansa. Ang
salik na nagtutulak sa tao upang magsalita.
 Ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay
Likas sa mga sinaunang tao ang mga ritwal. Sila ay
may mga ritwal sa halos lahat ng gawain tulad ng
sa pakikidigma, pagtatanim, pag-aani, pangingisda,
pagkakasal, pagpaparusa sa nagkasala,
panggagamot, maging sa paliligo at pagluluto.
 Mama
Ayon sa teoryang ito, nagmula ang wika sa mga
pinakamadadaling pantig ng pinakamahahalagang
bagay. Pansinin nga naman ang mga bata. Sa una’ y
hindi niya masasabi ang salitang mother ngunit
dahil ang unang pantig ng nasabing salita ang
pinakamahalaga diumano, una niyang nasasabi ang
mama bilang panumbas sa salitang mother.
 Rene Descartes
Hindi pangkaraniwang hayop ang tao kung kaya’t
likas sa kaniya ang gumamit ng wika na aangkop sa
kaniyang kalikasan bilang tao. May aparato ang tao
lalo na sa kaniyang utak gayundin sa pagsasalita
upang magamit sa mataas at komplikadong antas
ang wikang kailangan niya hindi lamang para
mabuhay bagkus magampanan ang iba’t ibang
tungkulin nito sa kaniyang buhay.
 Plato
Nalikha ang wika bunga ng pangangailangan.
Necessity is the mother of all invention. Sa
paniniwalang ito, gaya ng damit, tirahan at pagkain,
pangunahing pangangailangan din ng tao ang wika
kung kaya;t naimbento ito ng tao.
 Charles Darwin
Nakikipagsalaparan ang tao kung kaya’t nabuo ang
wika. Survival of the fittest, elimination of the
weakest. Ito ang simpleng batas ni Darwin. Upang
mabuhay ang tao, kailangan niya ng wika. Ito ay
nakasaad sa aklat na Lioberman (1975) na may
pamagat na “On the Origin of Language”, sinasaad
dito na ang pakikipagsapalaran ng tao para
mabuhay ang nagtuturo sa kanya upang makalikha
ng iba’t ibang wika.
 Wikang Aramean
Wikang Aramean ay paniniwalang ang kauna-
unahang wikang ginagamit sa daigdig ay ang
lenggwahe ng mga Aramean. Sila ang mga
sinaunang taong nanirahan sa Syria (Aram) at
Mesopotamia. Tinatawag na Aramaic ang kanilang
wika.
 Jose Rizal
Kung lahat ng likas na bagay ay galing sa Poong
Maykapal, bakit hindi ang wika? Naniniwala ang
pambansang bayani na kaloob at regalo ng Diyos
ang wika sa tao.
 Haring Psammatichos
Sinasabi sa paniniwalang ito na bilang hari ng
Ehipto, gumawa ng isang eksperimento si
Psammatichos kung paano nga ba nakapagsasalita
ang tao. May dalawang sanggol siyang pinalaki sa
loob ng kuweba at mhigpit na ipinag-tos na hindi
ito dapat makarinig ng anumang salita. Sa tagal ng
panahon nakapagsalita raw ng “Bekos” ang
dalawang bata na ang ibig sabihin ay tinapay. Sa
maikling sabi, likas na natututuhan ng tao ang wika
kahit hindi ituro ang pinanghahawakan ng teoryang
ito.
Mga Pananaw Ng Mga Dalubhasa Sa
Wika
HENRY GLEASON
Ayon kay Henry Gleason, ang wika ay masistemang
balangkas ng sinasalitang tunog na pinipili at
isinasaayos sa paraang arbitraryo upang magamit
ng mga taong kabilang sa isang kultura.
CHARLES DARWIN
Ayon kay Charles Darwin, ang pakikipagsapalaran
ng tao para mabuhay ang nagtuturo sa atin upang
malikha ng iba’t ibang wika. Ang wika ay
natututunan sa mga pakikipagsapalaran sa iba't
ibang tao.
RENE DESCARTES
Ayon kay Rene Descartes, ang wika ay
nagpapatunay na ang tao ay kakaiba.“
PHILIP EMERT AND WILLIAM DONAGHY
"Ang wika ang paraan sa pagkokonekta ng bawat
tao saan mang lugar.“
SAN BUENAVENTURA
“Ang wika ay isang larawang binibigkas at
isinusulat. Isang kahulugan, taguan, imbakan o
deposito ng kaalaman ng isang bansa.”
NOAM CHOMSKY
Ang wika ayon kay Chomsky ay isang prosesong
mental. May unibersal na gramatika at mataas na
abstrak na antas; may magkatulad na katangiang
linggwistik.
HYMES
nangangahulugan itong isang buhay, bukas sa
Sistema ang wika na nakikipagnteraksyon.
Binabago at bumabago sa kapaligiran bilang bahagi
ng kultura ng grupong gumagamit nito. Isa itong
kasanayang panlipunan at makatao.
HALLIDAY 3. Pang-Regulatori

may gamit na instrumental ang wika. Tumutulong Ang wika ay kumokontrol sa kilos at asal ng iba
ito sa mga tao upang maisagawa ang mga bagay na
gusto niyang gawin. Halimbawa

Pasalita-Pagbibigay ng Panuto, Pagtuturo ng

Direksyon, Pagpapaalala

Pasulat- Recipe, Manual, Imbitasyon

EDWARD SAPIR
4. Pampersonal
ang wika ay isang likas at makataong pamamaraan
ng paghahatid ng mga kaisipan, damdain at mithiin Ang Wika ay nakakapagpahayag ng sariling
sa pamamagitan ng isang kusang-loob na damdamin o opinyon
kaparaanan na lumikha ng tunog. Halimbawa:
JOHN B. CARROLL Pasalita- Pormal at Di-Pormal Na Talakayan
nagpahayag na ang wika ay isang sistema ng mga Pasulat- Editoryal, Liham Patnugot, Talaarawan
sagisag na binubuo at tinatanggap ng lipunan
5. Pang-Imahinasyon
DR. JOSE VILLA PANGANIBAN
Ang wika ay nakakapagpahayag ng sariling
paraan ng pagpapahayag ng kuru-kuro at imahinasyon sa malikhaingparaan
damdamin sa pamamagitan ng mga salita upang
makipag-unawaan sa kapwa-tao. Halimbawa:

Mga Tungkulin Ng Wika Pasalita- Pagsasalaysay, Paglalarawan

Ayon kay Halliday, ang mga tungkulin ng wika ay: Pasulat- Tula, Awit, Nobela
1. Pang-Interaksyunal 6. Pangheuristiko

Ang wika ay nakakapagpanatili o nakakapagpatatag Ang wika ay naghahanap ng mga impormasyon o

ng relasyon sa pagitan ng isang tao sa isa pa o sa datos
lipunan
Halimbawa:
Halimbawa:
Pasalita- Pagtatanong, Pananaliksik, Pakikipanayam
Pagsasalita – Pangungumusta, Pagpapalitan ng
biro,Pakikipagkwentuhan Pasulat- Sarbey

Pasulat- Pagawa ng Liham Pangkaibigan 7. Pang-Impormatibo

2. Pang-Instrumental Ang wika ay nagbibigay ng impormasyon o mga

datos
Ang wika ay tumutugon sa pangangailangan ng
nagsasalita Halimbawa:

Halimbawa: Pasalita- Pag-uulat, Pagtuturo

Pasalita- Pakikitungo, Pangangalakal, Pag-uutos Pasulat- Pamamanahong Papel, Tesis

Pasulat- Liham Pangangalakal