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APPENDIX - C
Agriculture and Agro-ecomomy

APPENDIX - C　
　 AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-ECONOMY
Table of Contents
Page
Chapter 1 PRESENT CONDITION OF THR STUDY AREA............................... C - 1
1.1 Soils and Vegetation..................................................................................... C - 1
1.2 Population, Households and Labour Force ................................................... C - 1
1.3 Agriculture .................................................................................................. C - 2
1.3.1 Present Land Use............................................................................ C - 2
1.3.2 Land Holding and Land Tenure ...................................................... C - 2
1.3.3 Agriculture Production ................................................................... C - 4
1.3.4 Animal Husbandry ........................................................................C - 10
1.3.5 Inland Fisheries .............................................................................C - 12
1.4 Marketing and Processing Facilities ............................................................C - 15
1.5 Marketing of Farm Inputs and Outputs........................................................C - 18
1.5.1 Marketing of Agricultural Products ...............................................C - 18
1.5.2 Marketing of Farm Inputs..............................................................C - 20
1.5.3 Co-operatives and Farmer Companies ...........................................C - 21
1.5.4 Market Access...............................................................................C - 21
1.5.5 Export Market Potential.................................................................C - 21
1.5.6 Agricultural Prices.........................................................................C - 22
1.5.7 Demand and Supply of Agricultural Products................................C - 22
Chapter 2 PRESENT CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEMES ...........C - 24

2.1 General Background of Farmers..................................................................C - 24
2.2 Agriculture .................................................................................................C - 25
2.2.1 Crop Production ............................................................................C - 25
2.2.2 Marketing and Credit.....................................................................C - 30
2.2.3 Extension ......................................................................................C - 31
2.3 Crop Budgeting and Farm Economy ...........................................................C - 31
2.3.1 Crop Budget ..................................................................................C - 31
2.3.2 Farm Economy..............................................................................C - 32
Chapter 3 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PLAN ..........................................C - 34

3.1 Basic Concepts for Agricultural Production Plan.........................................C - 34
3.1.1 Present Problems and Constraints..................................................C - 34
3.1.2 Need and Potential for Development .............................................C - 34
i
3.1.3 Basic Concepts for Agricultural Production Plan ...........................C - 35
3.2 Proposed Land Use .....................................................................................C - 38
3.3 Proposed Crops and Cropping Pattern.........................................................C - 39
3.4 Proposed Farming Practices and Crop Production .......................................C - 41
3.4.1 Proposed Farming Practices...........................................................C - 41
3.4.2 Anticipated Crop Yield and Production..........................................C - 43
3.5 Improvement of Land Fragmentation ..........................................................C - 44
3.6 Crop Budget and Farm Economy ................................................................C - 45
3.6.1 Crop Budget ..................................................................................C - 45
Chapter 4 IMPROVEMENT OF MARKETING AND CREDIT ..........................C - 47

4.1 Improvement of Marketing .........................................................................C - 47
4.2 Agricultural Credit ......................................................................................C - 49
List of Tables
Page
Table C 1.1 Fish Production in Anuradhapura District – 1999............................... CT - 1
Table C 2.1 Inputs on Crop Production in the Irrigation Schemes ......................... CT - 2
Table C 2.2 Problems Related to Farming............................................................. CT - 3
Table C 2.3 Farmers’ Intention to Improve Farming ............................................. CT - 3
Table C 2.4 Farmers’ Situation on Marketing of Inputs and Outputs on Farming .. CT - 4
Table C 2.5 Extension Services ............................................................................ CT - 5
Table C 2.6 Crop Budget – Present ....................................................................... CT - 6
Table C 3.1 Food Balance 1992 – 1997 ................................................................ CT - 7
Table C 3.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern (1/3 - 3/3) ............................................... CT - 8
Table C 3.3 Proposed Crop Production ............................................................... CT - 11
Table C 3.4 Proposed Cropping Budget (1/4 - 4/4) ............................................. CT - 12
Table C 3.5 Crop Budget with Project (1/2 - 2/2)................................................ CT - 16
List of Figures
Figure C 1.1 Present and Proposed Cropping Calendar .......................................... CF - 1

Figure C 3.1 Demand and Supply of Major Crops in Sri Lanka.............................. CF - 2
ii
APPENDIX - C AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-ECONOMY
Chapter 1 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE STUDY AREA
1.1 Soils and Vegetation

The Study area is principally situated under three Agro-ecological zones, which
are Low-country Intermediate zone 1 (IL1), Low-country Intermediate zone 2
(IL3) and Low-country Dry zone 1 (DL1) from the south to the north. Annual
rainfall in IL1 is less than 1,016 mm (40 inches). The Low-country Intermediate
zone 1 is situated in the southern part of the Study area and Low-country Interme-
diate zone 3 is in the mid-part of Kurunegala district. The northern part of
Kurunegala district to Anuradhapura district is under Low-country Dry zone 1.
Natural vegetation of the Study area belongs to the tropical semi-evergreen forests
in the intermediate zone and dry mixed evergreen forests in the dry zone. The
original natural forest has been destroyed by shifting cultivation. The present
vegetation in the intermediate and dry zones in the study area is mostly the secon-
dary vegetation and the trees in the dry zone are mainly microphyllous or
mesophyllous and consist of both evergreen and deciduous species.
In relation with soil groups and vegetation, typical vegetation of dry mixed ever-
green forest is in the reddish brown earth. The vegetation in the low humic gley
soil is not much different from that of associated with reddish brown earth or non-
calcic brown soil, however, general stands are poorer in some cases due to peri-
odical water logging and richer in case of favourable moisture contents. In the
non-calcic brown soil, the natural vegetation is dry mixed evergreen. The
growth is generally poorer than that in the reddish brown earth, although com-
position of species is almost same. Under the alluvial soils, the richest and the
worst vegetation occur in the dry zone, due to the high water table or the very
clayey texture. Tall trees with the other mesophytic species are found on this
soil.
1.2 Population, Households and Labour Force

The study area has a total population of 1,275,000, more than 90% being Sinhala
Buddhists and 5% Muslim, and Islam. The population is divided equally among
the sexes, and 14% is below 14 years of age. The economically active population
is about 65%. Over 18% have studied above grade 10 and less than 7% have had
no schooling at all. Female-headed families form 17.5% of the total households,
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and there is a dependent population 35-40%.
There are 292,500 housing units in the study are, and the household size is 4.3.
The labour force accounts for 52% of the population, and 48% are economically
inactive. Over 45% are engaged in agriculture, 25% are production and related
workers and 6% each is involved in clerical, sales and service activities.
1.3 Agriculture
1.3.1 Present Land Use
Land use information1 was obtained from the Land Use Planning Office and pub-
lications of the Survey Department. The total land area of the Study area is
estimated at 5,600 km2 (excluding large inland water areas) consisting of 29% of
Anuradhapura District, 13% of Matale District, 65% of Kurunegala District, and
6% of Puttalam District. The present land use in the Study area with those in
four districts concerned is summarised in the following table. In the Study area,
farmland covers 63%, and forestland is 15%. The water area occupies about 7%
of the Study area, mainly consists of reservoirs a irrigation tanks. Remaining
15% is in grasslands, homestead and others.
Present Land Use

Districts/Divisions Farm Land Forest Grass- Inland Homestead Total *2
land Water & Others
Area by Land Use Categories (km2)
Study Area *1 3,523 818 9 407 844 5,601
Anuradhapura District 3,059 3,015 17 526 561 7,178
Matale District 870 801 56 41 228 1,996
Kurunegala District 3,764 258 1 192 562 4,777
Puttalam District 1,276 1,011 42 213 374 2,916
Proportion (%)
Study Area *1 62.9 14.6 0.2 7.3 15.0 100.0
Anuradhapura District 42.6 42.0 0.2 7.3 7.9 100.0
Matale District 43.6 40.1 2.8 2.1 11.4 100.0
Kurunegala District 78.8 5.4 0.0 4.0 11.8 100.0
Puttalam District 43.8 34.7 1.4 7.3 12.8 100.0
*1 Out of 30 Divisions related to the Study area, Nuwaragam P.E. and Nochchiyagama
Divisions are included only 10% and 20% in the Study area, respectively.
*2 Excluding large inland water areas.
1
Land use information is provisional, due to the subdivision of Divisional Secretary divisions after 1981
and the process of revising information. The number of Divisional Secretary divisions has increased from
1981 to the present from seventeen (17) to twenty-nine (29) in Kurunegala district, twenty (20) to twenty-
one (21) in Anuradhapura district, ten (10) divisions to sixteen (16) divisions in Puttalam district and
Matale district is from nine (9) to eleven (11). The revision of the present land use information is carrying
out by the District Land Use Planning Office using more precisely categorised agricultural land uses.
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1.3.2 Land Holding and Land Tenure
(1) Land Holding
There are two distinct settlement types in the area, and land holding of farmers
defer between them.
a) Purana village
The settlements are hundreds of years old, and are originally located near the
most accessible sources of fresh water for agriculture and domestic use.
Agricultural holdings in Purana villages consist of both paddy land and
rainfed upland.
b) Settlements (Colonies)
The settlements have been launched by government development
interventions, dated from before the independence (1947). The colonies are
based on irrigation schemes, mostly in major irrigation schemes. The
settlers were allocated land in the schemes and the allotments of various
sizes contain paddy land, rainfed upland and homesteads.
Previous study of IFAD and ADB projects describe land fragmentation in both
Purana villages and settlements. The expanding population has become less and
less accessible to land with a reliable year-round supply of water, and to maintain
an appropriate standard of living, especially for newly established households.
(2) Land Tenure

The government legally recognised two categories of land ownership; (i) privately
owned land and (ii) the government owned ‘Crown’ land. In addition, agricul-
tural land and cultivated land are cultivated under four different conditions.
a) Privately owned land (land cultivated by the owner):

Cultivators are holding the legal title and the land is obtainable by
inheritance, purchase or mortgage.
b) Tenant land (privately owned land cultivated by a tenant):

Cultivators are not owners but the tenants recognised their right to work on
the land. Tenant’s rights on the land is recognised socially, and the legal
structure on tenancy, by the Agrarian Act. Type of tenancy agreement
varies with traditions and social and economic relations of participants.
c) Permit land (Crown land cultivated under a permit):

The right of land usage for agricultural purposes is provided under the Land
Development Ordinance (LDO). The land has originally been encroached
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on Crown land and is in the process of being regularised. The permit does
not represent a legally recognised claim to the land, it is only to qualify to
utilise the land for certain agricultural purposes and for dwelling. The right
of using the land is on a ninety-nine (99) year lease, however it is heritable
according to the legal order in the family during this period.
d) Non permitted land (land cultivated by encroachers without any legal

status to their claim):
The land is encroached without any legal basis of claiming and using Crown
land. Original form of Chena (slashed and burned, shifting cultivation) was
practised on this land and it is still carried on at present by landless
cultivators, micro and small landholders and refugees residing in the area.
The situation of land tenure of the Study area in the Kurunegala district is, 44.4%
of the land is privately owned, 10% is under colonisation land, 31.6% is permitted
land and approximately 8% is government owned crown land, however, still
27,787 acres (6.0%) is classified as encroached land.
In the Anuradhapura district, reliable data on privately owned land was not avail-
able. The Divisional Secretary divisions under the Study area are mostly part of
the Mahaweli System ‘H’. Within the Study area, an average percentage of the
government land in the respective Divisional Secretary (DS) division area is about
10%. Average permitted land of respective DS division is about 15% in the
Study area and 16.3% in entire district, and encroached land is 5.8% and 4.3%
respectively. Over 342,000 acres of land has been applied for the legal permits
and is now on the process for being regularised. The permit is normally issued at
a maximum of two (2) acres per applicant in case of agriculture land, but depends
on the purpose of application.
1.3.3 Agriculture Production
(1) Paddy Cultivation

Main crop in the study area is paddy. It is not only in the Study area but also
very important for farmers in entire country, especially for medium and small
scale farmers. Cultivation area and cropping intensity of paddy in the Study area
and two districts are shown in the following tables. Total cultivation area of
paddy in the Study area in 1996/97 Maha and 1997 Yala is estimated to be 71,200
ha which consist of 26,700 ha for major and medium irrigation schemes, 28,200
ha for minor scheme, and 16,300 ha for rainfed field. Cropping intensity of
paddy cultivation at the same seasons is estimated to be 96%.
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Paddy Cultivation in 1996/97 Maha and 1997 Yala
(Unit: 1,000 ha)
1996/97 Maha 1997 Yala Annual Total
Districts/Divisions Irrigated Rain- Total Irrigated Rain- Total Irrigated Rain- Total
Major Minor fed Major Minor fed Major Minor fed
Asweddumized Area
Study Area*1 24.6 42.1 17.0 83.7 24.6 42.1 17.0 83.7 49.2 84.2 34.0 167.4
Anuradhapura *1 29.7 39.6 2.6 71.9 29.7 39.6 2.6 71.9 59.4 79.2 5.2 143.8
Kurunegala *2 12.5 35.0 29.8 77.3 12.5 35.0 28.9 76.4 25.0 70.0 58.7 153.7
Sown Area
Study Area*1 17.0 22.4 13.3 52.7 11.0 9.8 7.0 27.8 28.0 32.2 20.3 80.5
Anuradhapura *1 9.6 6.0 0.1 15.7 3.0 1.2 0.0 4.2 12.6 7.2 0.1 19.9
Kurunegala *2 11.3 23.9 25.8 61.0 7.5 14.0 18.1 39.6 18.8 37.9 43.9 100.6
Harvested Area
Study Area*1 16.9 19.9 10.5 47.3 9.8 8.3 5.8 23.9 26.7 28.2 16.3 71.2
Anuradhapura*1 9.4 5.9 0.1 15.4 2.9 1.2 0.0 4.1 12.3 7.1 0.1 19.5
Kurunegala *2 11.2 21.5 22.6 55.3 6.4 11.9 15.4 33.7 17.6 33.4 38.0 89.0
*1 Excluding Mahaweli System 'H'
*2 Recently, Galgamuwa was divided into Galgamuwa and Ahetuwewa, and Maho was into Maho and
Ambanpola. Source: Agricultural Statistics of Sri Lanka 1997, Department of Census and Statistics,
October 1998.
Cropping Intensity of Paddy Cultivation in 1996/97 Maha and 1997 Yala

Districts/Divisions Irrigated Rainfed Whole Area
Major Minor
Study Area*1 114% 76% 119% 96%
Anuradhapura District*1 42% 18% 4% 28%
Kurunegala District 150% 108% 152% 132%
*1 Excluding Mahaweli System 'H'
Note: Cropping Intensity = Total Sown Area of Maha & Yala / Asweddumized Area x 100
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Sri Lanka 1997, Department of Census and Statistics, October 1998.
In 1996 and 1997, the cropping intensity of paddy cultivation in the country fell
by 100%, due to a long spell of dry weather. Especially, Anuradhapura district
located in the dry zone extremely dropped by more than 30%. In 1998, it has im-
proved to the normal level. The Kurunegala district situated in the wet zone in
southern part, intermediate zone
in the middle part and dry zone 180
in the north, and cultural 160
practices in the slope area to Kurunegala

140
lowland wet zone in the south are 120

Cropping Intensity (%)
rather intensive compare with the

100
other parts. Whole Country
80
Harvesting rate, that is, the rate Anuradhapura
60
by sown area to harvested area,
40
is significantly affected by water
condition. Under major irrigation 20
schemes, minor schemes and 0

1993/94 M 1994/95 M 1995/96 M 1996/97 M 1997/98 M
rainfed conditions are 99%, 89% & 1994 Y & 1995 Y & 1996 Y & 1997 Y & 1998 Y
and 79% in 1996/97 Maha Source: Agricultural Statistics of Sri Lanka 1997,
season, 89%, 85% and 83% in Department of Census and Statistics
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1997 Yala season in the Study area, respectively. The difference of water security
under irrigated conditions and rainfed condition is reflected to the harvesting rate.
The production of paddy in 1997 Yala and 1997/78 Maha in Anuradhapura and
Kurunegala districts is estimated to be 240,000 tons and 342,000 tons, respec-
tively. Anuradhapura district has shown a higher unit yield, which is estimated
at 4.2 tons/ha, than 3.2 tons/ha of Kurunegala district.
The table below shows these farming practices of paddy in both districts in 1997
Yala and 1997/98 Maha.　Almost all farmers in Anuradhapura and Kurunegala
Districts have used new improved varieties such as BG350 and BG300, and the
cultivation of traditional varieties is negligibly small.　Broadcasting accounts 90%
of total sown area in both districts. Most of land preparation in Anuradhapura has
been done by tractor, while 30-40% of sown area in Kurunegala district was by
animal power. Harvesting is completed by mid March and mid September in
Maha and Yala seasons respectively. Threshing by machines coupled to the two
or four-wheel tractor is the most widely used. Application of chemical fertiliser
contained N, P and K is prominent. Chemicals control of weed and pest and
disease is common practice. The fertilisers and agro-chemicals have been used
commonly in the area, and the use of weedicide is increasing yearly along with
rising wage of labour.
Paddy Production in 1997 Yala and 1997/78 Maha

1997 Yala 1997/98 Maha Annual Total
Districts Irrigated Rain- Irrigated Rain- Irrigated Rain-
Total Total Total
Major Minor fed Major Minor fed Major Minor fed
Net Harvested Area (1,000 ha)
Anuradhapura*1 2.3 1.0 - 3.3 23.4 28.7 1.7 53.8 25.7 29.7 1.7 57.1
Kurunegala 6.4 11.9 15.4 33.7 12.1 32.6 27.7 72.4 18.5 44.5 43.1 106.1
Whole Country 128.0 40.0 54.0 222.0 232.0 129.0 139.0 500.0 360.0 169.0 193.0 722.0
Production (1,000 tons)
Anuradhapura*1 8.1 3.2 - 11.3 100.6 122.3 5.6 228.5 108.7 125.5 5.6 239.8
Kurunegala 25.0 31.2 33.0 89.2 44.3 123.2 85.3 252.8 69.3 154.4 118.3 342.0
Whole Country 1,780
530.0 110.0 140.0 780.0 930.0 460.0 390.0 1,460.0 570.0 530.0 2,560.0
.0
Unit Yield (ton/ha)
Anuradhapura*1 3.5 3.2 - 3.5 4.3 4.3 3.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.3 4.2
Kurunegala 3.9 2.6 2.1 2.6 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.5 2.7 3.2
Whole Country 4.1 2.9 2.5 3.5 4.0 3.5 2.8 3.6 4.1 3.4 2.7 3.5
*1 Including Mahaweli System 'H'
Source: Agricultural Statistics of Sri Lanka 1997, Department of Census and Statistics, October 1998.
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Farming Practices of Paddy (1997 Yala and 1997/98 Maha)
Proportional Extent (%)
1997 Yala 1997/98 Maha
Average
A'pura K'gala A'pura K'gala
Sown area by Varieties
- New improved 97.4 99.0 100.0 99.1 99.4
- Old improved 2.6 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2
- Traditional 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.4
Sowing Method
- Broadcasting 98.1 87.9 98.6 83.4 90.3
- Transplanted in rows 1.9 1.7 0.4 2.2 1.4
- Transplanted not in rows 0.0 10.2 1.0 13.8 8.0
- Row seeded 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.3
Method of Land Preparation
- Mainly by tractor 87.5 53.2 88.0 71.0 73.8
- Buffalo ploughed 2.9 43.4 1.0 29.0 21.2
- Tractor/buffalo & hoe 9.6 3.4 11.0 0.0 5.0
Source: Paddy Statistics: 1997 Yala & 1997/98 Maha, Department of Census and Statistics.
(2) Other Field Crops
Over 30 kinds of other field crops (OFC) and vegetables have been cultivated in
the Study area. Of these, main crops grown in the area are Greengram, Sesame
and Chilli in the Yala season, and Maize, Greengram, Cowpea, Blackgram,
Manioc and Chilli in the Maha season. Generally, the farmers have cultivated
these OFCs and vegetables in the high lands under the rainfed condition. But
some farmers have grown these crops in the paddy fields and under the irrigated
condition. In Rajangana major irrigation scheme, OFCs’ cultivation by using
irrigation pumps in highlands is widely practiced. The following tables show
production of OFC and vegetables in Anuradhapura and Kurunegala districts in
1997 Yala and 1997/98 Maha.
OFC and Vegetable Cultivation in 1997 Yala and 1997/98 Maha

