Bibliography- contains a list of books or articles, or both, Appendix- an “addendum” or any addition to a document, b.

b. Indirect characterization (dramatic)- deduce the traits of

relating to a particular subject. such as a book or legal contract. It is a collection of the characters through their thoughts, words, actions and
supplementary materials usually appearing at the end of a decisions
1. Books
report, proposal or a book.
Types of Characters:
One Author
a. Static or flat characters- characters who do not have
Tompkins, Gail e. 2000. Teaching Writing (3rd ed.) New
LESSON II- REVISITING OUR RICH PAST flesh and blood qualities, do not undergo changes.
Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
The Taximan’s Story by Catherine Lim b. Dynamic (full or rounded) characters- characters who
Two Authors
live lives of sorrow and joy, sinking or swimming in the
- A Singaporean story about a taxi driver who shares
Dorn, Linda J. & Soffos, Carla. 2005. Teaching for Deep invisible tides of life
his personal stories
Comprehension. Maine: Stenhouse Publishers.
3. Point of View (POV)- angle or perspective from which the
Short Story- a brief imaginative narrative, unfolding a single
Several Authors story is told.
predominating incident and a single or a few characters.
Lauengco, Aurea, et.al. 1999. English CV for High Schools a. First Person- the story is told by the protagonist or
1. Conflict- the struggle between two or more opposing
(3rd ed.) Makati: Bookmark Inc. another character
forces, essential to the plot
Encyclopedia b. Innocent Eyes- the story is told through the eyes of a
a. Human vs. human (physical)- leading character struggles
child (judgment different from adult
2. Magazine Article with his physical strength against other men
c. Stream of Consciousness – the story is told so that the
Hackworth, Col. David H. “Terms of Forgiveness.” b. Human vs. Society- leading character struggles against
reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character
Newsweek. 24 Apr. 1995: 38-40. ideas, practices, or customs of other people.
d. Second Person –The main character in the story is
3. Journal c. Human vs. Nature- leading character struggles the forces
referred to using the second person pronoun ―you‖.
of nature
Cline, C.L. “Quasi Adventures in Literary Scholarship.” Texas e. Third Person – the story is told using a narrator who is
Quarterly. 20 (1977) 36-42 d. Human vs. God or Supreme Being- leading character
located outside the action of the story
struggles with God
4. Newspaper The third person point of view can be three different types:
e. Human vs. self (psychological)- struggles with
Hunt, Albert R. “Clinton Needs Fewer Reinventions and himself/herself, with his/her own soul, ideas of right or 1) Omniscient – literally means ―all knowing‖.
More Consistency.” wrong
2) Limited Omniscient – the story is told by a third person
5. World wide Web 2. Characters- the person in a work of fiction or the narrator but from the viewpoint of a character in the story
Abilock, Debbie. “Choose the best search engine for your characteristics of a person
3) Objective – the author tells the story in the third person.
information.” 22 March a. Direct characterization (expository)- presents the It appears as though a camera is following the characters,
http://www.nueva.pvt.kk12.ca.us/- character’s physical traits and personality going anywhere, and recording only events in his or her
debbie/library/research/adviceengine.html> 12 Apr. 1999 own.
Outwitting a Crocodile
-A Traditional Malaysian Folktale
A parenthetical phrase, sometimes called simply a
parenthetical, is one that is not essential to the framing
sentence.
5 Types:
1. Appositive: a noun or noun phrase placed in opposition
to another such construction that defines or modifies the
first. Example: Sang Buaya, the big bad crocodile, lived in
the river with other crocodiles.
2. Absolute phrase: contains at least a noun or a pronoun
and a participle, but not a true verb, modifies the entire
sentence. Example: Sang Buaya believed Sang Kancil‘s
words, leaving no room for any doubt.
3. Free modifier : an unspecialized interruption of
additional information. Example: Sang Kancil stepped into
each crocodile and, counting them one by one, crossed the
river.
4. Interjection: imparts information about the writer‘s (or
speaker‘s) state of mind, as in this sentence in which Sang
Kancil fully agrees to Sang Buaya‘s statement in the story.
