SIMPLE STRUCTURES

These structures are called simple because they can be idealized as a concentrated
or grouped mass m supported by a massless structure with stiffness k in the lateral
direction. This idealization is appropriate for this pergola with a heavy concrete roof
supported by light columns of steel pipe, which can be assumed to be devoid of
mass.
The concrete roof is very rigid and the flexibility of the structure in the lateral (or
horizontal) direction is provided entirely by the columns. The idealized system is
shown This system has a concentrated mass m equal to the mass of the roof shown,
and its lateral stiffness k is equal to the sum of the rigidity of the individual tubular
columns. Since water splashing is not possible in a full tank, it is a concentrated
mass m supported by a relatively light tower that can be considered as lacking mass.
The cantilever tower that supports the water reservoir provides lateral stiffness k to
the structure. For the time being, it will be assumed that the lateral movement of
these structures is small assuming that the support structures deform within their
linear elastic limit.

Later in this chapter you will see that the differential equation that controls the lateral
displacement u (t) of these idealized structures without any external excitation
applied force or ground movement— is mü + ku = 0 where the points on the variables
indicate differentiation with respect to time, so ü represents the velocity of the mass
and ü its acceleration its initial equilibrium position. the same maximum displacement
oscillation after oscillation is presented; these oscillations continue indefinitely and
idealized systems would never reach rest. Of course, the above is not a realistic
situation. Intuition suggests that if the roof of the pergola or the top of the water tank
were displaced laterally by a rope and the rope was suddenly cut, the structure would
oscillate each time with less amplitude and over time Experiments of this type were
performed in frame laboratory models of a single level, and the measured records of
its response to free vibration are presented in the movement of the structural models
decayed over time, with the decay of the Plexiglas model faster than that of the
aluminum frame.
The process by which the amplitude of the vibration decreases steadily
This is called damping.
The kinetic energy and the deformation energy of the vibratory system are
dissipated by various damping mechanisms that will be mentioned later. At the
moment, it is simply recognized that it is necessary to include an energy dissipation
mechanism in structural idealization in order to
characterize the decay of the movement observed during the free vibration tests of
a structure. The commonly used buffer element is the viscous buffer, in part because
its mathematical handling is easier.

1.2 SYSTEMS OF A DEGREE OF FREEDOM It consists of a mass m concentrated

at the ceiling level, a frame without mass that provides rigidity to the system, and a
viscous damper that dissipates the vibration energy of the system. The beam and
columns are supposed to be axially non-deformable. This system can be considered
as an idealization of a one-level structure. Each structural element (beam, column,
wall, etc.) of the real structure contributes to the inertial (mass), elastic (stiffness or
flexibility) and energy dissipation (damping) properties of the structure. However, in
the idealized system, each of these properties is concentrated in three distinct pure
components: the mass component, the stiffness component and the damping
component.
The number of independent displacements required to define the displaced positions
of all masses in relation to their original position is called the number of degrees of
freedom (GDL) for dynamic analysis. Typically, more GDLs are required to define
the stiffness properties of a structure than the GDLs required to represent inertial
properties. restricted to move only in the direction of excitation. The problem of static
analysis must be formulated with three GDL (lateral displacement and rotation of the
two knots). In contrast, the structure has only one GDL (lateral displacement) for
dynamic analysis if idealized with the mass concentrated in one location. , usually at
the ceiling level. Therefore, it is called a system of a degree of freedom (1GDL).

FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP

without dynamic excitation, subjected to a static external force fS applied in the

direction of the GDL or as shown. The internal force that opposes the displacement
u is equal and opposite to the external force fS. It is desired to determine the
relationship between the force fS and the relative displacement or associated with
the deformations in the structure during the oscillatory movement. This relationship
of force-displacement would be linear for small deformations, but would become
non-linear in the case of large deformations; both linear and non-linear relationships
are considered.

The determination of the relationship between fS and u is a standard problem in

static structural analysis, and it is assumed that the reader is familiar with this type
of analysis. Therefore, the presentation in this section is brief and limited to the
essential aspects.

Alferez grajales guepe Natalia

Aula 52 numero 8oi8