1997 Yala 1997/98 Maha
OFC & Cultivation Area (ha) Production (ton) Cultivation Area (ha) Production (ton)
Vegetables Study A'pura K'gala Study A'pura K'gala Study A'pura K'gala Study A'pura K'gala
Area Area Area Area
Maize 344 201 184 299 195 139 5,176 7,209 1,100 2,253 3,338 444
Greengram 1,073 141 1,024 481 59 464 2,063 613 1,823 997 405 833
Cowpea 786 251 704 418 165 345 2,172 1,717 1,431 1,121 926 644
Blackgram 422 421 110 255 276 54 1,773 4,579 272 718 2,367 89
Sesame 4,620 5,839 790 1,950 2,632 401 266 348 97 197 239 52
Ground Nuts 509 28 538 441 59 443 798 241 764 1,710 297 1,619
Manioc 874 183 1,534 8,883 1,070 13,906 1,468 1,031 1,745 14,070 6,278 17,116
Red Onions 188 65 140 1,026 535 535 124 90 90 973 543 636
Big Onions 281 246 134 2,406 3,187 1,015 18 27 6 72 89 9
Chili (Green) 1,500 857 1,083 5,205 4,103 3,198 3,704 5,614 724 16,010 19,472 2,268
Okra 272 82 346 1,455 385 1,769 396 389 338 1,885 1,894 1,467
Eggplant 308 183 322 1,780 983 1,710 504 620 314 3,594 3,401 2,266
Cucumber 161 18 254 1,611 133 2,250 148 106 166 1,433 483 1,710
Red Pumpkin 399 130 348 3,398 1,077 3,033 601 745 409 5,940 4,074 4,581
Others 1,831 545 2,529 7,947 1,682 10,370 2,711 3,378 2,435 12,219 8,942 13,303
Total 13,568 9,190 10,040 37,555 16,541 39,632 21,922 26,707 11,714 63,192 52,748 47,037
Source: Census and Statistics Department in Kurunegala and Anuradhapura Districts
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Unit Yields of OFC and Vegetables
(Unit: ton/ha)
1997 Yala 1997/98 Maha
OFC & Vegetables
Study Area A'pura K'gala Study Area A'pura K'gala
Maize 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4
Green Gram 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5
Cowpea 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Black Gram 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3
Gingelly 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5
Ground Nuts 0.9 2.1 0.8 2.1 1.2 2.1
Manioc 10.2 5.8 9.1 9.6 6.1 9.8
Red Onions 5.5 8.2 3.8 7.8 6.0 7.1
Big Onions 8.6 13.0 7.6 4.0 3.3 1.5
Chilli (Green) 3.5 4.8 3.0 4.3 3.5 3.1
Okra 5.3 4.7 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.3
Brinjal 5.8 5.4 5.3 7.1 5.5 7.2
Cucumber 10.0 7.4 8.9 9.7 4.6 10.3
Red Pumpkin 8.5 8.3 8.7 9.9 5.5 11.2
Others 4.3 3.1 4.1 4.5 2.6 5.5
Source: Census and Statistics Department in Kurunegala and Anuradhapura Districts
The yields and production of OFC grown in the Study area vary widely mainly
depending upon the amount and distribution of rainfall. It was revealed that
there is a vast difference of the extents cultivated in each year and also very diffi-
cult to figure out reliable extent of cultivation. Based on the data obtained from
the Census and Statistic Departments in Anuradhapura and Kurunegala districts,
the yields of Sesame, Chilli(green) and Greengram are estimated 0.4 ton/ha, 3.5
tons/ha and 0.4 ton/ha, respectively.
Perennial crops including spices and fruits are cultivated in form of mixed culti-
vation and monoculture at home garden and in highland. The form of monoculture
is not common practice and the mixed-culture is commonly practised. Crops such
as Coffee, Cacao, Pepper, Cloves, and Betel leaf are cultivated in parts of the
Study area.
(3) Cropping Pattern
Cropping pattern is determined by the water condition in the fields. Under paddy
land, the priority land, with secure water supply by irrigation, is being used for
paddy cultivation in both Maha and Yala seasons. Degree of water security and
availability of supplementary water is to decide whether to cultivate or not to
cultivate depending upon the water requirement of selected crops. Distance from
the living premises also affects crop selection for the security of harvests.
In the case of upland crops such as field crops, condiment crops, vegetable and
others, natural conditions is similar, however, the factor of availability of planting
material, mainly seed, is the other factor determining crops selection unless farmer
regularly produce and are capable to procure requirement. The table below shows
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simple cropping patterns under various water and other conditions;
Cropping Patterns under Various Water Conditions

Cropping Patterns
Maha Yala Conditions
Season Season
Paddy Land
Paddy Paddy Sufficient water supply, under irrigation system
Paddy OFC Insufficient water supply, Supplemental water is available
Paddy Vegetable Insufficient water supply, Supplemental water is available, Intensive
crop management is available
Paddy Fallow Insufficient water, No available labour, No financial capability,
Other job opportunity
Upland (High Land)
OFC OFC Selecting short-term crops as Sesame, Pulses
OFC Vegetable Supplemental water available as Agro-well, labour and intensive
crop management are available
Supplemental water available as Agro-well, labour and intensive
Vegetable Vegetable
crop management are available, Homestead
OFC Fallow Only depending on rainfall
The Department of Agriculture (DOA) has prepared and published the

recommended crops and a cropping calendar according to Agro-ecological zone
covering the entire country. Technology Guide for individual crops and cropping
systems are also available in public. Individual disciplinary technical
information has been published at a low cost.
On the other hand, further technology for paddy cultivation is available in the Rice
Research and Development Institute, Battalagoda. The institute is capable to
provide simplified colour charts of crop nutrient condition and diagnosis and
recommendation of fertiliser application based on potential of soil and economic
capability of farmers from the results and experiences of research works.
(4) Cropping calendar
Time of paddy cultivation is determined by water condition. Land preparation will

initiate by rainfall in every cropping season of Maha and Yala in most of irrigation
scheme. Water in the tank is to be released when certain level of reservation is
achieved. Therefore sufficient rainfall is required for field preparation and water
reservation in the tank in order to start cropping.
In the other hand, rainfall pattern is to supply sufficient water for field and tank
before the end of October in Maha cultivation and before the middle of April in
Yala. These patterns will fit on time for double cropping system of paddy
cultivation by using recommended 3 month to 3 1/2 month varieties. It is also
mentioned late planting of Maha cultivation might encounter to insect attack and
severe drought in July and August. (Figure C 1.1)
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1.3.4 Animal Husbandry
(1) Present Condition of Livestock Husbandry

Livestock is very important component for farming community, although role of
animal power for drafting is replaced by machinery in some extent. However,
economic and social roles of the livestock sector are increasingly important on
rural development.
Traditionally, Sri Lanka has a habit of consuming “Curd”. The demand of live-
stock products is increasing according to social and economical changes and
improvement of national nutritional status. On the other hand, in order to
conduct an effective farming system, application of livestock by-products, such as
manure and dung for all kinds of crops is highly recommended for increasing
productivity and soil management in order to achieve higher yield for higher
economic return, reduction of chemical fertiliser cost and sustainable farming.
The Study area is an important for the livestock industry in the country. A large
number of animals are raised under various types of management. According to
the information of the Census & Statistics Department, nearly 178,000 cattle, over
136,000 buffaloes, 55,600 goats and 809,000 poultry are raised in the Study area.
Population and Production of Livestock in 1998

Study Area Anuradhapura Kurunegala
Cattle
Milking Cow 59,500 49,900 60,800
Other cows, bulls & calves 118,400 68,000 137,200
Total 177,900 117,900 198,000
Buffaloes
Milking Cow 28,800 24,200 18,300
Other cows, bulls & calves 106,700 43,600 124,400
Total 135,500 67,800 142,700
Goats 55,600 34,500 58,500
Sheep 150 530 1,960
Pigs 8,320 3,060 9,330
Poultry
Cocks 97,000 40,000 202,000
Laying hens 361,000 56,000 802,000
Other hens & chicks 351,000 74,000 876,000
Total 809,000 170,000 1,880,000
Ducks 550 140 730
Milk Production (lit./month) 1,440,000 1,800,000 1,760,000
Egg Production (No./month) 3,750,000 950,000 9,870,000
Source: Department of Census and Statistics, Anuradhapura and Kurunegala Districts.
Average production of cow and buffalo milk in the Study area was 1,440,000
litters/month and eggs were 3,750,000 nos./month.
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(2) Government’s Support Services
The Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH) carry out technical
services for livestock development. Animal health care and artificial insemination
services are provided through the Veterinary Surgeons Centres (VSC). A centre
is established in each Veterinary Surgeons Region headed by a veterinary surgeon
and several livestock development instructors (LDIs). There are twenty-five (25)
regions in the Kurunegala district and nineteen (19) regions in the Anuradhapura
district. The centre provides diagnosis of diseases free mostly and sometime
charged Rs. 10 to Rs. 20. Material as medicine is charged at the cost price or has
to purchase at shops by the farmers. Vaccinations for three epidemic diseases,
Black quarter, Foot & mouth disease and Haemorrhagic septicaemia, are provided
free of charge at the centres. The artificial insemination is carried out by LDIs
and charged about Rs. 20 for the first time and following two times when failed.
(3) Major Approach for Promoting Livestock Husbandry
A regional approach is taken for livestock development in the Kurunegala district,

dairy and poultry in the wet zone of southern part of the district, the coconut
triangle, and dual-purpose cattle, goat and small-scale poultry is carried out in the
intermediate and dry zones in north. Friesian and Jersey varieties for quality
improvement of local dairy cows by cross breeding are used in the wet zone and
Sahiwal variety is used in the north for the dual purpose of meat and milk.
Indian Livestock Development Co-operation (ILDC) is supporting with technical
and material for the improvement of the project. Breeding is considered as the
most important to improve livestock production, especially for dairy cattle by
extensively practising AI.
The Department is carrying out a “Heifer Calf Project” in Kurunegala and

Anuradhapura districts, which subsidises 50% of concentrated feed for improved
heifer calves by AI from the birth to 30 months old for increasing milk
production.
The Goats development program is conducted in the Anuradhapura district, IFAD

sponsored PRDP (Participatory Rural Development Project) covers sixteen (16)
Divisional Secretary divisions, and ADB sponsored IRDP (Integrated Rural
Development Project) is in five (5) DS divisions mainly in the Mahaweli scheme.
The PRDP initiated the goat program since 1996 started from nine (9) DS
divisions. Rural Economic Advancement Programme (REAP) and Prague pro-
grammes are incorporated in the PRDP in a similar approach since 1998. The
goat unit is adjusted according to the situation and sponsored program. The goat
C - 11
unit in 1996 was three (3) females with one (1) male then the unit was adjusted to
two (2) females with one (1) male after 1997 and the unit of five (5) females with
one (1) male was applied under REAP in 1998.
The programme is that participant farmer provided the goats unit is to return the
same number of goats to the project in three years for distributing to other farmers.
Sri Lanka has a traditional mutual-help system called “Ande” similar to the
programme. It is that an owner provides animal to other person for taking care
then the person has to return every other born animal to the original owner.
Kurunegala district is also implementing a similar project on goat and dairy cattle
with the IFAD founded NWP Participatory Rural Development Project. The
system is the same as in the Anuradhapura district, however the goat unit is four
(4) female with one (1) male. Over 1,000 goat units have been distributed and
more than 1,000 goats were produced in four (4) years but number of returned
goats to the project is not known.
1.3.5 Inland Fisheries
(1) Present Condition of Inland Fisheries

An inland fishery in the Study area is carried out on the existing water resources
for agricultural irrigation. A large number of minor and major irrigation tanks
and reservoirs are there and are closely associated with people’s life. Fish
culture is a mainstream of development approach to rural communities and indi-
viduals for generating income as well as improving nutritious status of people
residing the area.
An inland fishery is a rather new subject as a development component and it has

been revived in 1994. Previously established government facilities as breeding
centres for inland fishery in Kurunegala and Dambulla had been privatised some-
time ago and the Dumbbell Inland Fishery Breeding Centre has been reorganised
as the government facility in order to produce and distribute fish fry and
fingerlings into inland water resources for rural development. Inland fisheries is
recognised as an important and attractive component for development in rural
communities. Recently one JOCV volunteer has been assigned to the Centre.
(2) Fingerling Production
Fingerling production is carrying out by the Inland Fishery Breeding Centre at

Dambulla and is distributing, not only in the North Central and the North Western
Provinces but also in the other part of country. Fish fry and fingerling of Tilapias,
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Carps and local variety of fish are produced. Tilapia is nilotica and mozambique
species. Carps are Ruhu and Catula Catula, which are Indian carps, Silver carp
from China and Common carp. Hirikaneya is a local species named in Sinhala.
The centre breeds fish naturally once a year from March to July and artificial
breeding method using hormones in the other seasons. There are ten of 20m x
20m ponds for fish rearing and of two are rehabilitated by the ADB funded North
Central Province Area Development Project in 1999.
(3) Government’s Supporting Services
The Centre provides for three major programmes in the study area. “Fish fry
culture in cage” is one that cultivates fish fry in a fixed floating cage until they
grow to fingerling stage (about 5 cm) on small-scale tanks then releasing. In this
program, a total of 45,500 fry are distributed and 9,000 and 5,000 are distributed
in Kurunegala and Anuradhapura districts in the last six months in 1999.
‘Table fish culture in pond’ is to provide fingerlings to seasonal and perennial

tanks. The seasonal tank is a small irrigation tanks that are capable to reserve
water for six months at least and the activity is run by farmers’ organisations of
the minor irrigation schemes. The perennial tank is a large reservoir where water
is available throughout the year and managed by Fishery Co-operative Society
organised by member. The centre distributed 27,200 fingerlings to seasonal
tanks and 27,650 for perennial tanks in the last six months.
(4) Existing Development Plans
Wayamba (North-western province) Development Authority raised 25 potential

seasonal and 15 perennial tanks in Kurunegala and Puttalam districts under the
1999 development plan. Among the potential tanks, 7 seasonal tanks and 3
perennial tanks are considered as priority. The Authority has submitted the
requests of grants to JICA for the provision of fishing nets and fibreglass boats
and the training programmes with the experts.
The criteria for selecting potential tanks are that; (i) water is available at least 8
month period, (ii) free from water plants in 3 to 4 feet depth from the tank surface
for plankton propagation with solar radiation and (iii) farmers’ participation for
cleaning tank and management.
Required number of fingerlings is estimated by Wayamba Development Authority

that is 2,000 to 2,500 per ha for seasonal tank and 200 to 250 per ha for perennial
tank. Fish are to be harvested 500 to 700g per ha after six to eight months and are
sold by Rs.40 to Rs.50 at farm gate prices. The costs for fingerlings are to be
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Rs.2 to 2.5 per fish for Carp species and Rs.1 to 1.5 for Tilapia species. Possible
return of Rs. 26,000 to Rs.33,000 is expected. Potential fish production by tank is
informed by the Fishery Extension Coordinator, Anuradhapura that 200 to 300
kg/ha/year in Minor tank and 35 kg/ha/day in Major and Medium tank are
estimated. In case of small-scale fishpond cultivation, 1,380 kg of fish production
is estimated from 1,500 fingerings in 0.5 acre pond after 8 month cultivation.
The priority area for inland fishery development is considered to be in seven (7)
major tanks, thirteen (13) medium tanks and eight (8) seasonal tanks, and twenty-
one (21) by ADB project and four (4) Samurdi Programme would implement
cargo fry cultivation in 2000. Fishery group under Farmers’ Organisations has
been successfully adapted. The fish cultivation in the rural community runs by
organising fishery co-operative society in major and medium tanks, and fishery
organisation under the farmers’ organisation in seasonal tanks. The cultural
materials, fingerlings, fries and fishing net, were previously provided free of
charge. However, it is charged after the 2nd supply of cultural material for
seasonal tanks and after the 5th supply for major and medium tanks. The prices
of materials are Rs.0.35 for all kinds of fry, Rs.1.00 per fingering of carp species
and Rs.0.75 per fingerling of Tilapia. The extension work also provides
fingerlings to fishponds of individual farmers. Fishponds of individual farmers
are advised on construction of ponds and feedings are recommended. The
construction cost of a pond is proximately Rs.44, 000 on 20 perches with a depth
of 1.2 to 1.5 m. For increase plankton, organic materials such as cow dung,
poultry manure and pig dung are applied, and supplementary feeding as rice bran,
residue of coconut meal, fishmeal and kitchen leftover are utilised.
In Anuradhapura, two official institutions are carrying out inland fisheries, the
Ministry of Fisheries of the Central Government and the Provincial Council
Ministry of fisheries. Two on-going development projects, which are IFAD
funded the North Central Province Participatory Rural Development Project and
ADB funded IRDP, are supporting the fishery development programmes. One
aquaculturist stationed in the aquaculture extension centre in Anuradhapura town
supervises the programmes of the North Central province.
Inland fish development in the North Central province is carried out by one
aquaculturist, seven (7) Fishery Inspectors (FIs), two (2) extension officers and
one 1) assistant extension officer of the central government, and one extension
officer from the Provincial Ministry. FIs in the Anuradhapura district are
stationed one in each extension centre, Padaviya, Kekirawa and Palagala DS divi-
sions. Kekirawa and Palagala are in the Study area.
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In 1998, 100,000 of fries and 40,000 fingerlings were distributed in the North
Central province, Anuradhapura and Pollonarua districts. The other data from
Fishery Extension Centre in Anuradhapura reported 6.0 ton in the same month.
(Table C 1.1)
1.4 Marketing and Processing Facilities

(1) Processing and Storage Facilities
Rice consumed in the village and rural areas are milled within these areas.
Marketable surplus of rice are handled by unhulled rice and milled by large-scale
millers outside the area (mainly located in the Gampaha district). Each village
has several small rice mills, and a substantial milling capacity for paddy process-
ing presently exists in the Study area. The mills, all privately owned, range from
large commercial enterprises to small domestic units. Processing of the raw rice
is the rule, though par-boiling facilities are available in some of the larger mills.
The recovery of raw rice at about 65% is satisfactory. Each village has also one
or two grinding machines for chillies and corns.
With exception of the Paddy Marketing Board, the villages in the Study area have
almost no storage facilities. Most of products have been stocked in the farmers’
houses and sold them to dealers, individually.
(2) Pola
The most important market for locally grown fruits and vegetables is the periodic
market fairs called ‘Pola’. Pola is a place where farmers, traders and consumers
gather to sell or buy merchandise and is held on one or two scheduled days of the
week. The Polas in the area are operated at different locations on a rotational
sequence enabling the traders to visit every Pola on separate days of the week.
All Polas in and around the Study area are under the purview of relevant Provin-
cial Councils. The management of the Pola is awarded to private individuals
through a public tender on an annual basis. The details of Pola are mentioned in
Section 1.5.
(3) Milk Collecting Centres
The MILCO, Anuradhapura District Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd.

and Nestle are the three major competitive milk collectors in the Study area.
They are having freezing facilities to store at a time and transport the collection to
their relevant factories by lorries. Their collecting system and capacity are
described below:
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Kiriya Milk Industries of Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd.
MILCO has two regional offices covering Anuradhapura and Kurunegala districts.
The Anuradhapura regional office collects milk through the Anuradhapura District
Milk Producers Co-operative Society, while the Kurunegala regional office
purchases directly from farmers. The farmers are provided with plastic and
aluminium cans of 5, 10 and 20 litre size. The milk is brought to the village
collecting points (centres) by the farmers in cans. The milk collected at the
centres are then transferred to 20 and 40 cans and transported to the chilling plants
in trucks (lorries) within about 2 hours. The milk is sent to the Company facto-
ries, located in Colombo, Digana and Ambewela in a day or two, depending on
the total amount of milk collected. The total collection on July 1, 1999 was –
Anuradhapura: 3,250 litres and Kekirawa: 2,475 litres.
The farmers are paid according to the fat and solid non-fat content of the milk
supplied. A minimum rate of payment of Rs. 9.87 and a maximum of Rs. 19.61
is made to the farmer. The required rate of fat content vary from a low of 2.5%
to a high of 8.5% and the solid non-fat content from a low of 8.0% to a high of
10.0%. The average price paid for a litre of milk is about Rs. 13.50.
There are 5 chilling plants located in the Anuradhapura district and 8 chilling
plants in the Kurunegala district. The two plants are located within the study
area; Anuradhapura and Kekirawa. The former has 5 chilling tanks with a
capacity of 8,075 litres and the latter has two tanks, with a capacity of 3,600 litres.
The chilled milk is then transported to the factories in Colombo, Digana and
Ambewela, within a day or two. There is much scope for development because
of the increasing demand for milk and the additional capacity at the factories.
There are a number of problems facing the livestock industry:
a) There are no or very few quality cows. They are mostly ‘batu’ local
cows. The artificial insemination program is only 5% successful.
b) There are no full-time dairy farmers and they primarily cultivators.
c) The farmers do not use cattle sheds and the cattle are kept in the open air.
d) There are no pastureland (no cattle feed) and the cattle are allowed to
roam and fend for themselves. Moreover, additional nutrients/vitamins
are rarely given.
e) The veterinary services provided are weak. The veterinary officer and
the livestock development officer visit the farms only if a request is made
by a farmer.
By way of support services, MILCO provides (i) a ready market for the milk, (ii)
an insemination program in a few places, and (iii) good quality studs and cows to
C - 16
some of the farmers at 50% the cost. They are from the Digana farm, and are a
cross between the temperate and Indian varieties. An insemination program is
also being implemented in some areas.
Anuradhapura District Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd.
There are 7,789 registered members in the Society, but only about 2,500 to 3,000
members are active. The registration fee to become a member is Rs. 100. The
members are provided with a guaranteed market for their produce.They are also
provided with plastic and aluminium cans at concessionary prices: Rs.200 for a 5-
litre plastic can and Rs. 300 for a 10-litre can.15 and 20-litre cans are also
available.
The milk is collected at 126 collecting centres and transported to the chilling sta-
tion in 20 and 40-litre cans, by lorry (truck) daily. About 10,000 litres of milk is
collected daily. The collecting centres are distributed through the entire
Anuradhapura district. The milk collected is given to MILCO. During the low
season the production drops down to about 7,000 litres a day.
The Society provides a number of support services to its members. It provides