Example: ―Of course, I am afraid of you, but the king wants
me to do something.‖
5. Introductory phrase: This element preceding the main
statement provides context for the sentence. Example:
When Sang Kancil saw Sang Buaya in the river , he thought
of an idea.
Adjectives enable us to describe, add color, clarify and
make distinctions to our words. Adjectives primarily modify
nouns, pronouns and noun-derivatives.
Three degrees of comparison namely –
1. Positive Degree- It describes a noun or pronoun without
comparing it to anyone or anything else. Examples: Sang
Kancil was a clever mouse deer.
2. Comparative Degree- It compares two nouns or
pronouns. This degree is formed by adding –er for one-
syllable and some two-syllable regular adjectives, or by
adding more or less for three -syllable (or more) adjectives.
Examples: Intangible heritage is harder to safeguard than
the tangible ones.
3. Superlative Degree- It compares three or more nouns.
This degree is formed by adding –est for one- syllable and
some two-syllable regular adjectives, or by addingmost or
least for three-syllable (or more) adjectives.
Examples: My oldest daughter stays at home and helps her
mother.
Concept maps are graphical tools for organizing and
representing knowledge. They include concepts, usually
enclosed in circles or boxes of some type, and relationships
between concepts indicated by a connecting line linking
two concepts.
Mind maps, on the other hand, is an expression of radiant
thinking and is therefore a natural function of the human
mind. It is a powerful graphic technique which provides a
universal key to unlocking the potential of the brain.
Elements of a Drama:
1. Introduction:
How many characters did you see? What are they doing?
Can you grasp the idea of their story through their words?
2. Characters:
What is the role of the man seated in front of the woman?
How about the woman? How did you know their roles?
3. Dialogue:
How were the two characters able to interact?
4. Plot Structure:
What can you say about the two women? Who are they?
What is the conflict in the story based on their dialogues?
5. Protagonist and Rising Action:
What did you notice on the scene? How is it related to the
previous part? Are there more actions and characters
involved? Who is the protagonist? Who is the antagonist?
What happened to the protagonist?
6. Monologue, Soliloquy, Aside: What is the difference of
these three types of dialogue in drama?
7. Setting: What type of setting is employed in ―True
West‖? How did you say so?
8. Theme: What do you think is the central idea of the
featured drama based on the video clip?
Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup
(The Devouring Rock)
A Famous Malay Folktale
Collocations are combinations of two or more words that
often go together.
1. ADVERB + ADJECTIVE
Fish roe, in that time is rarely cheap.
They want a richly decorated house.
Are you fully responsible for your actions?
2. ADJECTIVE + NOUN
His coach ordered him to get regular exercise.
The bus had its maiden journey in the province.
She was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.
3. NOUN + NOUN
Let's give them a round of applause.
The garage sale went until evening.
I'd like to buy three bags of potato chips please.
4. NOUN + VERB
The birds started to chirp when it heard the cat purring.
Rain was falling as our plane took off.
The protests died down in the course of the summit.
5. VERB + NOUN
The officer was jailed for committing murder.
I always try to read my books in the morning, after making
my bed.
They have been asked to give a presentation about their
invention.
6. VERB + EXPRESSION WITH PREPOSITION
Peter had to return home because he had run out of
money.
At first their eyes filled with horror, and then they burst
into tears.
His behavior was enough to drive anybody to work.
7. VERB + ADVERB
Paulo placed his keys gently on the table and sat down.
Christian whispered softly in John's ear.
We vaguely remembered that it was going late when we
left.
Structural analysis is the process of breaking words down
into their basic parts to determine word meaning.
When using structural analysis, the reader breaks down
words into their basic parts:
 prefixes – word parts located at the beginning of a
word to change meaning,
 roots – the basic meaningful part of a word,
and/or
 suffixes - word parts attached to the end of a
word; suffixes often alter the part of speech of the
word
For example, the word bicyclist can be broken down as
follows:
bi — prefix meaning two
cycle — root meaning wheel
ist — a noun suffix meaning a person who
LESSON III- APPRECIATING OUR ORIGIN
Types of Conditional Sentences:
An open conditional statement- a future event
which is conditional on another future event. Its main
clause is in the future tense, and its conditional clause is in
the simple present tense.