(i) a ready market, (ii) pays a reasonable price, (iii) provides free training, veteri-
nary services, medicine and nutrients at reasonable prices, studs and artificial
insemination at 50% cost.The low grade of cattle, absence of grasslands, non-use
of nutrients, foot and mouth disease and ‘H.S.’ disease for calf less than 3 years
old and poor veterinary serves are the main problems.
Nestle Lanka Limited
There are over 5,000 registered farmers in the Anuradhapura district. The
Company also has 230 village collecting centres and 25 chilling plants.
Aluminium cans are sold to the farmers. Milk that is collected from the centres
is brought to the chilling plants in 1 ½ to 3 hours by truck (lorry) and is sent to the
factory in Pannala. The Company produces milk powder, condensed milk, and
baby food (cereals). Payments for the milk supplied are made on the fat and solid
non-fat content and they range from Rs.9.0 to Rs.13.5/litre for neat cattle milk
(average Rs.11.5) and from Rs.9.0 to Rs.23.0/litre for buffalo milk (average
Rs.15.0). The total collection per day amounts to 9,000 litres. But during the
peak season it goes up to 35,000 litres. Payments to farmers are made once in
two weeks. By way of support services the Company provides interest free loans
to buy animals and also free transport. The cost of the cans is deducted in two
monthly instalments.
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1.5 Marketing of Farm Inputs and Outputs
The agricultural marketing system for the non-plantation sector in Sri Lanka has
undergone major changes over the past decade. Such changes have impacted on
the returns to the agricultural producer and on agricultural production. The
major changes are:
● The decreasing role of public sector agencies directly involved in mar-
keting of agricultural produce such as the Co-operative Wholesale Estab-
lishment (CWE) and the Paddy Marketing Board(PMB);
● The withdrawal of most subsidies on inputs and of effective support
prices for agricultural outputs as well as withdrawal of public sector in
purchasing from farmers;
● The liberalisation of imports so that domestically produced commodities
freely competes with imports.
The major effects of these changes is that farmers are now more open to market
forces and its associated price fluctuations as well as competition from imports.
In addition, the farmer pays the market price for agricultural inputs (with the
exception of urea) and receives an open market price for his outputs. As the
farmer had operated for many decades with price supports and input subsidies
behind a protective wall of import licenses and tariffs, the farmer is still adjusting
to the new production environment. The net result of these changes is that agri-
cultural production of most field crops other than paddy and other important
commodities in the farm crop mix have registered a decline in the past five years
as is seen below.
Production of Field Crops other than Paddy
(Unit : 1000 MT)
Commodity 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Big Onions 81.4 29.7 19.4 29.1 17.4
Blackgram 14.5 7.9 7.4 6.3 8.2
Chili 31.9 21.3 18.4 17.9 15.6
Cowpea 18.0 16.1 17.0 12.8 13.4
Sesame 3.5 4.5 3.8 6.8 5.7
Greengram 22.9 16.0 16.6 13.8 15.6
Groundnuts 16.3 5.3 5.1 8.9 6.3
Finger millet 5.1 4.9 3.9 3.3 4.4
Maize 67.2 34.8 33.0 22.8 33.9
Potatoes 70.6 81.7 100.8 65.8 25.9
Red Onions 82.3 48.4 43.9 44.4 38.0
Soybeans 3.2 2.4 0.7 0.4 0.6
Source: Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Annual Report 1998
1.5.1 Marketing of Agricultural Products
The private trade is responsible for the marketing of all field crops in the country
C - 18
and in the project area. The marketing channels and market structures are differ-
ent in the case of field crops and vegetables. The private traders handle about
98% of the rice trade with Colombo as the main wholesale market. There is also
a number of regional rice trading centres. The role of the CWE and the PMB are
now virtually non-existent. As the majority of holdings are less than 2 hectares,
production of paddy averages around 6 tons per harvest per farm. After retention
for seed use and home consumption, the marketable surplus is very small. Little
storage of grain takes place on the farm with retention for seed and family con-
sumption that accounts for about 45% of the crop. Paddy in the project area is
sold by farmers to either assemblers or collectors or directly to millers.
Assemblers and collectors send the produce to the Kandy, Kegalle or Colombo
wholesale markets. Rice moves from the wholesale markets through petty trad-
ers to the retailer. There are also a large number of retail co-operatives some of
these also operate rice-milling operations. Mark ups at the retail level are
normally between 5-10% and the wholesale retail price spread is about 20%.
Storable field crops are procured in the rural areas by assemblers or resident
traders who sell these to commission agents or deliver to local Polas. Surveys of
the project area indicate that only about 55% of paddy is marketed and the same is
true for other field crops. The rest is retained for home consumption and seed.
The principal means of transport in the project area is the 2-wheel tractor while
the bicycle is also used for smaller loads. The average distance a farmer has to
travel to dispose of his produce is 4.8 miles.
Resident and itinerant traders Vavuniya

collect vegetables and fruits at
various collection points along Puttalam Anuradhapura
the roads and Polas. The

farmer has the choice of Hingurakgoda
Chillaw
selling produce at the rural
Pola to itinerant traders with Dambulla Polonnaruwa
lorries, sell at collection points
along the roads or near major Negombo Kurunegala Matale
producing areas or at the few
Kegalle
local assembly markets. Kandy
COLOMBO
(Diagram-1) Awissawella Badulla
The project area borders Dam- Diagram-1 Distribution of Vegetables to Key
bulla, a major transhipments Markets from Dambulla
centre that obtains grain,
vegetables and fruits from all parts of the country. Traders from Dambulla also
C - 19
frequently send their lorries to the project area to buy vegetables from producer
Polas. In addition, the project area includes several public markets. (Diagram-2)
Rambawewa Eppawela Galgamuwa

(Thursday) (Friday) (Friday)
Mihintale Thalawa Giribawa

Anuradhapura
(Wednesday) (Thursday) (Thursday)
(Saturday)
Galnewa
Anuradhapura (Saturday)
Galenbindunuwewa (Sunday) Thambuttegama Rajanganaya
(Tuesday) (Wednesday) (Saturday)
Galgamua
Kahatagasdigiliya Meegalawa
(Tuesday)
(Monday) (Sunday)
Nawagaththa
(Monday)
Ambanpola
(Monday)
Feeding from Nuwara Eliya
Diagram-2 Pola Circles
1.5.2 Marketing of Farm Inputs
Seeds used by the farmer may be his retained seed, seeds purchased from another
farmer, seeds purchased through formal suppliers or seeds from other sources such
as landlord, or merchants who contract for crop. The seed industry has under-
gone major changes as part of government policy to privatise existing operations.
Only in the case of paddy is government involved in seed production and 15% of
the crop in 1998 was from quality seed. The farmer obtains most of his seed
requirements from private sector sources mainly from the village or town store.
Fertiliser is marketed through 15 registered importers, a range of distributors and

distribution bases throughout the country, including the Agrarian Service Centres.
Most farmers obtain their fertiliser needs from the private traders, dealers, and
agents of fertiliser importers in the town or village. The role of the Agricultural
Service Centres has been declining in recent years following the withdrawal of
subsidies on inputs. Fertilisers with the exception of urea are free of subsidies.
There is an active trade in cattle manure in the project area.
Agrochemicals are marketed through a chain of importer/packer, distributor and

local agents and there is competition as list prices are frequently discounted.
Vegetable producers in the project area are the largest consumers of agrochemicals
and farmers in the project area obtain their requirements from local traders or
agents.
C - 20
1.5.3 Co-operatives and Farmer Companies
Co-operatives played an important role in the distribution of inputs and the sale of
output as well as in agro-processing and post harvest activities. Although they
continue to perform a useful role their importance has diminished with the with-
drawal of subsidised inputs to farmers and the operation of public sector guaran-
teed price and purchase. In the Kurunegala district there are 20 multipurpose co-
operatives with a membership of over 200,000.
Several farmer companies have recently been set up in the project area. These
companies are commercially organised bodies around entrepreneur farmers.
Farm membership is in the form of shares and the company is managed by paid
managers. The primary function of these companies is to identify potential mar-
kets for products that have comparative advantage. One such company is
engaged in paddy seed production, vegetable cultivation, fertiliser sales and orna-
mental and food fish production. The companies show potential for providing
farmers with income generation activities in post harvest and agro processing
activities.
1.5.4 Market Access

The project area has a good network of roads and the survey reveals that the aver-
age distance a farmer moves his produce for market is 4.8 miles. While the
study area has a good network of gravel roads and D type roads the unsurfaced
roads are subject to erosion and seasonal damage by rains. In addition erosion
and cattle grazing have also damaged many of the bund roads used by farmers.
Small-scale producers are denied better prices for their produce and pay higher
input costs due to lack of access roads. One C class road, which is maintained by
the Irrigation Department, is the Tambuttegama-Rajangana road, which is 18kms
and runs through heavily populated farm areas but which is in need of rehabilita-
tion. Other roads requiring rehabilitation would be identified at the next prepa-
ration stage.
1.5.5 Export Market Potential

Several studies and pilot programs have been attempted to analyse the export
market potential for Sri Lanka’s agricultural products. At present very minimal
quantities of agricultural products are exported accounting for less than 1% of
production. These too, are mainly to the Middle East and other neighbouring
countries. Among the reasons cited for this poor performance are the following:
C - 21
- High cost of production
- Post harvest technology inadequate, mainly the handling, cooling and
packaging of fruits and vegetables;
- Lack of suitable production areas with year round availability of irriga-
tion water and lack of on-farm irrigation infrastructure;
- Production technology inadequate
- Varietal availability and climatic constraints;
- Inadequate grading and product standardisation;
- Unavailability of export infrastructure in cooling, packing, refrigeration
and trucking;
- Air and sea transport not adequately catering to needs of sub-sector.
1.5.6 Agricultural Prices
Seasonal price fluctuations are common to all products subject to production

cycles. Monthly average prices at farm-gate, wholesale and retail level for all
perishables reflect this seasonality. Prices are lowest at the time of the Maha
harvest and gradually increase over the season till the next harvest.
The retail price for rice reaches its peak in December and is lowest in March.
Prices vary by about 10%. Prices for other field crops vary by about 8-12% from
the average price within the year. The price fluctuation for vegetables and fruits
is much greater. In addition, there are price differentials due to spatial factors.
1.5.7 Demand for and Supply of Agricultural Products
An analysis of the range of non-plantation sector field crops and vegetables indi-
cates that rice, maize, sesame, soybean big onions and dry chillies are imported
annually while there is little external trade in greengram, cowpea, red onions and
some limited export of vegetables. At the same time demand elasticities and
population growth indicate an annual growth in requirements of rice, big onions
and chillies of about 2% p.a. and 1% p.a. for maize, sesame, soybean and vegeta-
bles requirements. Current imports are mainly of rice (150-200,000 tons/year),
maize (about 80-85,000 tons/year), big onions (75-80,000 tons/year), and dry
chillies (15-18,000 tons/year). Provided domestic production is competitive with
imports, import substitution potential exists for the above group of commodities.
Sesame is both imported and exported in processed form and as seed. Although
production volume and current exports are relatively small, the prospects for some
increase in exports is favourable, provided domestic production is competitive
C - 22
with competing producers. Vegetables and fruits are currently exported in very
small quantities to neighbouring countries and there is scope for selective exports
of specialised vegetables to niche markets in Asia especially for the hotel and
restaurant trade.
Demand –Supply Characteristics and Production Potential

Commodity Growth in Import Export Prospects Export
Demand (% p.a.) Substitution Competitiveness
Rice 1.5-2.0 Yes, 200,000 t No Not at present
Maize 1 Yes, 80,000 t No Not at present
Sesame 1 No Yes Yes
Greengram - No No No
Cowpea - No No No
Soybean 0.7 Yes, 3000 t No No
Big Onions 2 Yes, 80,000 t No No
Dry Chili 2 Yes, 18,000 t No No
Red Onions - No No No
Vegetables* 1 No Yes, selective Yes, selective
C - 23
Chapter 2 PRESENT CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEMES
2.1 General Background of Farmers

(1) Population and Households
Total farm households and population in all schemes are estimated to be 25,300
and 113,000, respectively. Labour force among family members is defined as
those between ages 15 years to 60 years. The average number of labour force
per farm household was 2.9, which consisted of 1.5 males and 1.4 females.
Labour force by irrigation schemes also differed and was 3.2, 2.9 and 2.8 in major,
medium and minor irrigation schemes respectively. In major and medium
schemes, there were more males than females in the labour force, however they
were equal in number in minor schemes. Experience on agriculture among the
schemes is not significant different and the averages of years in agriculture in
major, medium and minor schemes are 30, 29 and 30 years respectively.
Population and Household

Category Total Farm Population Family Labour Force
Household Size (15-60 years old)
Major 18,110 82,800 4.5 3.2
Medium 1,800 7,800 4.4 2.9
Minor 5,430 22,800 4.2 2.8
All Total 25,350 113,400 4.2 2.9
Source: Inventory Survey and Questionnaire Survey carried out by the Study
Team in 1999.
(2) Educational Level
The population in all schemes had relatively high educational levels in compari-
son with the Study area. About 33% had passed the GCE/ ordinary level (O-
level), and 16% had passed the GCE/advanced level (A-level) examinations.
Educational Level in the Irrigation Schemes

Education (19 years old and above)
None Primary O-level A-level Technical University
School School
Major 4.5% 42.0% 36.5% 15.0% 0.4% 1.7%
Medium 2.9% 43.2% 34.3% 17.4% 0.6% 1.6%
Minor 3.6% 45.1% 33.0% 16.7% 0.3% 1.3%
All Total 3.6% 44.6% 33.4% 16.6% 0.3% 1.4%
Study Area 5.8% 79.0% 10.3% 4.1% n.a. 0.8%
n.a.: Not available
Source: Questionnaire Survey carried out by the Study Team in 1999.
(3) Land Holding and Land Tenure
The land holding size of farmers in the major, medium and minor schemes
averages 1.79ha, 1.77ha and 1.34ha, respectively. Larger extents of the own land,
C - 24
and larger extent of leased and tenant land were observed in the major scheme.
In contrast, encroached land was seen as the larger share of the total holdings in
the medium and minor schemes.
Land Holding and Land Tenure of Irrigation Schemes

Land Holding per Farmer Land Tenure per Farmer
Paddy Field
High- Own Tenure En-
Irri- Rain- Others Total Leased
land land "Ande" croach
gated fed
(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Major 1.16 0.03 0.12 0.49 1.79 75 18 6 1
Medium 1.05 0.03 0.20 0.48 1.77 82 8 5 5
Minor 0.66 0.05 0.16 0.46 1.34 86 5 6 3
All Scheme 0.75 0.05 0.16 0.47 1.43 85 7 6 3
(4) Farm Machinery and Livestock Raising
Farm machinery and equipment owned by households were very low. Rate of
machinery owned was mostly in the same order on schemes that it is more in
major schemes, followed by medium and minor schemes. However, for the
ownership of water related machines and facilities, such as water pumps and
agricultural wells, were more in minor schemes.
Farm Machinery and Livestock Raising in the Irrigation Scheme

Farm Machinery / Household Livestock per Household
4-W 2-W Water Cattle/
Sprayer Buffalo Goats Pigs Chicken
tractor tractor pump cow
Major 0.05 0.16 0.54 0.16 0.20 0.89 0.12 0.01 2.58
Medium 0.03 0.17 0.41 0.15 0.39 0.93 0.04 0.04 0.56
Minor 0.02 0.09 0.35 0.20 0.57 1.36 0.28 0.05 0.66
All Schemes 0.02 0.10 0.37 0.19 0.52 1.27 0.23 0.04 0.80
Livestock is not a major activity in the majority of the households in the survey
area. However cattle, poultry and goat are raised by few households in some
schemes. Therefore income from livestock is contributing only a minor portion
on household income in the survey area. Potential on this sector as an additional
income source is recognized by providing appropriate support in the form of credit
and technical such as good breeds animals, animal health and feed through
technical extension services.
2.2 Agriculture
2.2.1 Crop Production
(1) Crop extent and yield
C - 25
Average extent (1998) of paddy and OFC cultivation of the major, medium and
minor irrigation Schemes is shown below. Largest extent is in the major on
paddy and total cultivation and followed by medium and minor. An average OFC
cultivation is larger in the medium and minor than the major.
Average Crop Cultivated Area of Irrigation Schemes
（Unit： ha/household）
Paddy OFC Total
Maha Yala Irrigated Highland Sub-total
Major 1.07 0.57 0.03 0.08 0.11 1.75
Medium 0.68 0.36 0.02 0.17 0.19 1.23
Minor 0.41 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.19 0.67
Average 0.49 0.14 0.02 0.16 0.18 0.81
Source：1998 cropping, Interview survey of the Study team、1999
OFC is traditionally cultivated in highland under rainfed condition, not many in

paddy land under irrigation, except Mahaweli System-H located adjacent to the
Study area. Such OFC cultivated under rainfed condition is unstable and low yield
and high-risk farming though relatively high production cost as in chilli and
vegetable. Therefore, it is important for sustainable farming to emphasis on
extension works that reduction of the relative cost of production by stabilizing
crop production and increasing yield.
Total crop cultivation on the extent of the major, medium and minor irrigation
schemes are shown below.
Crop Cultivation Extent of the Irrigation Schemes
Paddy Cultivation (ha) OFC (ha) Total

Irrigation
Sesam Chilie B. Red Veget- Cultivati
Scheme Maha Yala Total Maize Pulse Total on (ha)
e s Onion Onion ables
Major 13,580 8,588 22,168 94.0 55.5 499.2 4.0 978.1 1,630.8 23,799
Medium 1,356 639 1,995 1.5 3.6 7.5 14.1 8.0 10.0 44.7 2,040
Minor 1,648 482 2,130 5.5 3.0 7.4 63.9 14.5 4.2 31.1 129.6 2,260
All Scheme 16,584 9,709 26,293 7.0 100.6 70.4 577.2 14.5 16.2 1,019.2 1,805.1 28,098
Source: Estimate based on the Inventry survey and the Interview Survey
Average yield in 1998 cropping by irrigation schemes is obtained from the

interview survey. Paddy yield in the major scheme was the highest in both Maha
and Yala seasons. However on OFC cultivation, significant yield trend by schemes
was not observed and yield levels is relatively low comparing with the farmer’s
target yield of DOA.
C - 26
Average Yield of Crop Cultivation in the Irrigation Scheme
(Unit: ton/ha)
Paddy OFCs
Maha Yala Maize Sesame Pulse Chilli(Dry) B' onion Red onion Vegetables
Major 4.10 3.84 - 0.44 0.91 0.64 - 1.00 7.39
Medium 3.59 3.28 1.67 0.43 0.68 0.58 6.45 0.70 4.97
Minor 3.41 3.51 1.26 0.62 0.76 0.91 8.12 1.90 4.72
Average 3.49 3.52 1.31 0.54 0.77 0.85 7.96 1.64 5.12
(2) Crop Production
Overall total of paddy production in the 100 Irrigation Schemes in 1998 was
66,163 tonnes in Maha and 36,764 tonnes in Yala. Total production in 1998 of the
major scheme was 55,676 tonnes and 32,976 tonnes in Maha and Yala
respectively, and 4,867 tonnes and 2,095 tonnes in the medium scheme and 5,620
tonnes and 1,693 tonnes in the minor scheme. Major OFC cultivation is depending
upon chilli and various kinds of vegetables. Crop production in the irrigation
schemes and the production per farm household of the schemes are shown in the
tables below.
Total Crop Production in the Irrigation Schemes
Production (ton/Scheme)
Irrigatio Paddy Production Total
n OFC Production (ton/Scheme) Produc-
(ton/Scheme)
Scheme Maha Yala Sesam B. Red tion
Total Maize Pulse Chilli Vegetables Total
e Onion Onion (ha)
Major 55,676 32,976 88,653 28 33 85 4 1,428 1,578 90,231
Medium 4,867 2,095 6,962 6 9 28 40 5 1 151 240 7,202
Minor 5,620 1,693 7,313 47 10 21 144 68 9 543 843 8,156
Total 66,163 36,764 102,928 54 47 82 269 73 14 2,122 2,660 105,588
Crop Production per Farm Household

(Unit: kg/household)
Paddy Chilies B. Red
Maize Sesame Pulses Vegetables
Maha Yala (Dry) Onion Onion
Major 4,385 2,174 0.0 1.7 4.5 5.6 0.0 0.1 55.4
Medium 2,430 1,193 2.8 6.5 12.4 14.9 10.8 0.2 174.0
Minor 1,385 229 7.9 4.8 3.7 34.5 30.5 2.4 101.5
All Scheme 1,715 496 6.8 4.5 5.0 29.2 25.5 1.7 112.7
(3) Products use
The major scheme is selling the products more and followed by the medium and
minor on paddy, OFCs and vegetable production. Vegetables are sold more and
followed by OFCs and paddy among the crops. Table below shows the rate of
products use in the farm household.
C - 27
(4) Crop damage
Crop damages in the irrigation schemes are principally water, pests and diseases
and wild animals especially elephant. On paddy cultivation pests and diseases is
raised as the first in all scheme, wild animal was high in the medium and minor
and water was high in the minor scheme. OFC as pulses raised that wild animal
was the first and followed by water. Pests and diseases was the first in chilli and
followed by water and wild animal. Pest and diseases was much higher on
vegetable cultivation and other damages were not much. These differences
occurred depending upon the water resource condition and the location of
cultivation plots. The summary of crop damages is shown in table below.
Products Use in the Irrigation Schemes
Home Stock at Kept for Repaymen
Paddy Sold Others
consumption home seed t & Gift
Major 20.4% 3.2% 1.9% 4.4% 70.1% 0.1%
Medium 37.4% 3.0% 2.7% 4.5% 52.4% -
Minor 50.1% 2.2% 3.2% 6.6% 37.9% -
All 46.2% 2.4% 3.0% 6.1% 42.2% 0.0%
OFCs Sold Others
Major 13.0% 0.9% 0.7% 3.2% 82.2% -
Medium 14.0% 5.8% 0.6% 2.8% 76.9% -
Minor 18.4% 1.3% 0.4% 2.8% 77.1% 0.0%
All 17.5% 1.8% 0.4% 2.8% 77.5% 0.0%
Vegetables Sold Others
Major 4.3% 0.0% - 0.5% 95.2% -
Medium 2.8% 0.0% - 0.3% 97.0% -
Minor 12.8% 0.7% 0.0% 0.9% 85.5% -
All 10.4% 0.6% 0.0% 0.8% 88.3% -
Crop Damages in the Irrigation Schemes

Drough Poor Pests & Wild
Flood Birds Rats Others
t drainag diseases animals
Major 4.8% 6.6% 3.6% 65.6% 5.1% 4.6% 18.5% 8.6%
Paddy - Paddy -
Maha
Medium 16.8% 2.5% 1.3% 70.0% 4.4% 3.4% 36.7% 10.6%

Minor 35.6% 5.5% 1.6% 72.8% 5.9% 3.2% 34.6% 13.1%
All 30.8% 5.2% 1.7% 71.9% 5.6% 3.4% 33.6% 12.5%
Major 7.9% 1.7% 2.1% 58.5% 8.6% 8.4% 11.3% 7.0%
Medium 17.6% 11.2% 1.1% 61.3% 2.0% 3.7% 25.7% 11.3%
Yala
Minor 25.7% 1.0% 1.4% 67.3% 6.8% 2.8% 20.6% 14.3%

All 21.6% 3.0% 1.4% 64.9% 6.2% 3.8% 20.1% 12.6%
Major 16.7% 16.7% - 83.3% - - 16.7% -
Pulses
Medium 13.3% - - 26.7% 33.3% - 60.0% -

Minor 46.2% - 3.8% 53.8% 23.1% 3.8% 65.4% 7.7%
All 34.1% 2.4% 2.4% 51.6% 22.2% 2.4% 57.1% 4.8%
Major 13.4% 5.0% 8.2% 89.6% 2.5% 5.4% 7.9% 2.5%
Chilli
Medium 31.9% 11.2% 7.1% 64.5% 13.1% 1.8% 33.4% 8.5%

Minor 40.0% 2.6% 2.6% 69.4% 1.4% 3.1% 20.5% 14.2%
All 37.2% 3.6% 3.5% 70.4% 2.6% 3.2% 20.9% 12.8%
Major - - 8.3% 44.4% - - 16.7% 11.1%
Vegetables
Medium 36.5% 1.6% 1.6% 42.7% 6.3% - 39.6% 12.5%

Minor 19.0% 1.6% 7.3% 45.6% - - 11.7% 7.8%
All 19.3% 1.4% 6.8% 45.2% 0.6% - 15.0% 8.5%
Source： Interview survey of the Study team、1999
C - 28
(5) Farm inputs
Inputs materials on crop cultivation are varied among the irrigation schemes and
in the scheme. An average input level in the major, medium and minor schemes is
shown below on paddy and chili for comparison. The level of inputs of seeds and
fertilizer is higher than DOA recommendation on paddy and nearly double on
chili. However in the other crops as sesame and pulses are quite low on fertiliser
and chemical application. The inputs of respective crops are in Table C 2.1.
Inputs on Crop Cultivation in the Irrigation Schemes

Paddy - Maha Paddy - Yala Chilli
Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor
1) Seeds (kg/ha) 106 122 136 111 121 134 2.4 2.1 2.3
2) Fertilizers
Total 458 367 335 410 309 379 820 375 531
3) Agro-chemicals
Weedicid Liquid (lit./ha) 3.32 2.08 1.92 2.94 2.18 1.95 0.98 0.06 0.23
InsecticidLiquid (lit./ha) 1.03 0.81 1.03 1.46 0.85 1.05 3.90 2.87 2.64
Powder (kg/ha) 0.94 0.73 0.71 0.71 1.27 0.37 0.28 0.41 0.66
FungicideLiquid (lit./ha) 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.03 - 0.13 0.69 - 0.16
Powder (kg/ha) 0.60 0.13 0.24 0.51 0.01 0.09 3.84 0.84 1.73
4) Machinery
Total (ha) 1.81 1.63 1.77 1.84 1.54 1.62 1.00 0.81 0.66
5) Animal power
Total (ha) 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.15 - - 0.03
6) Labour
Family (man-day/ha) 29 41 52 32 41 65 228 189 159
Attham(man-day/ha) 3 4 5 3 4 5 7 2 2
Hired (man-day/ha) 49 37 33 53 32 31 82 53 74
Total (man-day/ha) 81 82 90 88 76 101 317 244 235
(6) Present farming situation

Farmers recognize that water shortage and drought are the biggest damage on
cropping especially in the Medium and the Minor schemes. Water related problem
in the major scheme is a little less than of the others. Factors that effect to reduce
yield as pests and diseases and weeds are following to water related problem.
Inputs related problem as seed and fertiliser procurements, and input cost are
raised after. Summary of the interview survey is shown below and all the result is
in Table C 2.2.
Problems Related to Farming

Major Scheme Medium Scheme Minor Scheme
1 Pests and diseases 80% Pests and diseases 80% Water shortage 90%
2 Weed damage 36% Water shortage 71% Pests and diseases 73%
3 Water shortage 32% Wild animal 56% Wild animal 49%
4 Farm roads 31% Weed damage 38% Drought 41%
5 Low yield 31% Low yield 36% Low yield 38%
6 Wild animal 26% Seeds procurement 32% Weed damage 32%
7 Seeds procurement 25% Drought 31% Seeds procurement 27%
8 Farm inputs cost 19% Farm roads 28% Farm inputs cost 21%
9 Labour shortage 14% Farm inputs cost 17% Farm roads 20%
10 Others 10% Loans 13% Fertilizer procurement 11%
C - 29
Farmers’ intention on improvement of their farming is closely related the problem
described above. Pest and diseases and seed variety that for increase yield came
higher priority in the major and medium schemes and water related items are
serious in the minor scheme. Wild animal control, elephant, is also at higher
priority especially in the medium and minor schemes. The support services as
agricultural credit and agricultural extension are expected. Improvement of farm
road is required in all schemes. Summary is shown below and all the result is in
Table C 2.3.
Farmers' Intention to Improve Farming

1 Pests and diseases contro 75% Pests and diseases contro 75% Irrigation water 81%
2 Seed varieties 67% Seed varieties 74% Irrigation facilities 73%
3 Irrigation facilities 52% Irrigation facilities 74% Seed varieties 68%
4 Farming practices 49% Irrigation water 64% Pests and diseases contro 68%
5 Weed control 35% Wild animal conrol 53% Wild animal conrol 45%
6 Irrigation water 33% Farming practices 47% Farming practices 42%
7 Farm road 29% Weed control 47% Weed control 39%
8 Wild animal conrol 26% Agricultural credit servic 31% Agricultural credit servic 27%
9 Agricultural credit servic 25% Farm road 27% Agri. extension services 24%
10 Agri. extension services 22% Agri. extension services 26% Farm road 24%
2.2.2 Marketing and Credit
(1) Marketing
According to the interview survey, an average distant to a market is 4.2 km, 7.7
km and 7.9 km in the major, medium and minor schemes. Major means of
transportation is 2-wheel tractor and following by bicycle and lorry (truck). 2-
wheel tractor tends to decrease according to the size of schemes from the major to
minor and bicycle use is increasing from the minor to major. Farmers’ feeling on
marketing problem is a low selling prices and transport problem in the medium
and minor schemes and lack of storage facility, products quality and high cost of
transportation are also raised.
On marketing of farming inputs, farmers who has a problem on purchasing inputs

and not are almost the same. The place of purchasing inputs materials is varied by
material but there is not significant different among the schemes. Fertiliser and
agro-chemicals are purchased more in shops in towns and villages. Sources of
paddy seeds are own seeds and followed by purchasing at ASC and from other
farmers. OFC and vegetables seeds are also used own seeds and purchased at
shops in town and ASC. On purchasing inputs material, high price and luck of
finance are raised in fertilizers and agro-chemicals and low quality together
following to previous two reasons are mentioned. No availability is the most
problem in OFC seed and vegetable and high price, lack of finance and low
C - 30
quality are mentioned. Summary regarding to marketing of the interview is in
Table C 2.4.
(2) Credit
Percentages of farmer used credit facilities are 22%, 11% and 12% in the major,
medium and minor schemes respectively in the interview survey. An average
amount of borrowers from banks is Rs. 18,540, Rs. 13,990 and Rs. 8,110 in
respective schemes. There are other sources for borrowing as cooperatives and
none institutional as relatives and merchants. The purposes of borrowing money is
mostly for crop cultivation and very few for living expenses in the survey.
Repayment to bank is lower than to cooperatives and the other private sources.
The remained mount to bank in average is Rs. 10,770, Rs. 9,250 and Rs. 3,820 in
the major, medium and minor schemes. Over 60 % of farmers needs credit system
and the purpose is for crop cultivation and followed for purchasing farm
machinery. Farmers feel difficulty in obtaining credit and the major reasons are
cumbersome procedure, no guarantors and no security.
2.2.3 Extension
It seems that extension services are not properly provided. Any consultation was
made in one year with agricultural extension staff by 45%, 36% and 34% of
farmers in the major, medium and minor schemes and with veterinary extension
staff is only 11%, 15% and 19% respectively. Frequent services are provided for
about 25% of farmer who had consultation and about 50% of them receive
services sometimes in agricultural extension. The services provided are on
fertiliser application, improved seeds and chemical for pest control in agriculture.
Veterinary services are mainly vaccination and medicine and animal improvement
as breeding and artificial insemination and animal feeding are very few. Summary
on extension services is shown in Table C 2.5.
2.3 Crop Budgeting and Farm Economy

2.3.1 Crop Budget
Table below is the summary of average crop budget of the irrigation schemes
based on the interview survey. Cropping practices, inputs levels and yield level are
varied among the schemes and within the scheme. Inputs level on paddy on
fertiliser and agro-chemical are exceeded of the recommendation and the yield is
not responded to the inputs in some cases.
C - 31
OFC is an average of the crops cultivated under paddy condition. OFC cultivation
practices also varied and yield levels of individual crops are considerably low. The
detail of individual crops in the three irrigation schemes is shown in Table C 2.6.
Average Cropping Balance (1998)

Major Medium Minor
Yield (ton/ha) 4.10 3.59 3.41
Price (Rs./kg) 11.16 10.83 10.51
Paddy
Gross Income (Rs./ha) 45,766 38,870 35,852
Maha
Production Cost (Rs./ha) 33,604 27,653 29,266
Net Income (Rs./ha) 12,162 11,217 6,586
Yield (ton/ha) 3.84 3.28 3.51
Price (Rs./kg) 11.16 10.83 10.51
Paddy
Gross Income (Rs./ha) 42,864 35,513 36,903
Yala
Production Cost (Rs./ha) 32,458 24,011 25,823
Net Income (Rs./ha) 10,406 11,502 11,081
Yield (kg/ha)
Average Price (Rs./kg)
of Gross Income (Rs./ha) 54,521 40,782 64,793
OFCs Production Cost (Rs./ha) 41,983 30,132 36,368
Net Income (Rs./ha) 10,556 9,235 26,075
2.3.2 Farm Economy
The table below shows the farm budget of the farmers in the irrigation schemes.
The figures in the table indicate the average values of the samples.
The gross income of the farmers is estimated to be Rs. 96,800 on an average of the
all schemes, and the gross outgoing is Rs. 77,400. Out of total living expenses,
food expenses account for about 60%. The net income averages about Rs.
19,400, and of that, about Rs. 1,900 is deposited in the bank. Most of remaining
amount will turn to living expenses other than foods2.
The farmers in the schemes have significant of non-farm incomes obtained from
various occupations, which accounts for over 50% of gross income. Agricul-
tural production in the dry and intermediate zones largely fluctuates from year to
year due to irregular rainfall pattern, and the farm incomes are extremely unstable.
The farmers are always looking for additional non-farm incomes to stabilise their
income. Main income from other sources are: salaries as government officials
(teachers, polices, clerk, etc.) and employees of the private sector (garment factory,
stores, etc.), wages from working in other farm and casual work in metal and brick
industry, income from cottage industry/side business (small shop, sewing and
dress making, etc.), self-employment (carpentry, repairing of motorcycle and
2
As far as the Study Team was carried out additional interview on such expenditures to the farmers , it was
estimated that they have almost no saving and remaining amount has been turned to expenses on living.
C - 32
bicycle), and remittance from family (army, working at abroad). The non-farm
incomes in the minor schemes shows higher proportion than that of major/medium
schemes, because farm income is very small due to small cultivation extent
together with severe water shortages
(Rs.1,000/Household)
Others
160
Loan
140 Farm income
120 Non farm income
100
80
60
40
20
0
M ajor M edium M inor All
Gross Income
Farm Budget in Average (1998)

(Rs./household)
Average
Major Medium Minor All
I. Gross Income 146,870 113,810 89,190 96,780
1) Farm income 77,850 48,740 26,930 33,630
- Crop 75,710 47,790 26,030 32,620
- Livestock 2,140 890 900 1,000
- Fishery - 60 0 10
2) Non farm incom 63,140 61,600 60,010 60,460
3) Loan 4,170 1,470 1,480 1,700
4) Others 1,710 2,000 770 990
II. Gross outgoing 122,720 90,170 70,920 77,370

1) Production cost 52,720 25,340 13,210 17,820
- Crop 49,290 24,210 12,520 16,860
- Livestock 660 20 130 160
- Fishery - 20 - 0
- Land rent 2,770 1,090 560 800
2) Loan repayment 1,830 460 600 690
3) Living expenses 67,960 64,140 56,970 58,710
- Foods 40,630 37,870 33,750 34,800
- Other than f 27,330 26,270 23,220 23,910
4) Others 210 230 140 150
III. Net income 24,150 23,640 18,270 19,410

(Bank deposit) 2,850 3,050 1,590 1,870
C - 33
Chapter 3 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PLAN
3.1 Basic Concepts for Agricultural Production Plan

3.1.1 Present Problems and Constraints
The agricultural sector in Sri Lanka has faced the following problems: (i) a
stagnant production of rice and OFC, (ii) decreasing their productivity and
profitability, and (iii) declining farm economy. To overcome these problems, the
Sri Lankan Government has worked out several development policies, such as, a
changeover to commercial agriculture having a high productivity, and the encour-
agement of export oriented crops. Emphasis has been laid on the agricultural
development in the dry and intermediate zones, which produce about 70% of total
crops in the whole country. The Government has envisaged encouraging
irrigated agriculture in these zones, with the goal of achieving more profitable
agriculture and higher standards of living for rural farm households.
According to the inventory survey, questionnaire survey, and RRA, however, the
irrigation schemes in the Study area located in these zones have various problems,
such as (i) insufficient water resources, (ii) ineffective land use, (iii) improper
crop management, (iv) inactive FOs, (v) deterioration of irrigation facilities, (vi)
decrease in farmers’ income, and (vii) escalation of farmers’ dependence on
outside support. In the meantime, the farmers in the irrigation schemes have
shown a strong desire to improve their incomes through the rehabilitation and
improvement of irrigation facilities and by increasing employment opportunities.
3.1.2 Need and Potential for Development
In the irrigation schemes, there are more than a few potentials for development;
i.e., favourable natural resource for OFC cultivation, rehabilitation of irrigation
facilities aiming at effective use of water resources, advantage of human resources,
community’s potential for strengthening FOs, land resources to allow further
increasing of farm income, etc. Although a great deal of government’s effort has
been put into agricultural development in the schemes in corporation with the
foreign aid agencies, it is still far from achieving its goals.
Under such circumstances, as super goals, the Master Plan aims at (i) the
improvement of agricultural productivity and farm economy and (ii) sustainable
development of rural agriculture. The Master Plan will focus on (i) expanding
OFC and vegetable cultivation (crop diversification) with those stable production,
(ii) creation of income generation activities, and (iii) the sustainable development
C - 34
of farmers’ organisations (FO) through farmers' own initiative.
Crop Diversification
Taking into account the constraints of limited water resources, the favourable
crops for the dry and intermediate zones will be OFCs, including sesame, pulses
(green beans, greengram, blackgram, cowpea, etc.), chili, onions and vegetables.
Furthermore, the cultivation of such crops in the Study area has the following
advantages.
a) These crops have less water consumption than paddy, and generate a relatively
high income.
b) Paddy land is available for OFCs in uncultivated for insufficient water.
c) The area has an advantage of location, that is being close to the metropolitan
area, where has a large market for these crops, and is also close to Dambulla
which is a relay point for marketing of agricultural products.
d) The farmers in the Study area have relatively good experience in the cultiva-
tion of these crops.
On the other hand, cultivation of OFC as chili and onion and vegetables is risky
because these crops require a considerable investment, and marketing price
fluctuates than paddy. In addition, demand and supply in the whole country and
competition with other projects aiming at crop diversification will limit the large-
scaled cultivation of such crops in the Study area. Therefore, the promotion of
crop diversification will be developed in paddy land of the less water potential
schemes taking into account the demand and supply in the country and the
cultivation risks involved. The strengthening paddy cultivation, which consumes
a lot of irrigation water, will be carried out in the schemes having relatively
enough water resources. Then paddy yields should be stabilised through the
rehabilitation and improvement of the irrigation facilities.
In addition to crop diversification, income generation on the agricultural sector

including livestock, inland fisheries, processing etc. are considered in the plan.
Farmers’ organizations are to be strengthened in order to attain sustainable rural
development in agriculture. Then, FOs can carry out O&M of irrigation facilities
by themselves, and tackle crop diversification and income generation activities by
their own initiative.
3.1.3 Basic Concepts for Agricultural Production Plan

A stable crop production and crop diversification by introducing high return crops
is proposed for increasing farm income. The plan was prepared based on the
OFC balance on demand and supply and the Government agriculture development
C - 35
policy, OFC’s position in the study area, an effective use of potential water
resource by rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation facilities, farmers’
intention and OFC crop cultivation on farm level.
(1) The Balance of demand and supply and the Government agricultural
development policy
The trend of production and consumption of paddy and major OFCs in Sri Lanka
is shown in Table C 3.1 and Figure C 3.1. The current trend of the demand and the
supply is summarised as follows:
a) Paddy consumption per capita tends to decrease but the production is
also stagnated and the import still continued.
b) The demand of onions, a major OFC, is largely increased, however the
production is stagnated and the import tends to increase. The demand
for chillies is keeping certain demand.
c) The production and the demand of sesame is tend to decrease. Cowpea
keeps strong demand as the substitute of Dhal.
The future demand of paddy and OFC is not to increase largely; however, the
actual demand is to increase according to annual population increase of 1% in the
country3. In the National Six-year Plan, “the importation of potatoes, chillies,
onions and other high value OFC are to be proceed into free-market system.” If
such policy takes shape in the future, these OFC productions in the country will be
in the face of competition with imported OFCs, which have inexpensive and high
quality. Therefore, the productivity and the quality improvement have to be
taken into account on OFC production.
(2) Potential water resource of the irrigation schemes
The potential water resource by the rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation

facilities in 100 irrigation schemes are shown in the table below.
Classification of Irrigation Schemes by Water Resource Potential

Increment of Irrigation Schemes / Hydrological Groups
Potential CI*1 Major Medium Minor
High Over 50% 0 4 4
Medium 0～50% 1 4 5
Low 0% 7 3 0
*1 Increment of crop intensity on paddy cultivation after rehabilitation and
improvement of irrigation facilities.
Note: The table is not shown necessity of rehabilitation and improvement of
irrigation facilities.
3
Population and Labour Force – Projection for Sri Lanka 1991-2031, Department of Census and Statistics,
March 1994.
C - 36
The increment rate in the table above exhibits the case of entire paddy cultivation
after rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation facilities. Large increment is
not expected in seven major schemes and three medium schemes. Less water
requirement comparing paddy and higher return crops have to be introduced for
the development for these schemes.
(3) Farmers’ intention on crop cultivation
Farmers expressed strong intention for paddy cultivation. As the result of

workshop with farmers in RRA, 100 percent of them desired to cultivate paddy in
both Maha and Yala seasons under irrigated condition. Introduction of OFC as
needs for development was raised only in two schemes and two schemes and three
cascade groups raised OFC to the question that “What do you think as sources for
income generation.” However, OFC cultivation is considered that is to be
disseminated among farmers, if necessary countermeasures are taken since they
have strong intention for increasing income.
(4) OFC production
OFC cultivation area (1998) per farm household at present is shown in the table
below:
Present Crop Cultivated Area
（Unit： ha/household)
Paddy OFC Total
Maha Yala Irrigated Highland Sub-total
Major 1.07 0.57 0.03 0.08 0.11 1.75
Medium 0.68 0.36 0.02 0.17 0.19 1.23
Minor 0.41 0.07 0.03 0.16 0.19 0.67
Average 0.49 0.14 0.02 0.16 0.18 0.81
Source：Interview survey of the Study team、1999
OFC is traditionally cultivated in highland under rainfed condition, not many in

paddy land, except Mahaweli System-H. Such OFC cultivation under rainfed
condition has unstable and low yield, and has relatively high production cost and
higher risk of cultivation. Therefore, it is important on extension works in order
to reduce the relative cost of production and achieving stable production and high
yield by cultivating under irrigated paddy land.
Agricultural production plan emphasising crop diversification by OFCs is

prepared for increasing farm income. The plan is prepared according to the
following basic concepts.
a) Farm income is to increase by the introduction of OFC which required
less water comparing with paddy and high return crops to the irrigation
schemes in which large water resource is not expectable by rehabilitation
C - 37
and improvement of irrigation facilities.
b) Major focus is to be on paddy cultivation by farmers’ strong intention
and OFC is partially introduced for the irrigation schemes in which water
resource potential is expected.
c) OFC cultivation in irrigated paddy land is recommended in order to
increase productivity and reduce cultivation risk by irrigation. OFC in
irrigated paddy land is carrying on in the Mahaweli System-H. The dis-
semination to the entire irrigation schemes is possible.
d) The method of irrigation is gravitational. The plan is to employ OFC
cultivation by gravity irrigation for reducing the production cost as much
as possible, although OFC as Banana cultivation is carrying on in
Rajanganaya by using large pump.
3.2 Proposed Land Use

The land in irrigation schemes generally consist of farmland, forest, grassland,
water area as tank, residence area and others as road, river and abandoned land
and there is rock mountains in some scheme. Farmland is classified into
irrigated paddy land, rainfed paddy land, fallow paddy land and highland. Farm
household owns relatively wide space for residing and various crops are cultivated
in the garden.
Environmental problem by
loss of forest and grassland
in the upper stream of the
tank is recently taking
place in the Study area.
Chena cultivation is con-

ducted in the forest and
grassland in order to recov-
er agricultural income lost
due to fragmentation of the
land and moreover devel-
opment works by popul-
ation pressure.
Forest loss is expanding.