A hypothetical conditional statement- a possible
future situation which depends on another possible future
event. Its main clause uses present conditional tense.
Unfulfilled hypothetical statement- a situation
which an event might have taken place, but did not,
because a condition was not fulfilled. Its main clause is in
the past conditional tense, and its conditional clause is in
the past perfect tense.
In a given story, characters can be identified in the role
they play:
a. Hero- leading male character who exhibits superior
qualities
b. Heroine- leading female character who exhibits superior
qualities
c. Superhero(ine) - larger than life hero, usually
supernatural
d. Villain(ess)- a character in the story who is often
characterized as evil and may be exactly the opposite of
the HERO(ine)
e. Anti-hero(ine)- a hero(ine) who is more ordinary than
the traditional hero(ine); he or she may not possess heroic
qualities
f. Protagonist is the hero(ine)
g. Antagonist is the villain(ess)
Expanding simple sentences by adding adjectives, adverbs
or prepositional phrases.
ADJECTIVES are describing words; it qualifies noun
or noun phrases. Words that will tell about size, shape, age,
color, and material.
We can add adjectives to our sentence.
For example:
The young tiger was eager to have extra wisdom.
ADVERBS are words that qualify the meaning the
verbs, adjective or other adverbs.
It answers questions like how, in what way, when, where,
and to what extent.
We can add adverbs to our sentence.
For example: How did the tiger wait for the farmer?
The tiger eagerly waits for the farmer to bring the box of
wisdom.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES are group of words
containing a preposition, a noun, a pronoun object of the
preposition and any modifiers
We can add prepositional phrases to our sentence
For example: prepositional phrase
The water buffalo loaded its cart with food, water and
vegetables.
Summary of the Stories:
The Taximan’s Story by Catherine Lim
This taximan is engaged in a rather one-sided
conversation with his passenger, whom he addresses as Madam.
The setting of the story, madam is a teacher and is rushing for a
meeting. So, the taximan goes on and on about how the younger
generation of Singapore. He also states a personal experience as
evidence, with his daughter being one of the Singaporean youth,
but in the end, the irony would be evident. The story tells more
about on how young people of Singapore have grown to be bold
and reckless, as compared to the early youth of the Singapore,
differences of the early taximan generation and how making a
living in Singapore has overcome the need to stand up for our own
beliefs and make a stand to whatever opposes us.
Outwitting a Crocodile- a Malaysian Folklore
In this story, Sang Kancil who is a very smart,clever and
tricky mouse deer is always do the trick to other animals want to
eat him. Sang Buaya is the victim of Sang Kancil because in this
story Sang Buaya is always tricked by Sang Kancil for his own life.
The conflict or struggle in this story is when Sang kancil
outwits Sang buaya by using his clever trick.He told Sang buaya
that the king have the big feast with lots of food,and he is inviting
Sang Kancil count the invited buaya and he want to line up the
friends of Sang Buaya and start to count. When he rich the other
side of river to count he said to Sang buaya Thank you for helping
me cross the river to my new home. Sang Buaya was shocked and
angry.
Batu Belah Batu Bertangkup (The Devouring Rock)
This story is about Mak Minah , a widow, her two children,
her daughter Mawar , and her young son, Bulat . The
mother caught a fish that had egg in its belly and asked her
daughter to cook it and save the eggs for her. The daughter
cooked the fish, its eggs, and rice. She fed herself and her
brother but the brother kept asking for more. Even if she
did not want to, she gave half the fish eggs and kept the
other half high and away from the little boy. She went out
to help gather wood and the little boy found a way to eat
all the food. The mother came home hungry only to find out
there was nothing left to eat and went to sleep. The next
day she headed out to the woods and never came back
because she was swallowed by the eating stone. The kids
were adopted by a grandmother in exchange for work. The
king's son saw the daughter and married her.