Forest disaster
Under this background,
land use in the plan is pro-
posed to increase land pro-
C - 38
ductivity by effective use of the existing farmland and to reduce pressure to forest
and grassland by Chena cultivation.
a) Rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation facilities and introduction of
high return crops for increasing productivity in the existing irrigated paddy
land.
b) Irrigated paddy land is not fully utilised and a considerable area of fallow
land remains in unused. The average of the fallow paddy land is estimated
as 0.26 ha in Maha and 0.61 ha in Yala per farm household in the irrigation
scheme in 1998. These fallow lands are less potential on water resource,
however the development potential on crop production and livestock is
possible together with highland.
c) Homestead garden in the residing area is to be promoted. Household
owns 0.4 ha in average and there is potential for development.
d) Effective use of scattered and unused farmland is to be planned. In the
medium and minor irrigation schemes, currently scattered farmland become
a problem on development as well as land fragmentation. The case of
abandoned cultivation in these lands is increasing. Countermeasures for
these lands are to be planned by improving system for an effective use of
idle land.
In these countermeasures, item a) and d) are considered in the agricultural produc-

tion plan and item b) and c) are in income generation plan in the Master Plan.
3.3 Proposed Crops and Cropping Pattern

(1) Proposed crops
The proposed crops to be introduced in the irrigation schemes are as follows, tak-
ing into account the marketability, farmers’ intention, and profitability.
Proposed Crops
Introduced Crops Background of Selection Crop Season

Farmer’s Request. Home consumption
Paddy Maha, Yala
of the staple food of household
OFC・Vegetable
Expected for export market, demand in
Sesame domestic market, Processing(oil for Yala
domestic market）
Importing, High demand of domestic
Chilli Maha, Yala
market, High farmer’s intention
Importing, high demand of domestic Yala (B’), Maha
Onion
market, strong intention in Minor scheme (Red)
Pulses Rotation, Soil maintenance Maha, Yala
Vegetable(Egg Plant, Okra High return crop, Selection on transport
Maha, Yala
Capsicum, Pumpkin, etc) and storage capability for marketing.
C - 39
In addition to these crops, limes for processing and cashew nut for export market
are potential crops. These crops are recommended for small-scale cultivation in
highland and homestead garden.
(2) Proposed cropping pattern
Proposed cropping pattern is prepared by considering potential of water resource,

agro-ecological zone of the DOA and strong farmers’ intention to paddy cultiva-
tion. Irrigation schemes are classified in potential water resource and agro-
ecological zone as shown in the table below.
Proposed Cropping Pattern
Water Resources Agro Classifica- Proposed

ecologi- tion Cropping Name of Scheme
Increase Potential
C.I. *1 cal Zone Pattern*2
Major <50% M D MD OFC Nachchaduwa
Nearly 0% L D LD OFC Nuwarawewa, Tissawewa, Rajangana,
Palukadawewla, Attaragallewea,
Abakolawewa
I LI OFC Magalle Wewa
Medium Over 50% H D HD Paddy Uttimaduwa Wewa,
Mahananeriyawewa
I HI Paddy Hulugalla Wewa, Meddeketiya Wewa
<50% M D MD OFC Thuruweli Wewa, Periyakulama,
Maminiya, Wewa Mahabulankulama
Nearly 0% L D LD OFC Eru wewa, Mahagalgamuwawewa
I LI OFC Moragoda Anicut
Minor Over 50% H D HD Paddy II, IV, VII
I HI Paddy VIII
<50% M D MD OFC I, III, V, VI
I MI Paddy IX
*1 C.I. = Cropping Intensity *2 OFC: OFC promotion pattern, Paddy: Paddy promotion pattern
Note: Increment of crop intensity rate in the above table is shown potential irrigation area by
75% dependability on without project and with project. Larger figure exhibits larger
increment of paddy irrigation area after the implementation of the programme. The
classification was made into three (3) levels over 50% as high (H), less than 50% as
medium (M) and around 0% as low (L) in the table. Agro-ecological zone is divided into
the Lowland Dry zone (D) and the Lowland Intermediate zone (I). The Class is the
combination of potential water resource and agro-ecological zones.
The irrigation schemes are classified into six classes as HD, HI, MD, MI, LD and
LI, as shown in the above table. Based on this classification, two type of
cropping patterns of paddy promotion pattern and OFC promotion pattern are pro-
posed.
The irrigation schemes belonging to HD and HI are indicating high potential of

water resource. MI is medium level of potential and belongs to the lowland
intermediate zone with higher rainfall. HD, HI and MI are proposed paddy
promotion cropping pattern since farmers’ strong intention. These schemes are
considered high return OFC promotion because most of them belong to the minor
scheme and the management area is small scale. However they are purchasing
rice for home consumption at present.
C - 40
The irrigation schemes belonging to LD and LI are hardly expected to develop
paddy even though farmers’ have a strong intention of paddy. MD is the
medium level of potentiality; however, it belongs to the dry zone and is adaptable
for OFC. Therefore, the irrigation schemes belonging to LD, LI, and MD are
also recommended for OFC promotion pattern.
(3) Proposed extent of cropping
The rate and the planned extent of paddy and OFC cultivation by cropping
patterns are estimated according to the proposed cropping pattern as following
summary in the irrigation schemes. Crop cultivation in 100 schemes is in Table C
3.2.
Target Extent of Paddy and OFC Cultivation

Paddy Strengthening Pattern OFC Promotion Pattern Paddy OFC
Maha Yala Maha Yala Area Area
Paddy OFC Paddy OFC Paddy OFC Paddy OFC Total Total
Cultivation Rate 100% - 90 10% 90% 10% 80% 20%
Cultivation Area
Major (ha) - - - - 12,342 1,371 6,750 1,688 19,092 3,059
Medium (ha) 470 - 404 45 777 86 440 　110 2,091 241
Minor (ha) 1,134 - 302 34 993 115 257 104 2,686 253
Total (ha) 1,604 - 706 81 14,112 1,573 7,447 1,901 23,869 3,553
Note: Above OFC including Vegetable
Most of OFC is not cultivated in irrigated paddy land. Cultivation area with
project is mostly increased area. This production area is equivalent to 19% of
annual production area of Kurunegala and Anuradhapura and does not cause an
extreme expansion. It will be possible to attain this figure as extension target of
OFC.
Extents of OFC Cultivated Area

Anuradhapura & Irrigation Increment Rate
Kurunegala Scheme
Maha 12,800 ha 1,580 ha 12%
Yala 5,700 ha 1,910 ha 34%
Total 18,500 ha 3,490 ha 19%
3.4 Proposed Farming Practices and Crop Production

3.4.1 Proposed Farming Practices
(1) Crop management
Proposed farming in the irrigated paddy land emphasises intensive crop culti-
vation under diversified crop production. The risk of unreliable water supply,
especially on OFC, is to be reduced through the implementation of the
rehabilitation of irrigation facilities, improvement of water management and
C - 41
applying proposed cropping patterns. The major technical approach on farming
practices is on water management and crop management such as an appropriate
plant density, an efficient fertiliser application, an effective pest management, an
effective labour use, and an appropriate harvest and post-harvest technique. In
addition to crop production, livestock development and fishery development are
considered in the income generation programmes. The following farming
practices are applied through the implementation of the programmes.
1) Paddy cultivation
● Effective water management is to be carried out by farmers’ organisation
responsible for maintaining a secure water supply.
● Quality seeds are to be utilised arranged through quality seed production
in the schemes or in the area.
● Right amount of seeds are to be planted by appropriate seed supply and
water management.
● The right kind and amount of fertiliser is to be applied.
● Straight fertilisers are to be utilised for reliable nutrient contents and
economical reasons. Re-cycling of paddy straw and other organic matter
are also recommended for soil maintenance.
● Entire system of pest control as the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is
to be practiced generally for economical reason and for environmental
consideration.
● Labour use is to taken into account on its cost-effect of use of family and
hired workers on expected cropping pattern and farming.
● Inputs materials and technical supports are to be arranged by organised
production group or strengthened FO.
● Technical and management training and demonstration are to be applied
for production group.
● Technical support is to be conducted through practical demonstrations.
● Agricultural credit arrangement is to be applied through training.
(4) OFCs and vegetables
● Effective water management is to be carried out by farmers’ organisation
responsible for maintaining a secure water supply.
● Crop is to be selected based on market information, the adaptability and
profitability based on the available resources.
● Seeds of OFCs and vegetable are to be produced in the scheme or in the
area in the previous crop season according to the plan.
● Crop calendar is to be decided within the group before the season for
necessary arrangement.
C - 42
● Crop management as inputs materials and inputs levels is to be discussed
in the group before the season for profitable management.
● Economical management is to be practiced for profitable cropping.
● Marketing activities are to be emphasised for profitable farming.
● Inputs materials and technical supports are to be arranged by organised
production group or strengthened FO.
● Technical and management training and demonstration are to be applied
for production group.
● Technical support is to be conducted through practical demonstrations.
● Agricultural credit arrangement is to be applied through training.
(3) Cropping calendar
Farmer in most of the place prefers and intended to cultivate paddy and they are
waiting rainfall even after December and January. However as the past record
exhibited in crop intensity, large part of paddy field has not been used. OFC
cultivation is recommended in the Lowland Dry zone in the irrigated condition for
less water requirement. Switching cultivation from paddy to OFC is recommended
for food security and income generation in the unstable water area and when
rainfall delayed. OFC cultivation under irrigated condition brings higher yielding
and stable production. The plan is to determined cultivation plot according to the
cropping pattern. Planned paddy field, which required larger amount of water, is
to recommend paddy cultivation before December in Maha cultivation then
switching to OFC when rainfall has delayed. Late planting is affected by the
outbreak of insect damage and Yala cultivation. (Figure C 3.1)
3.4.2 Anticipated Crop Yield and Production
Production of paddy and proposed crops in OFC is estimated according to planned

cropping area based on the cropping rates, as shown in the table below on the
respective cropping patterns. Rates are determined considering profitability,
crop rotation, and labour use of the survey area. Yield levels of proposed crops
are basically set on the Department of Agriculture taking into account of the
present cropping practices. The crop production of the major, medium and minor
schemes are shown below. Crop production of proposed crops in all the irrigation
schemes according to the proposed cropping patterns is shown in Table C 3.3.
C - 43
Cropping Rate of Cropping Pattern
(Unit: %)
Paddy Promotion Pattern OFC Promotion Pattern
Crops
Maha Yala Maha Yala
Paddy 100.0 90.0 90.0 80.0
Sesame 0.0 2.0 0.0 4.0
Chillies 0.0 2.5 3.0 5.0
B’onion 0.0 2.0 0.0 4.0
Red Onion 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0
Pulse 0.0 2.5 3.5 5.0
Vegetable 0.0 1.0 1.5 2.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Anticipated Yield of Proposed Crops

(Unit: kg/ha)
Paddy Promotion Pattern OFC Promotion Pattern
Crops
Maha Yala Maha Yala
Paddy 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
Sesame 900 900 900
Chillies 1,500 1,500 1,500
B’onion 10,000 10,000 10,000
Red Onion 15,000 15,000 15,000
Pulse 1,500 1,500 1,500
Vegetable 10,000 10,000 10,000
Proposed Crop Production

(Unit: ton)
Maha Season Yala Season
Crops Major Medium Minor Crops Major Medium Minor
Paddy 61,710 6,235 10,635 Paddy 33,750 4,220 2,795
Sesame - - - Sesame 304 28 25
Chillies 617 38 52 Chillies 633 58 51
Onion 4,114 259 346 Onion 2,375 310 275
Pulse 720 45 61 Pulse 633 58 51
Vegetable 2,057 473 631 Vegetable 1,688 155 137
Maha Paddy 62,710 6,235 10,635 Yala Paddy 33,750 4,220 2,795
Maha OFC 7,508 473 631 Yala OFC 6,632 608 540
Maha Total 69,218 6,708 11,266 Yala Total 40,382 4,828 3,335
Paddy Total 95,460 10,455 13,430
OFC Total 14,140 1,081 1,171
Total 109,600 11,536 14,601
3.5 Improvement of Land Fragmentation

Generally, farmers in the medium and minor schemes have land fragmented into
several plots and are scattered in and around the village or at several tanks.
Since crop cultivation has increasingly become unprofitable in recent times, there
are many instances where farmers have abandoned crop cultivation at remote plots.
It is expected that such problem will be reduced through the improvement of crop
productivity proposed in the Master Plan. If it still remains in the schemes, the
following countermeasures will be recommended.
C - 44
1) Land consolidation: The farmers exchange mutually their plots under
equal value.
2) Mutual lease of land: The farmers lease mutually their lands fragmented,
or lease to other farmers, as shown below.
Farm Plot - A Farm Plot - B

Farmer - C
Lease Lease
Farm Plot - B Farm Plot - A
Farm Plot - A
Farmer - A Farmer - B
A radical reform for fragmentation is the land consolidation, but it won't work out
in practice, because it affects directly farmers’ interests. Therefore, it will be
proposed to adopt the mutual lease of land. Active communication with
powerful mediation by FO is essential to make sure the implementation of the
above countermeasure.
3.6 Crop Budget and Farm Economy

3.6.1 Crop Budget
Information of inputs and prices for the cropping budget are utilised basically
from the farmers’ interview survey and the technical recommendations of DOA
and other reliable sources for the budget estimation.
Price of product: Unit prices of products are principally taken from the average of
the interview survey. However on paddy, price is taken an average of Major
scheme at Rs. 11.2 due to the reason that paddy price in the study area has
changed from 1998Yala to 98/99 Maha by Rs. 10.1 to Rs. 12.3 according to DOA
“Cost of Cultivation”. Prices of pulses and vegetable in the survey included
various type of crop in each category, therefore the prices are adjusted from other
information.
Seed rate: Seed rate is determined based on DOA’s recommendation.
Fertiliser application: Fertiliser levels are DOA’s recommendation for the target
yield of 120 bushel/acre (6000kg/ha) and kinds of fertiliser are straight fertiliser
as Urea, Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) and Muriate of Potash (MOP).
Agro-chemicals: The damages of pests, as weed, insect and disease, vary their
levels of damages by season and area. Types and amount of chemicals were
determined by DOA’s Techno-guide and pesticide recommendation.
Labour: Labour uses are taken from averages of the major scheme and the
medium and minor schemes of the questionnaire survey. Wage rate is applied
C - 45
Rs.150 per day in all labour work from the scheme average across individual
schemes.
Machinery and animal power: The inputs level and charges are applied on the
average of the major and the medium and minor schemes of the questionnaire
survey.
Others: The cost for threshing and transport is based on the average cost.
Miscellaneous is counted at five(5) percent of the production cost.
The summaries of the cost and return of “without project” and “with project”
according to the cropping pattern are shown blow: (Detail of individual scheme is
in Table C 3.4 and an individual crop budget of crop is in Table C 3.5.
Summary of Crop Budget- without Project

Gross Production
Net Return
Yield (ton/ha) Price (Rs./kg) Income Cost
(Rs./ha)
(Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
Maha
Major Scheme 4.10 11.2 45,800 33,600 12,200
Medium Scheme 3.59 10.8 38,900 27,700 11,200
Minor Scheme 3.41 10.5 35,900 29,300 6,600
Paddy
Yala
Major Scheme 3.84 11.2 42,900 32,500 10,400
Medium Scheme 3.28 10.8 35,500 24,000 11,500
Minor Scheme 3.51 10.5 36,900 25,800 11,100
Major Scheme 54,500 42,000 12,500
OFC Medium Scheme 40,800 30,100 10,700
Minor Scheme 64,800 36,400 28,400
Crop Budget - With Project

Planned Gross
Price Production Net income
Major Schemes Yield Income
(Rs./kg) Cost (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
(kg/ha) (Rs./ha)
Paddy – Maha 5,000 11.2 56,000 33,500 22,500
Paddy – Yala 5,000 11.2 56,000 32,800 23,200
Sesame – Yala 900 35 31,500 22,100 9,400
Pulses 1,500 29 43,500 25,400 18,100
Chili 1,500 80 120,000 68,300 51,700
B. Onion-Yala 10,000 33.5 335,000 70,500 264,500
Red Onion-Maha 15,000 30 450,000 223,100 226,900
Vegetable 10,000 16.1 161,000 68,300 92,700
Gross
Medium & Minor Planned Price Production Net income
Income
Schemes Yield (kg/ha) (Rs./kg) Cost (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
(Rs./ha)
Paddy – Maha 5,000 10.8 54,000 33,100 20,900
Paddy – Yala 5,000 10.8 54,000 32,500 21,500
Sesame – Yala 900 35 31,500 21,600 9,900
Pulses 1,500 29 43,500 23,900 19,600
Chili 1,500 80 120,000 55,600 64,400
B. Onion-Yala 10,000 33.5 335,000 71,000 264,000
Red Onion-Maha 15,000 30 450,000 201,500 248,500
Vegetable 10,000 16.1 161,000 70,400 90,600
C - 46
Chapter 4 IMPROVEMENTS OF MARKETING AND CREDIT
4.1 Improvement of Marketing

According to RRA, the farmers have requested the marketing improvement of
farm inputs and outputs. Especially, those problems have been pointed out for
over 40% of the minor irrigation schemes. In the meantime, the result of the
questionnaire survey shows that the major problems of marketing are narrowed
down to i) expensive of farm inputs and ii) low farm-gate prices of products. In
addition, the farmers have also pointed out the problems that farm inputs are not
available when needed.
The following measures have been recommended to overcome present marketing

problems in the irrigation schemes.
a) Expansion of group purchasing system of farm inputs,
b) Organising the OFCs’ producer group to establish marketing channels,
c) Setting up of collecting points for products,
d) Setting up of Pola, and
e) Establishment of marketing information system.
(1) Expansion for Group Purchasing of Farm Inputs
Supplying farm inputs on time is one of the important factors for improving crop
yields. To ensure smooth supply of farm inputs, a group purchasing system
managed by FO is proposed that is to be introduced in the irrigation schemes.
The overall flow of group purchasing system is presented in the chart below.
Proposed Group Purchasing
Technical Guidance
ASC
GIDA & Distribution of Technical Guidance
Cropping Calendar
Supplier's Account
Lecture
Banks Loan Disbursement Bank
Bank Cheque /
on Loan
Repayment
Prep. of Cultivation Harvesting

Farmers Application Form
Explana- Collection of Prep. of Pur- Storing Distri- Coop- Loan

Farmers'
FO bution erative Collection
Society tion Purchasing Application chasing (Storage of Farm by Repre-
Meeting Order Form Order House) Shipping
Inputs sentative
Suppliers Selling / Transport (Dealers)
C - 47
This system is closely connected with group loan system and technical guidance,
and has the following merits:
● By directly purchasing from suppliers, the farmers can obtain the neces-
sary quantity of farm inputs;
● Through this system, the farmers can arrange all necessary farm inputs
before the crop season, and they can use those inputs on time according to
the necessity;
● Under a blanket purchase system, the farmers can purchase farm inputs at
discount prices; and
● Transportation services will be available from the suppliers.
For successful management of this system, the following factors are essential: (i)
ASC’s support for access to suppliers and banks, and (ii) a good co-ordination and
close linkage between FOs and ASC. Thus, the farm inputs such as fertilisers
and agro-chemicals would be supplied smoothly by the private suppliers through
this system. In the future, it will be expected this purchase system will be cov-
ered by farmers’ own fund.
(2) Organising of Producer Group of OFCs
One of the important factors for OFC and vegetable production is a close linkage
between producers and traders. And the condition of the linkage from the trad-
ers’ side is producers’ stable supply with a certain quantity. The individual
farmers are at a disadvantage due to small quantities and unstable production. It
is essential for organising particular OFC producer groups. The farmers cultivate
OFC individually, but sell their products by the group.
Taking these activities into consideration, it is suggested that farmers should be

trained through several kinds of courses conducted by ASC on technical and
marketing aspects of OFC. The training programs should cover, (i) cultivation
techniques of OFCs, (ii) the reasons of price variations, and time and quality to
maximise the profits, and (iii) packaging of perishables during the transportation
using locally available materials.
(3) Establishment of collecting point
In dealing with traders, it is proposed to establish collecting points of products in

Farmer Centres setting up in each GN. Periodical shipping at fixed collecting
points will have several merits for both farmers and traders; i.e., curtailing
farmers’ transportation cost, effective collection of traders, and decreasing
handling losses of products.
C - 48
(4) Establishment of Pola
For the marketing improvement within the irrigation schemes, it is proposed to
establish Pola at least one in each major/medium schemes and hydrological group.
By the establishment of Pola, merchants and traders will be attracted in the area,
and marketing of products will be activated. Marketable surplus produced at
home garden or in the highland will be marketed through such Pola.
(5) Establishment of Marketing Information System

For the marketing improvement of products, a marketing information system
should be established. Presently, the publications related to market information
are issuing by the Agrarian Research and Training Institution (ARTI). The
biweekly prices of farm products not only at farm gate but also at Pettah market
are available from ARTI. It is recommended that the market information is
provided to the farmers at least every two weeks. ASC should play an important
role for information services of marketing.
4.2 Agricultural Credit

At the initial stage of the implementation of the programmes, the farmers need a
considerable amount of funds for purchasing farm inputs. In addition, farmers
will require some capital for commencement of activities proposed in the income
generation. However, there is difficulty to access individual credit in the
irrigation schemes at present. To overcome this situation, the following three
types of credit are proposed.
(1) Group Loan System

The proposed system is based on group loans, which will be managed by FO.
The system will be adopted to purchase mainly farm inputs such as fertilisers and
agro-chemicals. The following figure shows the outline of the proposed credit
system:
Proposed Group Loan
Banks
Loan request Lump -sum Loan for farm inp uts

by FO rep ay ment by (by Bank Cheque to the FO )
group
Farm Inp uts
Farm Inputs
FO / Sub Committee
(Blanket purchase) Supplier
Loan request by Payment Farm Inp uts
individual farmers by cash (Loan in kind)
Farmers
C - 49
The loan procedures to be followed under the system are as follows:
a) The loan is limited only for the purchase of farm inputs and its ceiling amount
is set depending on the type of crop.
b) To receive a loan, FO has to form a group and select a representative. The
members of such a group are jointly and severally responsible for repayment
of the loan for any defaulters.
c) FO estimates the requirement of farm inputs, in comparison to the applied
amount of loan. At this time, the extension officer gives technical guidance
such as recommended fertilisers and agro-chemicals to be used.
d) The bank provides a loan for FO on a lump-sum basis or dividing it into two
instalments. Then FO purchase farm inputs in one lot. The bank provides
the loan money only to the suppliers of farm inputs, and FO receives farm
inputs in kind from the suppliers. In this way, FO and group members do not
need to deal with cash, except for the bank check to be issued to the suppliers.
e) FO collects the loan payment amount for each farmer, and repays it to the
bank in a lump sum. The bank does not collect the loan payment amount
from individual farmers.
Since this loan system is realised on the basis of the mutual trust, the borrowers
should be the farmers or the poor living in the same community. The state banks
and several private banks are now providing such group loans, and these group
loans will be possible to introduce in the irrigation schemes.
(2) Revolving Loan System

The revolving loan system managed by FO is proposed for the irrigation schemes.
The capital of loan is profits obtained through business activities such as co-
operative purchasing of farm inputs, and shares collecting from the members.
FO lends its money to the farmers at an interest rate lower than the market rate.
The repayment amount from the farmers is deposited in FO’s account and FO
finances the farmers again.
Proposed Revolving Loan
Project Executing Agency

PM U
Deferred
payment
M anaging guidance FO
by PM U Account
Loan in kind under a
Repayment
Farm inputs / low interest less than