The Legend of Banyuwangi- Indonesian Folktale
Banyuwangi means water and fragrance.
Characters of Legend of Banyuwangi:
- Raden Banterang - son of king and husband of Surati.
- Rupaksi - brother of Surati.
- Surati - wife of Raden Banterang and daughter of the king
in Klung Klung.
Setting: Klung Klung Bali - a place where Surati came from.
Raden Banterang took in a lovely young lady he
found weeping in the woods even if he found out that she
was the daughter of the king of the rival kingdom. His
brother-in-law tricked him into believing that his wife was
scheming against him. Raden Banterang thought the only
way to stop this and to prove his wife's guilt or innocence
was to kill her. When her body was disposed of in the river,
the river turned fragrant proving her innocence.
The Century Carver by Oka Rusmini
The center of the story is a blind wood-carver, named Ida Bagus
Made who met a girl, named Srenggi, fell in love, and wanted to
marry her. Ida Bagus Made, called Kopag was of
the brahmana caste, the second son in the richest family in the
compound, and the success carver who could drew a great deal
of interest from both local and overseas collector. But, he was
blind. veryone in the village could see that Srenggi was very ugly.
Everyone in the village also could say Kopag’s brother was lucky
in marrying to the most beautiful woman in the village.
Unfortunately, whenever Kopag heard his sister-in-law spoke, he
could smell the rancid stench of blood leaps from the lips that
were so sweet, so red, so perfect, where those who can see by
the eyes. In Kopag’s view, Jero Melati is a bad woman who cared
enough with the brahmana family, not to his brother. “Century
Carver” is the story in perspective of the word “beauty”.
Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ:The Legend of Ancient Vietnam
According to this legend, the first truly Vietnamese king
was Lac Long Quan, also known as the “Dragon Lord of Lac”,
whose home is the sea of what is now Northern Viet Nam. Lac
Long Quan married a princess from the mountains, named Au Co,
and their union resulted in a 100 eggs. From each of these eggs, a
son was born, giving Lac Long Quan and Au Co 100 sons. But as
one is from the sea and the other from the mountains, Lac Long
Quan and Au Co soon separated. Lac Long Quan took with him 50
sons back to the lowlands and they became known as the people
of Lac Viet. Au Co took 50 sons with her back to the mountains
and high-regions and became the people of Au Viet.
The Peasant, the Buffalo and the Tiger:
A Tale of Strength and Wisdom
Once upon a time, a peasant was working in his rice field with his
water buffalo, at a time when buffalo had sharp teeth like all the
other beasts of the world. A tiger crept up to the water buffalo
and said: "I don't come as an enemy. I just want to ask you
something. I have seen you every day without your seeing me.
Hidden in the bushes, I have watched the curious spectacle of
your toil. How does it come about that Man, this little and upright
being without great strength, with no piercing sight and no sense
of smell, manages to lead you and make you work for him, you
who are ten times bigger and much more powerful than he?" The
water buffalo replied: "To tell you the truth, I don't know. Yet I
can never free myself from his mastery. I know only that he is in
possession of a talisman called intelligence." So the tiger resolved
to ask the peasant for some of his intelligence. But when the tiger
asked, the peasant told him: "Excuse me, sir. I've left it at home.
Nobody ever brings it along with him when working in the field.
Besides, I have so little of it for myself that I can not impart any of
it to you."
When the tiger insisted, the peasant relented and said he would
get his intelligence from the village, but that he would have to tie
up the tiger as insurance against him eating his water buffalo. The
tiger agreed to this, and the peasant bound the tiger to a tree. The
peasant went to the village and returned with bundles of straw,
which he piled around the tiger and set ablaze. "There it is, my
intelligence," shouted the peasant as the tiger roared in pain and
rage. The water buffalo laughed so hard at the sight of this
spectacle that he whacked his head against a rock and broke out
all of his teeth. Water buffalo have never had upper teeth since
that day. Eventually the ropes holding the tiger burned up, and
the cat leapt free and dashed into the jungle. Bits of burning straw
stuck to his skin and left long black scorch marks. This is how the
tiger got his stripes.