(Cash)
Capital of Income market rate

Generation (FO purchase farm
inputs by a bulk and
NGOs supply to the farm ers.)
Farmers / Poor Families
Guidance / aftercare
for incom e generation
C - 50
If FO will have insufficient capital, the executing agency of the programmes
arranges a considerable amount of funds, and provides it to FO. Surplus from
the revolving loan goes to payment to the investor. It is necessary that PMU
provides supporting services to FO for management of the revolving loan system,
because FO, which is the managing agency of the revolving loan system, has no
knowledge and experience on such banking business.
This revolving loan system is managed comprehensively with the agricultural

extension services. This loan system is adopted not only to purchase farm inputs
but also to procure equipment like rice mills under the income generation
programme. Enough guidance with continuous aftercare by the executing
agency of the programmes is essential for loan management of borrowers (farmers
/ the poor), and NGO’s involvement is expected to such grass-root activities.
(3) Mutual Aid Credit System
Although the above two types are to be applied for duly organised FOs registered
with DAS, it is important and necessary that the farmers must have a simple credit
organisation like the one called “rotating-funds credit association.” This type of
credit aims to provide the associates with funds to cover needs not necessarily for
production purposes but also for emergencies or consumption purposes. The
implementation of these associations will help to “educate” the farmers on using
mutual aid mechanisms. The rotating funds credit association could be formed
by 10-20 members from whom an association head is selected and the head is in
charge of the administration of the system. The credit is managed by the
association, which has no involvement of FO.
The members of a rotating funds credit association, by means of monthly fixed

deposits decided by all members, make up a communal fund from which each in
turn withdraws certain amounts at regular intervals. The assignment of these
sums can be made through a “lottery” system or decided by mutual agreement
among the members. The deposits and withdrawals continue until each member
has received the agreed standard sum of money. The duration of the associations
may be unlimited or pre-determined, further, the association can be open or closed,
in the sense that it admits or does not admit the entrance of new members or the
departure of existing ones.
This credit system will be applied to the capital of living and the income genera-
tion. Penalties for defaulting must be established in the rules governing the asso-
ciation. These rules must be clearly defined and enforced. The peers’ pressure
plays an important role for the enforcement of the rules.
C - 51
TABLES
Table C 1.1 Fish Production in Anuradhapura District - 1999 (under Major and Medium Tank)
(Unit : MT)
Name of Tank Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Total
Kalawewa 42.1 42.3 47.6 44.3 47.3 51.6 48.0 52.0 51.0 47.1 46.0 42.0 561
Balaluwewa 35.0 32.0 34.0 35.0 37.0 38.0 41.0 42.0 44.0 39.0 37.0 36.0 450
Rajanganaya S 40.0 42.0 43.0 45.0 48.0 52.0 44.0 59.0 57.0 56.0 44.0 42.0 572
Angamuwa 17.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 21.0 27.0 26.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 249
Kalankuttiya 12.0 12.5 13.7 14.0 15.0 16.0 14.0 18.0 18.7 14.0 13.0 12.7 174
Katiyawa 14.0 16.2 16.4 17.5 17.7 18.0 16.0 19.0 24.0 22.0 19.0 16.0 216
Ranawa 10.4 10.2 11.7 11.8 12.0 12.5 11.7 12.4 11.7 10.4 10.7 10.4 136
Mahavilachchiya 10.1 10.7 10.6 10.7 12.1 14.7 10.7 24.0 27.0 26.0 14.0 8.0 179
Nuwarawewa 7.6 7.4 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.9 8.7 10.8 12.1 10.4 9.7 8.6 110
Mahakanadarawa 2.1 2.4 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.7 4.9 5.2 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.4 47
Nachchaduwa 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.7 8.6 9.2 14.7 16.8 16.7 15.0 8.7 8.9 130
Huruluwewa 10.4 10.7 11.5 12.1 14.7 15.5 14.7 16.0 14.0 9.7 9.6 9.9 149
Mahamankadawala 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 17
Horiwila 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.0 4.7 4.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 48
Bellankadawala 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 17
Kiulekada 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 4.5 4.0 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.0 43
Manankattiya 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.6 18
Mahadiulwewa 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 10
Padaviya 50.2 52.6 54.7 55.5 57.5 50.7 75.0 77.0 65.0 60.0 51.0 50.0 699
Wahalkada 14.5 15.0 15.5 17.5 17.8 18.0 15.5 24.0 22.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 220
Total 284.3 290.0 308.0 315.3 334.5 347.1 354.6 418.4 407.0 369.6 318.9 296.3 4044
Source: Fishery Extension Coordinator, Anuradhapura : Study irrigation schemes
CT - 1
Table C 2.1 Inputs on Crop Production in the Irrigation Schemes
Paddy - Maha Paddy - Yala Maize Sesame Pulses

Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor
1) Seeds (kg/ha) 106 122 136 111 121 134 - 8 14 8 10 15 57 13 24
2) Fertilizers
Total 458 367 335 410 309 379 - 125 74 95 11 - 31 7 172
3) Agro-chemicals
Weedicides Liquid (lit./ha) 3.32 2.08 1.92 2.94 2.18 1.95 - - - - - - - - 0.08
Insecticides Liquid (lit./ha) 1.03 0.81 1.03 1.46 0.85 1.05 - - - 1.20 0.50 - 0.75 0.60 1.16
Powder (kg/ha) 0.94 0.73 0.71 0.71 1.27 0.37 - - - - - - - 0.20 -
Fungicides Liquid (lit./ha) 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.03 - 0.13 - - - - - - - - -
Powder (kg/ha) 0.60 0.13 0.24 0.51 0.01 0.09 - - - 2.00 - - - - -
4) Machinery
Total (ha) 1.81 1.63 1.77 1.84 1.54 1.62 - - 0.48 1.10 0.22 0.16 1.00 0.20 0.10
5) Animal power
Total (ha) 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.15 - - - - - - - - -
6) Labour
Family (man-day/ha) 29 41 52 32 41 65 - 48 57 68 41 73 102 68 73
Attham (man-day/ha) 3 4 5 3 4 5 - - 4 - 2 2 - 2 -
Hired (man-day/ha) 49 37 33 53 32 31 - 22 15 10 33 4 44 7 7
Total (man-day/ha) 81 82 90 88 76 101 - 70 76 78 75 79 146 77 80
Chilli B. Onion Red Onion Vegetables

Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor
1) Seeds (kg/ha) 2 2 2 - 6 8 120 100 195 5 4 2
2) Fertilizers
Total 820 375 531 - 404 655 400 300 259 536 441 446
3) Agro-chemicals
Weedicides Liquid (lit./ha) 0.98 0.06 0.23 - 3.60 4.42 - - 0.49 0.14 0.73 0.59
Insecticides Liquid (lit./ha) 3.90 2.87 2.64 - 2.00 3.26 - - 1.54 4.67 1.63 2.48
Powder (kg/ha) 0.28 0.41 0.66 - - 0.22 - - - - 6.13 0.04
Fungicides Liquid (lit./ha) 0.69 - 0.16 - 0.20 0.58 - - - 1.38 0.56 0.06
Powder (kg/ha) 3.84 0.84 1.73 - 20.00 1.20 - - - - 0.35 0.14
4) Machinery
Total (ha) 1.00 0.81 0.66 - 1.60 0.86 - 1.00 0.33 1.25 0.46 0.51
5) Animal power
Total (ha) - - 0.03 - 3.20 0.01 - - - - 0.35 0.05
6) Labour
Family (man-day/ha) 228 189 159 - 259 227 310 81 200 177 303 148
Attham (man-day/ha) 7 2 2 - - 7 - - - 2 - 2
Hired (man-day/ha) 82 53 74 - 74 152 - 15 43 66 30 40
Total (man-day/ha) 317 244 235 - 333 385 310 96 243 245 333 189
CT - 2
Table C 2.2 Problems Related to Farming

(1) Damage by pests and diseases 80% Damage by pests and diseases 80% Water shortage 90%
(2) Weed damage 36% Water shortage 71% Damage by pests and diseases 73%
(3) Water shortage 32% Damage by wild animal 56% Damage by wild animal 49%
(4) Lack of farm roads 31% Weed damage 38% Drought damage 41%
(5) Low yield of crops 31% Low yield of crops 36% Low yield of crops 38%
(6) Damage by wild animal 26% Difficulty in obtaining seeds 32% Weed damage 32%
(7) Difficulty in obtaining seeds 25% Drought damage 31% Difficulty in obtaining seeds 27%
(8) Expensive of farm inputs 19% Lack of farm roads 28% Expensive of farm inputs 21%
(9) Labour shortage 14% Expensive of farm inputs 17% Lack of farm roads 20%
(10) Others 10% Problems related to loans 13% Others 13%
(11) Difficult in purchasing fertilizers 10% Difficult in purchasing fertilizers 11% Difficult in purchasing fertilizers 11%
(12) Problems related to loans 8% Difficult in purchasing agro-chemicals 11% Problems related to loans 9%
(13) Drought damage 8% Others 9% Difficult in purchasing agro-chemicals 8%
(14) Difficult in purchasing agro-chemicals 7% Marketing problems for products 7% Marketing problems for products 7%
(15) Difficult in hiring animal/mechanical power 6% Labour shortage 7% Difficult in hiring animal/mechanical power 5%
(16) Marketing problems for products 6% Difficult in hiring animal/mechanical power 6% Labour shortage 4%
(17) Drainage problems 6% Drainage problems 4% Lack of storage facilities 3%
(18) Leveling problems in paddy field 3% Leveling problems in paddy field 2% Drainage problems 2%
(19) Lack of storage facilities 3% Lack of storage facilities 0% Leveling problems in paddy field 2%
Table C 2.3 Farmers' Intention to Improve Farming

(1) To prevent pests and diseases 75% To prevent pests and diseases 75% To acquire irrigation water 81%
(2) To introduce improved seed varieties 67% To introduce improved seed varieties 74% To improve irrigation facilities 73%
(3) To improve irrigation facilities 52% To improve irrigation facilities 74% To introduce improved seed varieties 68%
(4) To improve farming practices 49% To acquire irrigation water 64% To prevent pests and diseases 68%
(5) To prevent weed damage 35% To prevent damage by wild animal 53% To prevent damage by wild animal 45%
(6) To acquire irrigation water 33% To improve farming practices 47% To improve farming practices 42%
(7) To improve farm road 29% To prevent weed damage 47% To prevent weed damage 39%
(8) To prevent damage by wild animal 26% To improve agricultural credit services 31% To improve agricultural credit services 27%
(9) To improve agricultural credit services 25% To improve farm road 27% To strengthen agri. extension services 24%
(10) To strengthen agri. extension services 22% To strengthen agri. extension services 26% To improve farm road 24%
(11) To improve supplying system of farm inputs 21% To improve supplying system of farm inputs 22% farm inputs 20%
(12) To introduce mechanized farming 16% To introduce mechanized farming 12% Other 14%
(13) Other 7% Other 11% To introduce mechanized farming 10%
(14) To drain out excess water 6% To drain out excess water 5% To improve transportation of products 3%
(15) To construct storage facilities 2% To construct storage facilities 2% To drain out excess water 2%
(16) To improve transportation of products 1% To construct processing facilities 1% To construct storage facilities 2%
(17) To construct drying floor 1% To improve transportation of products 1% To construct drying floor 2%
(18) To construct processing facilities 0% To construct drying floor 0% To construct processing facilities 1%
CT - 3
Table C 2.4 Farmers' Situation on Marketing of Inputs and Outputs on Farming
Average Distance to Market Major Medium Minor

km 4.2 7.7 7.9
Problem of
Transport
Marketing Problem Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Purchasing Farm Major Medium Minor
Means Inputs
Low selling prices 68% 64% 65% Lorry 11% 14% 13% Yes 43% 48% 48%
Lack of transportation facilities 9% 13% 10% 2W Tractor 69% 59% 48% No 46% 40% 44%
High cost of transportation 5% 6% 5% Cart 5% 2% 6% No answer 12% 11% 7%
Lack of storage facilities 7% 6% 1% Bicycle 15% 25% 33%
Problems of product quality 6% 8% 7%
Lack of packaging material 0% 1% -
Other 4% 2% 4%
Purchasing Place of Farm Agro-chemicals Fertilizer Seed-Paddy Seed-OFC Seed-Vegetables

Inputs Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor
Agriculture services center 5% 3% 4% 6% 3% 5% 28% 22% 22% 15% 6% 12% 21% 13% 11%
Cooperative store 2% 2% 1% 3% 2% 2% 0% - 0% - - - - - -
Town shop 49% 55% 67% 44% 52% 65% 3% 5% 9% 28% 22% 25% 22% 16% 22%
Village shop 36% 31% 22% 34% 32% 23% 4% 3% 5% 7% 6% 5% - - 3%
Traders/Dealers 4% 6% 4% 4% 6% 4% 0% 1% 1% 4% 4% 2% 3% 5% 1%
Other farmers 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 24% 20% 22% 5% 4% 5% 6% 14% 5%
Farmers Organization 3% 2% 0% 5% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 3% 1% 2% - 1% 2%
Others 1% 1% 0% 2% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1% 2% 3% 4% - 4% 2%
Own seeds - - 0% 0% 1% 0% 39% 46% 38% 23% 30% 25% 36% 23% 15%
Major Problem of Agro-chemicals Fertilizer Seed-Paddy Seed-OFC Seed-Vegetables

Purchasing Farm Inputs Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor Major Medium Minor
Non availability 4% 1% 5% 3% 1% 5% 15% 5% 10% 35% 26% 13% 36% 29% 13%
Not available when needed 7% 13% 9% 8% 11% 9% 12% 19% 16% 4% 6% 4% 3% 4% 3%
Available only small quantity 2% 4% 1% 1% 2% 1% 4% 1% 3% - 1% - - - -
Expensive 45% 42% 36% 43% 41% 34% 25% 24% 16% 31% 5% 7% 11% 6% 9%
Transport problems 0% 1% 4% 0% 2% 4% 1% 1% 3% - 1% 3% - 3% 2%
Lack of finance 32% 30% 37% 30% 29% 35% 22% 19% 24% 9% 13% 12% 7% 6% 9%
Low quality 8% 7% 5% 13% 12% 10% 19% 27% 19% 6% 13% 6% 5% 10% 5%
Other 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 3% 3% 2% 1% 5% - - 2%
CT - 4
Table C 2.5 Extension Services
Major Medium Minor All

Did you have any consultations with the agricultural extension staff during the past one year ?
Yes 45% 36% 34% 35%
No 52% 62% 62% 61%
No answer 4% 3% 4% 3%
Did you have any services provided by the extension agent during the last one year ?
1) Yes, very much 25% 26% 23% 23%
2) Yes, some 58% 46% 51% 51%
3) No, not helpful 17% 28% 26% 25%
What advise did you receive from the extension agent during your last consultation ?
1) Improved seeds 24% 23% 22% 22%
2) Fertilizer application 34% 27% 28% 29%
3) Insecticide use 33% 36% 31% 32%
4) Changes cultivation practices 6% 2% 5% 5%
5) Other 3% 4% 5% 5%
Did you have any extension services from veterinary extension officer during the last one year?
Yes 11% 15% 19% 18%
No 73% 70% 64% 65%
No answer 17% 15% 17% 17%
What services/advise did you receive from the veterinary extension officer ?
1) Animal breeding 4% 3% 4% 4%
2) Artificial Insemination 7% 4% 6% 6%
3) Animal food 4% 3% 3% 3%
4) Medicine 38% 31% 21% 23%
5) Vaccination 48% 50% 42% 43%
6) Other - 1% 5% 4%
Have you planted any tree on your land during the past 12 months ?
Yes 73% 77% 74% 75%
No 21% 15% 16% 16%
No answer 6% 8% 10% 9%
How many trees have you planted over the past 12 months ?
Numbers 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7
Did you have any benefits from the extension services ?
1) Crop production
Yes 25% 22% 23% 23%
No 47% 44% 45% 45%
No answer 29% 33% 32% 32%
2) Livestock raising
Yes 5% 11% 13% 12%
No 56% 50% 49% 50%
No answer 39% 39% 38% 38%
3) Tree crop production
Yes 8% 7% 8% 8%
No 59% 63% 60% 61%
No answer 33% 30% 31% 31%
CT - 5
Table C 2.6 Crop Budget - Present
Paddy OFC and Vegetables
Maha Yala
Gross Production
Code No. Name of Scheme Gross Production Gross Production Net Return
Yield Price Net Return Yield Price Net Return Income Cost
Income Cost Income Cost
(ton/ha) (Rs./kg) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (ton/ha) (Rs./kg) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
1MA01 NACHCHDUWA WEWA 4.43 11.5 50,900 39,100 11,800 3.81 11.5 43,800 38,600 5,200 42,300 91,000 -48,700
1MA02 NUWARAWEWA 4.11 10.9 44,800 34,400 10,400 2.64 10.9 28,800 38,000 -9,200 116,500 37,000 79,500
1MA03 TISSA WEWA 4.04 12.5 50,500 36,500 14,000 4.11 12.5 51,400 39,800 11,600 29,100 29,500 -400
Major 2MA01 RAJANGANA WEWA*1 4.04 11.3 45,700 34,100 11,600 4.12 11.3 46,600 33,700 12,900 25,400 39,100 -13,700
Schemes 4MA01 PALUKADAWELA 3.55 11.2 39,800 29,000 10,800 2.66 11.2 29,800 25,000 4,800 28,500 36,400 -7,900
4MA02 ATTARAGALLA WEWA 4.05 11.5 46,600 29,500 17,100 4.28 11.5 49,200 31,800 17,400 40,700 38,700 2,000
4MA03 ABAKOLA WEWA 4.26 10.4 44,300 31,800 12,500 4.22 10.4 43,900 33,700 10,200 56,100 45,100 11,000
5MA01 MAGALLAWEWA 4.34 10.0 43,400 34,500 8,900 4.48 10.0 44,800 34,200 10,600 97,500 35,000 62,500
1ME01 THURUWELI WEWA 4.18 11.2 46,800 30,500 16,300 3.59 11.2 40,200 30,100 10,100 22,200 29,100 -6,900
1ME02 ERU WEWA 3.62 10.1 36,600 24,800 11,800 3.60 10.1 36,400 22,100 14,300 83,400 64,400 19,000
1ME03 UTTIMADUWA WEWA 3.15 11.2 35,300 24,400 10,900 2.48 11.2 27,800 17,500 10,300 10,300 17,800 -7,500
1ME04 RPERIYAKULAMA 4.15 10.2 42,300 27,300 15,000 3.56 10.2 36,300 28,400 7,900 32,300 25,300 7,000
1ME05 MAMINIYA WEWA 3.98 10.6 42,200 29,000 13,200 1.71 10.6 18,100 14,200 3,900 9,500 26,700 -17,200
Medium 1ME06 MAHA BULANKULAMA 2.63 12.2 32,100 21,400 10,700 3.83 12.2 46,700 32,700 14,000 10,300 25,700 -15,400
Schemes 2ME01 ANGAMUWAWEWA*2
4ME01 MAHA NANERIYAWEWA 2.71 8.9 24,100 24,700 -600 - 8.9 0 0 0 58,000 32,500 25,500
4ME02 MAHAGALGAMUWA WEWA 2.92 9.0 26,300 25,800 500 - 9.0 0 0 0 6,700 11,500 -4,800
5ME01 HULUGALLA WEWA 3.13 11.1 34,700 32,800 1,900 3.57 11.1 39,600 31,700 7,900
6ME01 MEDDEKETIYAWEWA 3.81 11.2 42,700 35,000 7,700 3.65 11.2 40,900 31,400 9,500 80,300 36,000 44,300
6ME02 MORAGODA ANICUT 3.44 11.5 39,600 28,500 11,100 2.46 11.5 28,300 26,400 1,900 67,300 47,000 20,300
I 8 Minor Schemes 3.86 10.5 40,400 32,100 8,300 - 10.5 0 0 0 37,400 40,700 -3,300
II 9 Minor Schemes 4.01 9.6 38,600 26,100 12,500 3.18 9.6 30,600 30,200 400 63,200 39,800 23,400
III 10 Minor Schemes 3.75 10.5 39,300 27,200 12,100 3.69 10.5 38,700 31,700 7,000 47,400 28,100 19,300
Minor
IV 11 Minor Schemes 2.83 11.1 31,400 27,500 3,900 2.88 11.1 32,000 28,300 3,700 113,200 44,000 69,200
Schemes
（Casicade V 12 Minor Schemes 3.09 10.6 32,900 31,400 1,500 3.00 10.6 31,900 33,300 -1,400 155,100 52,600 102,500
) VI 13 Minor Schemes 3.18 10.5 33,300 25,700 7,600 3.89 10.5 40,700 30,300 10,400 43,900 24,500 19,400
VII 14 Minor Schemes 3.16 9.5 29,900 26,500 3,400 3.80 9.5 35,900 25,500 10,400 26,600 23,800 2,800
VIII 15 Minor Schemes 3.80 12.2 46,400 41,600 4,800 3.70 11.2 41,400 31,200 10,200 18,700 20,100 -1,400
IX 16 Minor Schemes 2.75 10.2 27,900 25,200 2,700 2.87 10.2 29,100 24,100 5,000 84,200 64,100 20,100
*1: Including Angamuwawewa *2: Part of the Rajangana irrigation scheme
CT-6
Table C 3.1 Food Balance 1992 - 1997
Commodity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Production ('000 MT)
Rice 2,339.70 2,510.17 2,683.69 2,809.89 2,061.52 2,239.37
Kurakkan & Meneri 5.28 7.57 7.07 5.14 4.10 3.62
Maize 28.80 31.66 31.60 34.84 32.96 25.69
Sorghum 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.22 0.19 0.19
Green Gram 23.14 21.29 19.03 16.01 16.59 15.00
Soya Bean 1.35 0.83 0.98 2.37 0.73 0.42
Cowpea & Dhall 17.47 19.63 18.68 16.14 17.04 14.00
Ground Nuts 3.24 5.45 5.63 5.91 5.12 5.26
Chillies-dry 18.95 23.68 23.25 21.34 18.40 18.05
Gingelly 4.78 4.88 4.65 4.50 3.82 6.64
Vegetables (Excl.Onion) 621.31 628.95 637.73 646.54 653.79 662.25
Onion 82.39 70.39 82.95 78.11 63.31 73.94
Fresh Fruits 129.62 131.51 132.90 136.49 137.85 140.19
Poultry Meats 19.00 25.20 35.47 38.78 38.89 45.73
Eggs 46.05 48.58 48.95 48.86 48.53 48.47
Fresh Fish 206.17 220.90 224.00 237.50 228.55 242.00
Cow milk 196.50 206.56 211.57 214.06 210.69 212.78
Buffaloa Milk 82.55 68.51 69.09 67.45 69.20 66.81
Tinned (Whole Dried) 8.46 8.36 8.94 10.22 11.72 9.86
Condesensed Milk 3.97 4.21 4.21 4.38 3.90 4.09
Milk Food (Yougurt,etc) 1.41 1.52 1.76 2.24 1.71 1.62
Total Demand ('000 MT)
Rice 2706.67 2695.99 2757.40 2685.91 2694.65 2779.28
Kurakkan & Meneri 5.28 7.57 7.07 5.14 4.10 3.62
Maize 28.80 112.42 116.41 114.89 124.54 115.93
Sorghum 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.22 10.29 0.81
Wheat Flour 566.44 559.37 677.57 782.61 682.44 611.25
Green Gram 23.14 21.29 19.03 15.56 16.94 16.73
Soya Bean 1.61 3.82 15.76 18.72 3.41 0.62
Cowpea & Dhall 69.48 69.13 96.46 75.22 87.27 91.98
Ground Nuts 3.24 6.62 7.26 6.21 11.80 7.05
Chillies-dry 25.80 24.61 31.60 32.16 28.35
Gingelly 4.78 4.88 4.65 4.50 3.82 6.64
Onion 119.89 107.09 133.17 156.32 157.14 196.56
Fresh Fruits 130.53 133.44 136.25 140.70 142.31 147.37
Poultry 19.38 25.54 36.08 39.23 39.60 47.05
Eggs 46.05 48.58 48.95 48.86 48.53 48.47
Fresh Fish 206.40 226.32 224.63 238.34 230.49 244.07
Cow milk 196.50 206.56 211.57 214.06 210.69 212.78
Buffaloa Milk 82.55 68.51 69.09 69.09 69.20 66.81
Per Capita ( Kgm per year)
Rice 96.12 94.49 95.01 91.25 91.18 93.00
Kurakkan & Meneri 0.26 0.37 0.34 0.24 0.19 0.17
Maize 1.41 1.32 2.39 2.27 2.05 1.41
Sorghum 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.20 0.04
Wheat Flour 32.24 31.46 37.59 42.82 36.93 32.65
Green Gram 1.26 1.14 1.00 0.81 0.87 0.85
Soya Bean 0.08 0.21 0.85 0.99 0.13 0.03
Cowpea & Dhall 3.85 3.78 5.21 4.01 4.60 4.79
Ground Nuts 0.12 0.29 0.32 0.26 0.56 0.30
Chillies-dry 1.48 1.40 1.77 1.78 1.55 -
Gingelly 0.27 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.21 0.36
Onion 3.73 3.26 4.09 4.93 5.06 6.46
Fresh Fruits 7.40 7.48 7.56 7.59 7.57 7.75
Poultry 1.11 1.45 2.02 2.17 2.16 2.54
Eggs 2.60 2.71 2.69 2.65 2.60 2.57
Fresh Fish 7.05 7.53 6.92 6.93 7.66 8.07
Cow milk 7.88 8.36 8.70 8.34 7.41 7.54
Buffaloa Milk 4.74 3.89 3.87 3.72 3.78 3.60
Source : Food Balance Sheet 1992 - 1997 ; Department of Census and Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning
: Agricultural Commodity Review ; HARTI
CT - 7
Table C 3.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern （1/3）
Major Irrigation Schemes （Unit: ha/scheme)
SCHEME Major Major Major Major Major Major Major Major Total
Commanding Area 2,540 1,134 365 5,668 956 462 410 2,632 14,167
SHEETCODE 1MA-01 1MA-02 1MA-03 2MA-01 4MA-01 4MA-02 4MA-03 5MA-01
Paddy 2,286 1,021 329 4,997 189 416 369 2,064 11,670
Sesame -
Chilli 76 34 11 170 29 14 12 29
Maha Cultivation
375
B'onion -
OFC
Red onion 51 23 7 113 19 9 8 19 250
Pulse 89 40 13 198 33 16 14 34 438
Vegetable 38 17 5 85 14 7 6 15 188
Paddy Total 2,286 1,021 329 4,997 189 416 369 2,064 11,670
OFC Total 254 113 37 567 96 46 41 97 1,251
Total 2,540 1,134 365 5,564 285 462 410 2,161 12,920
Paddy 2,032 286 34 2,428 346 165 164 1,295 6,750
OFC Sesame 102 13 2 114 17 9 8 265
Chilli 127 16 2 142 22 11 10 330
Yala Cultivation
B'onion 102 13 2 114 17 9 8 265

Red onion -
Pulse 127 16 2 142 22 11 10 330
Vegetable 51 7 1 57 9 4 4 133
Paddy Total 2,032 286 34 2,428 346 165 164 1,295 6,750
OFC Total 509 65 9 569 87 44 41 1,324
Total 2,541 351 43 2,997 433 209 205 1,295 8,074
Paddy 4,318 1,088 339 7,691 1,360 584 533 3,578 19,491
Total OFC 763 130 39 1,214 221 88 82 587 3,125
Annual
Total 5,081 1,485 408 8,561 718 671 615 3,456 20,994
Paddy 170 96 93 136 142 126 130 136 138
Cropping
OFC 30 11 11 21 23 19 20 22 22
Intensity (%)
Total 200 131 112 151 75 145 150 131 148
CT - 8
Table C.3.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern （2/3）
Medium Irrigation Schemes （Unit: ha/scheme)
SCHEME Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Total
Commanding Area 227 34 93 91 211 90 158 193 121 98 194 1,509
SHEETCODE 1ME-01 1ME-02 1ME-03 1ME-04 1ME-05 1ME-06 2ME-01 4ME-01 4ME-02 5ME-01 6ME-01 6ME-02
Paddy 168 31 93 82 189 81 158 51 121 98 175 1,246
Sesame -
Chilli 7 1 3 6 3 2 6
Maha Cultivation
27
B'onion -
OFC
Red onion 5 1 2 4 2 1 4 18
Pulse 8 1 3 7 3 2 7 32
Vegetable 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 14
Paddy Total 168 31 93 82 189 81 158 51 121 98 175 1,246
OFC Total 23 3 9 21 9 6 19 90
Total 191 34 93 91 210 90 158 57 121 98 194 1,336
Paddy 142 27 67 42 72 32 140 32 109 88 155 907
Sesame 5 1 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 8 32
Chilli 6 2 2 3 5 2 4 2 3 2 10 41
Yala Cultivation
B'onion 5 1 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 8 32
OFC
Red onion -
Pulse 6 2 2 3 5 2 4 2 3 2 10 41
Vegetable 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 4 17
Paddy Total 142 27 67 42 72 32 140 32 109 88 155 907
OFC Total 24 7 7 11 20 9 16 8 12 10 39 163
Total 166 34 74 53 92 41 156 40 121 98 194 1,069
Paddy 310 58 160 124 261 113 298 83 230 186 330 2,153
Total OFC 47 10 7 20 41 18 16 14 12 10 58 253
Annual
Total 357 68 167 144 302 131 314 97 242 196 388 2,406
Crop Paddy 137 169 172 136 124 126 189 43 190 190 170 143
ping OFC 21 31 8 22 20 20 10 7 10 10 30 17
Inten Total 157 200 180 158 143 146 199 50 200 200 200 159
CT - 9
Table C.3.2 Proposed Cropping Pattern （3/3）
Minor Irrigation Schemes (Unit: ha/scheme)

SCHEME Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Total
Commanding Area 303 278 412 349 179 318 260 271 139 2,509
Cascade System I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Paddy 232 211 354 299 153 254 215 271 138 2,127
Sesame -
Chilli 8 12 7 8
Maha Cultivation
35
B'onion -
OFC
Red onion 5 8 4 6 23
Pulse 9 14 8 10 41
Vegetable 4 6 3 4 17
Paddy Total 232 211 354 299 153 254 215 271 138 2,127
OFC Total 26 40 22 28 116
Total 258 211 394 299 175 282 215 271 138 2,243
Paddy 12 193 68 18 34 94 58 82 559
Sesame 1.0 10 2 9 2 2 1 2 28
Chilli 1.0 12 2 11 2 3 2 2 35
Yala Cultivation
B'onion 1.0 10 2 9 2 2 1 2 28
OFC
Red onion 6.0 2 142 22 11 183
Pulse 1.0 12 2 11 2 3 2 2 35
Vegetable 0.3 5 1 4 1 1 1 1 14
Paddy Total 12 193 68 18 34 94 58 82 559
OFC Total 10 50 150 66 20 10 6 9 322
Total 22 243 218 84 54 104 64 91 881
Paddy 244 211 547 367 171 288 309 329 220 2,686
Total OFC 36 90 150 88 48 10 6 9 438
Annual
Total 280 211 637 517 259 336 319 335 229 3,124
Paddy 81 76 133 105 96 91 119 121 158 107
Cropping
OFC 12 0 22 43 49 15 4 2 7 17
Intensity (%)
Total 93 76 155 148 145 106 123 124 165 124
CT - 10
Table C 3.3 Proposed Crop Production
Crop Production per Schemes (ton/ha)
SHEET Recommended Maha Cultivation Yala Cultivation Annual
SCHEME Irrigation Scheme
CODE Cropping Type OFC OFC Total
Paddy Total Paddy Total
Sesame Chili B'onion Red onion Pulses Vegetables OFC Total Sesame Chili B'onion Red onion Pulses Vegetables Total Paddy OFC Total
1MA-01 NACHCHDUWA WEWA OFC Promotion 11,430 114 762 133 381 1,391 12,821 10,160 91 191 1,016 191 508 1,996 12,156 21,590 3,387 24,977
1MA-02 NUWARAWEWA OFC Promotion 5,103 51 340 60 170 621 5,724 337 3 6 34 6 17 66 403 5,440 687 6,127
1MA-03 TISSA WEWA OFC Promotion 1,643 16 110 19 55 200 1,842 54 0 1 5 1 3 11 65 1,696 211 1,907
2MA-01 RAJANGANA WEWA OFC Promotion 25,506 255 1,700 298 850 3,103 28,609 12,950 117 243 1,295 243 648 2,545 15,495 38,456 5,648 44,104
Major
4MA-01 PALUKADAWELA OFC Promotion 4,302 43 287 50 143 523 4,825 2,500 23 47 250 47 125 491 2,991 6,802 1,015 7,817
4MA-02 ATTARAGALLA WEWA OFC Promotion 2,079 21 139 24 69 253 2,332 840 8 16 84 16 42 165 1,006 2,919 418 3,337
4MA-03 ABAKOLA WEWA OFC Promotion 1,845 18 123 22 62 224 2,069 820 7 15 82 15 41 161 981 2,665 386 3,051
5MA-01 MAGALLAWEWA OFC Promotion 11,056 111 737 129 368 1,345 12,401 6,832 61 128 683 128 342 1,342 8,174 17,888 2,687 20,575
1ME-01 THURUWELI WEWA OFC Promotion 1,022 10 68 12 34 124 1,146 426 4 8 43 8 21 84 509 1,447 208 1,655
1ME-02 ERU WEWA OFC Promotion 153 2 10 2 5 19 172 136 1 3 14 3 7 27 163 289 45 334
1ME-03 UTTIMADUWA WEWA Paddy Strengthen 465 465 335 1 3 15 3 7 29 364 800 29 829
1ME-04 RPERIYAKULAMA OFC Promotion 410 4 27 5 14 50 459 184 2 3 18 3 9 36 220 593 86 679
1ME-05 MAMINIYA WEWA OFC Promotion 950 9 63 11 32 115 1,065 354 3 7 35 7 18 69 423 1,304 185 1,488
1ME-06 MAHA BULANKULAMA OFC Promotion 405 4 27 5 13 49 454 139 1 3 14 3 7 27 166 544 76 620
Medium
2ME-01 ANGAMUWAWEWA
4ME-01 MAHA NANERIYAWEWA Paddy Strengthen 790 790 699 3 6 31 6 16 61 760 1,489 61 1,550
4ME-02 MAHAGALGAMUWA WEWAOFC Promotion 255 3 17 3 9 31 286 162 1 3 16 3 8 32 194 417 63 479
5ME-01 HULUGALLA WEWA Paddy Strengthen 605 605 545 2 5 24 5 12 48 592 1,150 48 1,197
6ME-01 MEDDEKETIYAWEWA Paddy Strengthen 490 490 441 2 4 20 4 10 39 480 931 39 970
6ME-02 MORAGODA ANICUT OFC Promotion 873 9 58 10 29 106 979 776 7 15 78 15 39 152 928 1,649 259 1,908
Cascade System Total I OFC Promotion 914 9 61 11 30 111 1,026 32 0 1 3 1 2 6 39 947 118 1,064
Cascade System Total II Paddy Strengthen 1,055 1,055 1,055 1,055
Cascade System Total III OFC Promotion 1,471 15 98 17 49 179 1,650 1,004 9 19 100 19 50 197 1,201 2,475 376 2,851
Cascade System Total IV Paddy Strengthen 1,459 1,459 283 1 2 13 2 6 25 307 1,741 25 1,766
Minor Cascade System Total V OFC Promotion 756 8 50 9 25 92 848 289 3 5 29 5 14 57 346 1,045 149 1,194
Cascade System Total IV OFC Promotion 978 10 65 11 33 119 1,097 254 2 5 25 5 13 50 303 1,232 169 1,401
Cascade System Total VII Paddy Strengthen 1,075 1,075 467 2 4 21 4 10 41 507 1,541 41 1,582
Cascade System Total VIII Paddy Strengthen 1,201 1,201 271 1 2 12 2 6 24 295 1,473 24 1,496
Cascade System Total IX Paddy Strengthen 503 503 365 1 3 16 3 8 32 396 867 32 899
Major 62,964 630 4,198 735 2,099 7,660 70,624 34,493 310 647 3,449 647 1,725 6,778 41,270 97,457 14,438 111,895
Medium 6,416 41 271 47 135 494 6,910 4,196 28 58 307 58 154 604 4,799 10,612 1,098 11,710
Minor 9,411 41 275 48 137 501 9,912 2,964 20 41 219 41 110 431 3,396 12,375 932 13,308
Total 78,791 711 4,743 830 2,371 8,656 87,447 41,653 358 745 3,976 745 1,988 7,813 49,465 120,444 16,468 136,912
CT - 11
Table C 3.4 Proposed Cropping Budget (1/4)
Recommended Cropping
Yield (kg/ha) Crop Production (ton/scheme)
Maha Cultivation Yala Cultivation Annual
Paddy OFC
OFC OFC Total
Type
SHEET
CODE
Vegetables
Vegetables
Vegetables
OFC Total
OFC Total
OFC Total
Red onion
Red onion
Red onion
B'onion
B'onion
B'onion
Sesame
Sesame
Sesame
Pulses
Pulses
Pulses
Maha
Chili
Chili
Chili
Yala
Paddy OFC Total
1MA-01 Nachchaduwa wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 11,430 - 114 - 762 133 381 1,391 12,821 10,160 91 191 1,016 - 191 508 1,996 12,156 21,590 3,387 24,977
1MA-02 Nuwarawewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 5,103 - 51 - 340 60 170 621 5,724 337 3 6 34 - 6 17 66 403 5,440 687 6,127
1MA-03 Tissa wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,643 - 16 - 110 19 55 200 1,842 54 0 1 5 - 1 3 11 65 1,696 211 1,907
2MA-01 Rajangana wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 25,506 - 255 - 1,700 298 850 3,103 28,609 12,950 117 243 1,295 - 243 648 2,545 15,495 38,456 5,648 44,104
Major
4MA-01 Palukadawela OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 4,302 - 43 - 287 50 143 523 4,825 2,500 23 47 250 - 47 125 491 2,991 6,802 1,015 7,817
4MA-02 Attaragalla wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 2,079 - 21 - 139 24 69 253 2,332 840 8 16 84 - 16 42 165 1,006 2,919 418 3,337
4MA-03 Abakola wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,845 - 18 - 123 22 62 224 2,069 820 7 15 82 - 15 41 161 981 2,665 386 3,051
5MA-01 Magalla wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 11,056 - 111 - 737 129 368 1,345 12,401 6,832 61 128 683 - 128 342 1,342 8,174 17,888 2,687 20,575
1ME-01 Thuruweli wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,022 - 10 - 68 12 34 124 1,146 426 4 8 43 - 8 21 84 509 1,447 208 1,655
1ME-02 Eru wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 153 - 2 - 10 2 5 19 172 136 1 3 14 - 3 7 27 163 289 45 334
1ME-03 Uttimaduwa wewa Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 465 - - - - - - 465 335 1 3 15 - 3 7 29 364 800 29 829
1ME-04 Rperiyakulama OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 410 - 4 - 27 5 14 50 459 184 2 3 18 - 3 9 36 220 593 86 679
1ME-05 Maminiya wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 950 - 9 - 63 11 32 115 1,065 354 3 7 35 - 7 18 69 423 1,304 185 1,488
1ME-06 Maha bulankulama OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 405 - 4 - 27 5 13 49 454 139 1 3 14 - 3 7 27 166 544 76 620
Medium
2ME-01 Angamuwawewa 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4ME-01 Mahananneriya wewa Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 790 - - - - - - 790 699 3 6 31 - 6 16 61 760 1,489 61 1,550
4ME-02 Mahagalgamuwa wewa OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 255 - 3 - 17 3 9 31 286 162 1 3 16 - 3 8 32 194 417 63 479
5ME-01 Hulugalla wewa Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 605 - - - - - - 605 545 2 5 24 - 5 12 48 592 1,150 48 1,197
6ME-01 Meddeketiyawewa Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 490 - - - - - - 490 441 2 4 20 - 4 10 39 480 931 39 970
6ME-02 Moragoda Anicut OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 873 - 9 - 58 10 29 106 979 776 7 15 78 - 15 39 152 928 1,649 259 1,908
Cascade System I OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 914 - 9 - 61 11 30 111 1,026 32 0 1 3 - 1 2 6 39 947 118 1,064
Cascade System II Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,055 - - - - - - 1,055 - - - - - - - 1,055 1,055
Cascade System III OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,471 - 15 - 98 17 49 179 1,650 1,004 9 19 100 - 19 50 197 1,201 2,475 376 2,851
Cascade System IV Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,459 - - - - - - 1,459 283 1 2 13 - 2 6 25 307 1,741 25 1,766
Minor Cascade System V OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 756 - 8 - 50 9 25 92 848 289 3 5 29 - 5 14 57 346 1,045 149 1,194
Cascade System VI OFC 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 978 - 10 - 65 11 33 119 1,097 254 2 5 25 - 5 13 50 303 1,232 169 1,401
Cascade System VII Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,075 - - - - - - 1,075 467 2 4 21 - 4 10 41 507 1,541 41 1,582
Cascade System VIII Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 1,201 - - - - - - 1,201 271 1 2 12 - 2 6 24 295 1,473 24 1,496
Cascade System IX Paddy 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 10,000 15,000 1,500 10,000 38,900 503 - - - - - - 503 365 1 3 16 - 3 8 32 396 867 32 899
CT - 12
Price (Rs./kg) Gross Income (Rs.1000/scheme)
Cropping Type
Recommended Maha Cultivation Yala Cultivation Annual
Paddy OFC
SHEET OFC OFC Total
CODE
Vegetables
Vegetables
Vegetables
OFC Total
OFC Total
Red onion
Red onion
Red onion
B'onion
B'onion
B'onion
Sesame
Sesame
Sesame
Pulses
Pulses
Pulses
Chili
Chili
Chili
Maha Yala Paddy OFC Total
1MA-01 Nachchaduwa wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 128,016 0 9,350 0 32,461 3,640 7,315 52,767 180,783 113,792 2,341 15,583 34,849 0 5,201 9,754 67,727 181,519 241,808 120,493 362,301
1MA-02 Nuwarawewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 57,154 0 4,174 0 14,493 1,625 3,266 23,558 80,712 3,772 78 517 1,155 0 172 323 2,245 6,017 60,926 25,803 86,729
1MA-03 Tissa wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 18,396 0 1,344 0 4,667 523 1,052 7,586 25,982 605 12 83 185 0 28 52 360 964 19,001 7,946 26,947
2MA-01 Rajangana wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 285,667 0 20,864 0 72,437 8,124 16,324 117,748 403,416 145,040 2,984 19,862 44,419 0 6,629 12,432 86,325 231,365 430,707 204,073 634,781
Major
4MA-01 Palukadawela OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 48,182 0 3,519 0 12,218 1,370 2,753 19,860 68,043 28,000 576 3,834 8,575 0 1,280 2,400 16,665 44,665 76,182 36,525 112,708
4MA-02 Attaragalla wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 23,285 0 1,701 0 5,904 662 1,331 9,598 32,883 9,412 194 1,289 2,883 0 430 807 5,602 15,015 32,697 15,200 47,897
4MA-03 Abakola wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 20,664 0 1,509 0 5,240 588 1,181 8,517 29,181 9,184 189 1,258 2,813 0 420 787 5,466 14,650 29,848 13,984 43,832
5MA-01 Magalla wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 123,831 0 9,042 0 31,394 3,521 7,075 51,032 174,863 76,515 1,574 10,476 23,428 0 3,496 6,557 45,532 122,047 200,346 96,564 296,910
1ME-01 Thuruweli wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 11,441 0 836 0 2,901 325 654 4,716 16,157 4,767 98 653 1,460 0 218 409 2,837 7,604 16,208 7,553 23,760
1ME-02 Eru wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 1,714 0 125 0 435 49 98 706 2,420 1,523 31 209 466 0 70 131 907 2,430 3,237 1,613 4,850
1ME-03 Uttimaduwa wewa Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 5,208 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,208 3,750 34 228 510 0 76 143 992 4,742 8,958 992 9,950
1ME-04 Rperiyakulama OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 4,586 0 335 0 1,163 130 262 1,890 6,477 2,059 42 282 630 0 94 176 1,225 3,284 6,645 3,116 9,761
1ME-05 Maminiya wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 10,634 0 775 0 2,690 302 606 4,373 15,007 3,965 81 542 1,211 0 181 339 2,354 6,320 14,600 6,727 21,327
1ME-06 Maha bulankulama OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 4,536 0 329 0 1,144 128 258 1,859 6,395 1,554 32 212 473 0 71 132 920 2,474 6,090 2,779 8,869
Medium
2ME-01 Angamuwawewa - -
4ME-01 Mahananneriya wewa Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 8,848 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,848 7,832 72 476 1,065 0 159 298 2,070 9,903 16,680 2,070 18,751
4ME-02 Mahagalgamuwa wewa OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 2,853 0 209 0 725 81 163 1,178 4,031 1,812 37 248 556 0 83 156 1,080 2,891 4,665 2,258 6,923
5ME-01 Hulugalla wewa Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 6,776 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,776 6,098 56 371 830 0 124 232 1,613 7,712 12,874 1,613 14,488
6ME-01 Meddeketiyawewa Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 5,488 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,488 4,939 45 301 672 0 100 188 1,307 6,246 10,427 1,307 11,734
6ME-02 Moragoda Anicut OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 9,778 0 714 0 2,479 278 559 4,030 13,808 8,691 179 1,190 2,662 0 397 745 5,173 13,864 18,469 9,203 27,672
Cascade System I OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 10,241 0 748 0 2,597 291 585 4,221 14,463 363 7 50 111 0 17 31 216 579 10,604 4,437 15,041
Cascade System II Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 11,810 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,810 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,810 11,810
Cascade System III OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 16,472 0 1,203 0 4,177 468 941 6,790 23,262 11,246 231 1,540 3,444 0 514 964 6,693 17,940 27,718 13,483 41,201
Cascade System IV Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 16,335 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,335 3,165 29 193 431 0 64 121 837 4,002 19,500 837 20,338
Minor Cascade System V OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 8,467 0 618 0 2,147 241 484 3,490 11,957 3,239 67 444 992 0 148 278 1,928 5,167 11,706 5,418 17,124
Cascade System VI OFC 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 10,957 0 800 0 2,778 312 626 4,516 15,473 2,840 58 389 870 0 130 243 1,691 4,531 13,797 6,207 20,004
Cascade System VII Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 12,034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,034 5,226 48 318 711 0 106 199 1,383 6,609 17,261 1,383 18,643
Cascade System VIII Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 13,454 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13,454 3,039 28 185 414 0 62 116 804 3,843 16,493 804 17,297
Cascade System IX Paddy 11.2 11.2 25.6 81.8 34.3 42.6 27.3 19.2 5,628 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,628 4,082 37 248 556 0 83 156 1,080 5,162 9,710 1,080 10,790
CT - 13
Production Cost (Rs.1000/scheme)
Cropping Type
Recommended
SHEET OFC OFC Total
CODE
Vegetables
Vegetables
OFC Total
Red onion
Red onion
B'onion
B'onion
Sesame
Sesame
Pulses
Pulses
Total
Chili
Chili
Paddy OFC Total
1MA-01 Nachchaduwa wewa OFC 75,371 0 5,614 0 11,208 2,210 2,506 21,537 96,909 65,176 2,067 9,356 7,427 0 3,157 3,341 25,348 90,524 140,547 46,885 187,433
1MA-02 Nuwarawewa OFC 33,650 0 2,506 0 5,004 987 1,119 9,615 43,265 2,161 69 310 246 0 105 111 840 3,001 35,811 10,456 46,266
1MA-03 Tissa wewa OFC 10,831 0 807 0 1,611 318 360 3,096 13,927 346 11 50 39 0 17 18 135 481 11,177 3,231 14,408
2MA-01 Rajangana wewa OFC 168,191 0 12,527 0 25,010 4,931 5,592 48,060 216,251 83,074 2,634 11,925 9,467 0 4,024 4,259 32,309 115,383 251,265 80,369 331,634
Major
4MA-01 Palukadawela OFC 28,368 0 2,113 0 4,218 832 943 8,106 36,474 16,037 509 2,302 1,828 0 777 822 6,237 22,275 44,406 14,343 58,749
4MA-02 Attaragalla wewa OFC 13,709 0 1,021 0 2,039 402 456 3,917 17,627 5,391 171 774 614 0 261 276 2,097 7,488 19,100 6,014 25,115
4MA-03 Abakola wewa OFC 12,166 0 906 0 1,809 357 405 3,476 15,643 5,260 167 755 599 0 255 270 2,046 7,306 17,427 5,522 22,949
5MA-01 Magalla wewa OFC 72,907 0 5,429 0 10,839 2,137 2,424 20,829 93,737 43,825 1,389 6,290 4,993 0 2,122 2,246 17,041 60,866 116,732 37,870 154,603
1ME-01 Thuruweli wewa OFC 6,632 0 409 0 956 173 227 1,765 8,397 2,767 80 320 315 0 116 142 972 3,739 9,399 2,737 12,136
1ME-02 Eru wewa OFC 993 0 61 0 143 26 34 264 1,258 884 25 102 101 0 37 45 310 1,195 1,878 575 2,452
1ME-03 Uttimaduwa wewa Paddy 3,019 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,019 2,177 28 112 110 0 40 50 340 2,517 5,196 340 5,536
1ME-04 Rperiyakulama OFC 2,659 0 164 0 383 69 91 708 3,366 1,195 34 138 136 0 50 61 420 1,615 3,854 1,127 4,981
1ME-05 Maminiya wewa OFC 6,164 0 379 0 887 160 210 1,637 7,801 2,302 66 265 261 0 96 118 806 3,108 8,466 2,443 10,909
1ME-06 Maha bulankulama OFC 2,629 0 161 0 377 68 89 696 3,325 902 26 104 102 0 38 46 315 1,217 3,532 1,011 4,543
Medium
2ME-01 Angamuwawewa
4ME-01 Mahananneriya wewa Paddy 5,129 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,129 4,547 58 233 230 0 84 103 709 5,256 9,676 709 10,385
4ME-02 Mahagalgamuwa wewa OFC 1,654 0 102 0 239 43 57 441 2,095 1,052 30 122 120 0 44 54 370 1,422 2,706 811 3,516
5ME-01 Hulugalla wewa Paddy 3,928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,928 3,540 45 182 179 0 66 81 552 4,093 7,468 552 8,021
6ME-01 Meddeketiyawewa Paddy 3,181 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,181 2,867 37 147 145 0 53 65 447 3,315 6,049 447 6,496
6ME-02 Moragoda Anicut OFC 5,668 0 350 0 817 148 194 1,508 7,176 5,046 145 583 574 0 211 258 1,771 6,817 10,713 3,280 13,993
Cascade System I OFC 5,937 0 366 0 856 155 203 1,580 7,517 211 6 24 24 0 9 11 74 285 6,147 1,654 7,801
Cascade System II Paddy 6,846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,846 6,846
Cascade System III OFC 9,548 0 589 0 1,377 249 326 2,541 12,090 6,529 188 754 743 0 273 334 2,292 8,821 16,077 4,833 20,911
Cascade System IV Paddy 9,469 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,469 1,838 24 94 93 0 34 42 287 2,124 11,307 287 11,593
Minor Cascade System V OFC 4,908 0 303 0 708 128 168 1,306 6,214 1,880 54 217 214 0 79 96 660 2,541 6,789 1,966 8,755
Cascade System VI OFC 6,351 0 392 0 916 166 217 1,690 8,042 1,649 48 190 188 0 69 84 579 2,228 8,000 2,269 10,270
Cascade System VII Paddy 6,976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,976 3,034 39 156 153 0 56 69 473 3,508 10,010 473 10,484
Cascade System VIII Paddy 7,799 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7,799 1,764 23 91 89 0 33 40 275 2,040 9,563 275 9,839
Cascade System IX Paddy 3,262 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,262 2,370 30 122 120 0 44 54 370 2,740 5,632 370 6,002
CT - 14
Net Income (Rs.1000/scheme)
Cropping Type
Recommended
SHEET OFC OFC Total
CODE
Vegetables
Vegetables
OFC Total
OFC Total
Red onion
Red onion
B'onion
B'onion
Sesame
Sesame
Pulses
Pulses
Chili
Chili
Paddy OFC Total
1MA-01 Nachchaduwa wewa OFC 52,645 3,736 21,254 1,431 4,809 31,229 83,874 48,616 274 6,227 27,422 2,044 6,412 42,379 90,995 101,261 73,608 174,869
1MA-02 Nuwarawewa OFC 23,504 1,668 9,489 639 2,147 13,943 37,446 1,612 9 206 909 68 213 1,405 3,016 25,115 15,347 40,463
1MA-03 Tissa wewa OFC 7,565 537 3,056 206 691 4,490 12,055 258 1 33 146 11 34 225 484 7,823 4,715 12,538
2MA-01 Rajangana wewa OFC 117,476 8,337 47,427 3,192 10,732 69,688 187,165 61,966 349 7,937 34,952 2,605 8,173 54,016 115,982 179,443 123,704 303,147
Major
4MA-01 Palukadawela OFC 19,814 1,406 7,999 538 1,810 11,754 31,568 11,963 67 1,532 6,747 503 1,578 10,428 22,390 31,777 22,182 53,959
4MA-02 Attaragalla wewa OFC 9,576 680 3,866 260 875 5,680 15,256 4,021 23 515 2,268 169 530 3,505 7,527 13,597 9,186 22,783
4MA-03 Abakola wewa OFC 8,498 603 3,431 231 776 5,041 13,539 3,924 22 503 2,213 165 518 3,420 7,344 12,421 8,461 20,883
5MA-01 Magalla wewa OFC 50,924 3,613 20,555 1,384 4,651 30,203 81,126 32,690 184 4,186 18,435 1,374 4,311 28,490 61,180 83,614 58,693 142,307
1ME-01 Thuruweli wewa OFC 4,809 426 1,945 152 427 2,951 7,760 1,999 18 333 1,145 102 267 1,865 3,865 6,808 4,816 11,625
1ME-02 Eru wewa OFC 720 64 291 23 64 442 1,162 639 6 106 366 33 85 596 1,235 1,359 1,038 2,397
1ME-03 Uttimaduwa wewa Paddy 2,189 0 0 0 0 2,189 1,573 6 116 400 36 93 652 2,225 3,762 652 4,414
1ME-04 Rperiyakulama OFC 1,928 171 780 61 171 1,183 3,111 863 8 144 495 44 115 806 1,669 2,791 1,989 4,780
1ME-05 Maminiya wewa OFC 4,470 395 1,803 141 396 2,736 7,206 1,663 15 276 950 85 221 1,548 3,211 6,133 4,284 10,418
1ME-06 Maha bulankulama OFC 1,907 168 767 60 168 1,163 3,070 652 6 108 371 33 87 605 1,257 2,559 1,768 4,327
Medium
2ME-01 Angamuwawewa
4ME-01 Mahananneriya wewa Paddy 3,719 0 0 0 0 3,719 3,285 13 243 836 75 195 1,361 4,647 7,004 1,361 8,366
4ME-02 Mahagalgamuwa wewa OFC 1,199 107 486 38 107 737 1,936 760 7 127 436 39 102 710 1,470 1,959 1,447 3,406
5ME-01 Hulugalla wewa Paddy 2,848 0 0 0 0 2,848 2,558 10 189 651 58 152 1,061 3,619 5,406 1,061 6,467
6ME-01 Meddeketiyawewa Paddy 2,307 0 0 0 0 2,307 2,072 8 153 527 47 123 859 2,931 4,379 859 5,238
6ME-02 Moragoda Anicut OFC 4,110 364 1,662 130 365 2,522 6,632 3,645 33 607 2,088 186 487 3,401 7,047 7,755 5,923 13,678
Cascade System I OFC 4,305 382 1,741 136 382 2,641 6,946 152 1 25 87 8 20 142 294 4,457 2,783 7,240
Cascade System II Paddy 4,964 0 0 0 0 4,964 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,964 4,964
Cascade System III OFC 6,924 614 2,800 220 615 4,248 11,172 4,717 43 786 2,702 241 630 4,401 9,118 11,641 8,650 20,291
Cascade System IV Paddy 6,866 0 0 0 0 6,866 1,328 5 98 338 30 79 551 1,878 8,194 551 8,744
Minor Cascade System V OFC 3,559 316 1,439 113 316 2,184 5,743 1,359 12 226 778 69 181 1,268 2,626 4,918 3,451 8,369
Cascade System VI OFC 4,606 408 1,863 146 409 2,826 7,432 1,191 11 199 682 61 159 1,112 2,303 5,797 3,938 9,734
Cascade System VII Paddy 5,058 0 0 0 0 5,058 2,192 9 162 558 50 130 909 3,101 7,251 909 8,160
Cascade System VIII Paddy 5,655 0 0 0 0 5,655 1,275 5 94 324 29 76 529 1,803 6,930 529 7,459
Cascade System IX Paddy 2,366 0 0 0 0 2,366 1,712 7 127 436 39 102 710 2,422 4,078 710 4,788
CT - 15
Table C 3.5 Crop Budget - With Project (1/2）
Major Schemes
Paddy-Maha Paddy-Yala Sesame Pulse (Blackgram) Chilli Big Onion Red Onion Vegetable (Brinjal)
I. Gross Income
1) Yield (kg/ha) 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 1,500 10,000 15,000 10,000
2) Unit Price (Rs./kg) 11.2 11.2 35.0 29.0 80.0 33.5 30.0 16.1
3) Gross Income (Rs./ha) 56,000 56,000 31,500 43,500 120,000 335,000 450,000 161,000
Price Unit Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value
II. Total Production Cost (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
1) Seeds (kg/ha) 110 1,815 110 1,815 7 420 30 1,563 1 887 8 800 1,500 150,000 0.35 490
2) Fertilizers
- Urea 7.7 (kg/ha) 270 2,079 270 2,079 50 385 35 270 300 2,310 150 1,155 150 1,155 265 2,041
- TSP 21.1 (kg/ha) 60 1,266 60 1,266 100 2,110 70 1,477 100 2,110 100 2,110 100 2,110 380 8,018
- MOP 17.2 (kg/ha) 35 602 35 602 50 860 35 602 50 860 75 1,290 75 1,290 125 2,150
3) Agro-chemicals
(a) Weedicides (lit./ha) 2.5 725 2.5 725 - 1,450 1,450 1,140 1,140 -
(b) Insecticides (lit./ha) 20.0 2,900 20.0 2,900 1.0 560 820 1,640 3,060 3,060 5,120
(kg/ha)
(c) Fungicides (lit./ha) 1.4 1,926 1.4 1,926 - - 1,300 2,600 2,600 2,600
(kg/ha)
4) Machinery & Power
- Own 0.5 1,570 0.7 2,060 2,150 2,400 1,830 2,150 1,830 3,270
- Hired 1.3 3,680 1.2 3,410 1,790 1,100 1,590 1,430 1,590 1,700
5) Animal power
- Own 0.0 10 0.0 - - - - - - - -
- Hired 0.1 50 0.0 40 - - - - - - -
6) Labour
- Family (man-day/ha) 29 4,350 32 4,800 68 10,125 68 10,200 228 34,200 260 39,000 310 46,500 177 26,550
- Attham (man-day/ha) 3 450 3 450 - - 7 1,050 - - 2 300
- Hired (man-day/ha) 49 7,350 53 7,950 10 1,500 21 3,150 82 12,300 75 11,250 - 66 9,900
7) Threshing & Transport 3,170 1,170 1,160 1,170 3,480 1,160 1,160 2,910
8) Miscellaneous (5%) (Rs./ha) 1,597 1,560 1,053 1,210 3,250 3,357 10,622 3,252
Total (Rounded) (Rs./ha) 33,500 32,800 22,100 25,400 68,300 70,500 223,100 68,300
III. Net Income (Rs./ha) 22,500 23,200 9,400 18,100 51,700 264,500 226,900 92,700
CT-16
Table C 3.5 Crop Budget - With Project (2/2）
Medium and Minor Schemes

Paddy-Maha Paddy-Yala Sesame Pulse (Blackgram) Chilli Big Onion Red Onion Vegetable (Brinjal)
I. Gross Income
1) Yield (kg/ha) 5,000 5,000 900 1,500 1,500 10,000 15,000 10,000
2) Unit Price (Rs./kg) 10.8 10.8 35.0 29.0 80.0 33.5 30.0 16.1
3) Gross Income (Rs./ha) 54,000 54,000 31,500 43,500 120,000 335,000 450,000 161,000
Price Unit Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value Q'ty Value
II. Total Production Cost (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha) (Rs./ha)
1) Seeds (kg/ha) 110 1,683 110 1,683 7 344 30 1,563 1 915 8 800 1,500 150,000 0.35 490
2) Fertilizers
- Urea 7.7 (kg/ha) 270 2,079 270 2,079 50 385 35 270 300 2,310 150 1,155 150 1,155 265 2,041
- TSP 21.1 (kg/ha) 60 1,266 60 1,266 100 2,110 70 1,477 100 2,110 100 2,110 100 2,110 380 8,018
- MOP 17.2 (kg/ha) 35 602 35 602 50 860 35 602 50 860 75 1,290 75 1,290 125 2,150
3) Agro-chemicals
(a) Weedicides (lit./ha) 2.5 725 2.5 725 - 0.5 1,450 0.5 1,450 1.0 1,140 1.0 1,140 -
(b) Insecticides (lit./ha) 20.0 2,900 20.0 2,900 1.0 560 0.8 820 1.6 1,640 2.0 3,060 2.0 3,060 5,120
(kg/ha) - - - -
(c) Fungicides (lit./ha) 1.4 1,926 1.4 1,926 - - 2.0 1,300 2,600 2,600 2,600
(kg/ha) - - - - - - -
4) Machinery & Power
- Own 0.4 1,040 0.5 1,245 1,200 1,200 1,830 750 750 3,270
- Hired 1.3 3,565 1.1 2,505 2,100 2,100 1,590 2,970 2,970 1,700
5) Animal power
- Own 0.06 60 0.08 105 - - - - - -
- Hired 0.05 50 0.06 60 - - - - - -
6) Labour
- Family (man-day/ha) 47 7,050 53 7,950 57 8,550 71 10,650 189 28,350 260 39,000 140 21,000 225 33,750
- Attham (man-day/ha) 5 750 5 750 2 300 1 150 2 300 - - - - 2 300
- Hired (man-day/ha) 34 5,100 31 4,650 18 2,700 7 1,050 53 7,950 75 11,250 29 4,350 35 5,250
7) Threshing & Transport 2,715 2,500 1,460 1,460 2,340 1,460 1,460 2,340
8) Miscellaneous (5%) (Rs./ha) 1,576 1,547 1,028 1,140 2,647 3,379 9,594 3,351
Total (Rounded) (Rs./ha) 33,100 32,500 21,600 23,900 55,600 71,000 201,500 70,400
III. Net Income (Rs./ha) 20,900 21,500 9,900 19,600 64,400 264,000 248,500 90,600
CT-17
FIGURES
Present Cropping Calendar
Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Paddy
Red Onion
B'onion
Chilli
Maize
Sesame
Blackgram
Groundnut
Soyabean
Brinjal
Okra
Cucumber
Source: Crop cultural practices, Agriculture Instructors(AIs) of ASC in the priority irrigation schemes
Proposed Cropping Calendar

Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Paddy
Red Onion
B'onion
Chilli
Maize
Sesame
Blackgram
Groundnut
Soyabean
Brinjal
Okra
Cucumber
Maha season Yala season Possible harvesting period
The Study for the Potential Realization Figure C 1.1

of Irrigated Agriculture
in the Dry and Intermediate Zones of Sri Lanka Present and Proposed Cropping Calendar
Japan International Cooperation Agency
CF - 1
Paddy Cowpea & Dhall
4000.00 100.00 120.00 10.00
Pruduction & Availability

9.00
Production & Availability
Per Capita Availability

3500.00 95.00

100.00 8.00
3000.00 90.00 7.00
80.00
2500.00 85.00 6.00
Supply
Supply
2000.00 80.00 60.00 5.00

4.00
1500.00 75.00 40.00 3.00
1000.00 70.00 2.00
20.00
500.00 65.00 1.00
0.00 60.00 0.00 0.00
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
Year
Green Gram Vegetable (excl. onion)

25.00 5.00 670.00 50.00
4.50 45.00

660.00

20.00 4.00 40.00
3.50 650.00 35.00
15.00 3.00 640.00 30.00
Supply
Supply
2.50 25.00
630.00 20.00
10.00 2.00
1.50 620.00 15.00
5.00 1.00 10.00
610.00
0.50 5.00
0.00 0.00 600.00 0.00
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year Year
G in g elly Cillies-D ry
1 4.00 1 .0 0 50.00 5.00
0 .9 0 45.00 4.50
1 2.00

40.00 4.00
0 .8 0
1 0.00 0 .7 0 35.00 3.50
0 .6 0 30.00 3.00
Supply
8 .0 0
Supply
0 .5 0 25.00 2.50
6 .0 0 0 .4 0 20.00 2.00
4 .0 0 0 .3 0 15.00 1.50
0 .2 0 10.00 1.00
2 .0 0 5.00 0.50
0 .1 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0.00 0.00
1 99 2 1 99 3 1 99 4 1 99 5 1 99 6 1 99 7 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Y e ar Year
On ion
2 5 0.0 0
1 4 .00
Paddy
2 0 0.0 0 1 2 .00 Production ('000 MT)

Capit
Prod
uctio
5000.00
Per
n&
1 0 .00
a
1 5 0.0 0 0.00
Availability Supply ('000 MT)
Supply
8 .0 0
11
1 0 0.0 0 6 .0 0 Year
Per Capita Availability (Kgm per year)
4 .0 0
5 0 .00
2 .0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 0
1 9 92 1 9 93 1 9 94 1 9 95 1 9 96 1 9 97
Yea r
The Study for the Potential Realization

of Irrigated Agriculture Figure C 3.1
in the Dry and Intermediate Zone of Sri Lanka Demand and Supply of Major Crops
in Sri Lanka
Japan International Cooperation Agency
CF - 2

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APPENDIX - C

Agriculture and Agro-ecomomy

Chapter 2 PRESENT CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEMES ...........C - 24

Chapter 3 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PLAN ..........................................C - 34

Chapter 4 IMPROVEMENT OF MARKETING AND CREDIT ..........................C - 47

Figure C 1.1 Present and Proposed Cropping Calendar .......................................... CF - 1

Chapter 1 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE STUDY AREA

1.1 Soils and Vegetation

1.2 Population, Households and Labour Force

Present Land Use

(1) Land Holding

(2) Land Tenure

a) Privately owned land (land cultivated by the owner):

b) Tenant land (privately owned land cultivated by a tenant):

c) Permit land (Crown land cultivated under a permit):

d) Non permitted land (land cultivated by encroachers without any legal

1.3.3 Agriculture Production

(1) Paddy Cultivation

Cropping Intensity of Paddy Cultivation in 1996/97 Maha and 1997 Yala

in the north, and cultural 160

practices in the slope area to Kurunegala

lowland wet zone in the south are 120

rather intensive compare with the

schemes, minor schemes and 0

Paddy Production in 1997 Yala and 1997/78 Maha

(2) Other Field Crops

OFC and Vegetable Cultivation in 1997 Yala and 1997/98 Maha

(3) Cropping Pattern

Cropping Patterns under Various Water Conditions

The Department of Agriculture (DOA) has prepared and published the

(4) Cropping calendar

Time of paddy cultivation is determined by water condition. Land preparation will

(1) Present Condition of Livestock Husbandry

Population and Production of Livestock in 1998

(3) Major Approach for Promoting Livestock Husbandry

A regional approach is taken for livestock development in the Kurunegala district,

The Department is carrying out a “Heifer Calf Project” in Kurunegala and

The Goats development program is conducted in the Anuradhapura district, IFAD

1.3.5 Inland Fisheries

(1) Present Condition of Inland Fisheries

An inland fishery is a rather new subject as a development component and it has

(2) Fingerling Production

Fingerling production is carrying out by the Inland Fishery Breeding Centre at

(3) Government’s Supporting Services

‘Table fish culture in pond’ is to provide fingerlings to seasonal and perennial

(4) Existing Development Plans

Wayamba (North-western province) Development Authority raised 25 potential

Required number of fingerlings is estimated by Wayamba Development Authority

1.4 Marketing and Processing Facilities

(3) Milk Collecting Centres

The MILCO, Anuradhapura District Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd.

The Society provides a number of support services to its members. It provides

1.5.1 Marketing of Agricultural Products

Resident and itinerant traders Vavuniya

the roads and Polas. The

Rambawewa Eppawela Galgamuwa

Mihintale Thalawa Giribawa

Diagram-2 Pola Circles

1.5.2 Marketing of Farm Inputs

Fertiliser is marketed through 15 registered importers, a range of distributors and

Agrochemicals are marketed through a chain of importer/packer, distributor and

1.5.4 Market Access

1.5.5 Export Market Potential