Biaxial Stresses

Biaxial STRESSES IN BEAMS
Basic Concepts
Plane Stresses
When the material is subjected to stresses

in only two directions and the stresses in
third directions are zero then such state of
stress is known as plane stress. For
example an element shown in Figure is
subjected to stresses in only x and y plane
and is stress free in z direction.
1 | Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Basic Concepts
Symbols & Sign convention
• A normal stress σ has a subscript that

identifies the face on which the stress acts.
• For the Figure shown, the stress σx acts on

the x face of the element and the stress σy
acts on the y face of the element.
1
Basic Concepts
• Since the element is infinitesimal in

size, equal normal stresses act on the
opposite faces.
• The sign convention for normal

stresses is such that tension is positive
and compression is negative.

Basic Concepts

• A shear stress τ has two subscripts; the first
subscript denotes the face on which the stress
acts, and the second gives the direction on that
face.
• For the Figure shown, τxy acts on the x face in

the direction of the y axis and the stress τyx acts
on the y face in the direction of the x axis.
2
Basic Concepts
• A shear stress is positive when it acts on a

positive face of an element in the positive
direction of an axis.
• It is negative when it acts on a positive face

of an element in the negative direction of an
axis.

Basic Concepts
• τxy and τyx shown in Figure are positive as

they act on the positive x and y faces.
• τxy and τyx are positive as they act on the

negative x and y faces in the negative
direction of an axis.
3
Basic Concepts
Golden Rule
A shear stress is positive when the directions associated with its

subscripts are plus-plus or minus-minus; the stress is negative
when the directions are plus-minus or minus-plus.

Derivations
Stresses on Inclined Sections
• Consider an element as shown in Figure

which is subjected to the stresses σx , σy
and τxy whose magnitude is known.
• Consider a new (inclined) stress element

that is located at the same point in the
material as the original element
(uninclined).
4
Derivations
• However, the inclined element has faces

that are parallel and perpendicular to the
inclined direction.
• Axes x1, y1, and z1 are associated with the

inclined element such that the z1 axis
coincides with the z axis.

Derivations
• The x1 & y1 axes are rotated

counterclockwise through an angle θ with
respect to the xy axes.
• The stresses acting on the inclined x1 & y1 element can be

expressed in terms of the stresses on the xy element by using
equations of equilibrium.
10 |Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I
5
Derivations
• Consider a wedge-shaped stress element

having an inclined face that is the same
as the x1 face of the inclined element.
• The other two side faces of the wedge are

parallel to the x and y axes.
• Assume the area of the left-hand side face

(that is, the negative x face) as A0.

Derivations
• Therefore the normal and shear

forces acting on that face are σxA0
and τxyA0 as shown in Figure.
• Similarly using trigonometric

relationship the forces acting on
other face are also shown in
Figure.
6
Derivations
Summing forces in x1 direction gives Equation I given below:
σx1A0secθ - σxA0cos θ -τxyA0sin θ - σyA0tanθsinθ -τyxA0tanθcosθ = 0

Derivations

Summing forces in y1 direction gives Equation II given below:
τx1y1A0secθ + σxA0sinθ -τxyA0cos θ - σyA0tanθcosθ + τyxA0tanθsinθ = 0
7
Derivations
Using relationship τxy = τyx and simplying and rearranging

Equation I & II gives
σx1 = σxcos2θ + σysin2θ + 2 τxysinθcosθ Equation III
τx1y1 = - (σx- σy)sinθcos θ + τxy(cos2θ - sin2θ) Equation IV
Equation III & IV give the normal and shear stresses acting on the
x1 plane in terms of the angle θ and the stresses σx , σy and τxy
acting on the x and y planes.

Derivations
Special cases
1) When θ = 0,
Equation III & IV gives
σx1 = σx τx1y1 = τxy
2) When θ = 90o,
Equation III & IV gives
σx1 = σy τx1y1 = - τyx
8
Derivations
Transformation Equations
Equation III & IV can be re-written by using following

trigonometric relationships
1
Cos2θ = 2 (1+cos2θ)
1
Sin2θ = 2 (1- cos2θ)
1
Sinθ cosθ = 2 Sin2θ

Derivations
Equation III & IV became

σx+σy σx− σy
σ𝑥1 = + cos2θ + τxy sin2θ Equation V
2 2
σx− σy
τx1y1 = − sin2θ + τxy cos2θ Equation VI
2
These equations are usually called the transformation equations

for plane stress because they transform the stress components
from one set of axes to another.
9
Derivations
Limitation!!
The transformation equations for plane stress can be only applied

when the intrinsic state of stress at the point under consideration is
the same whether represented by stresses acting on the xy element
or by stresses acting on the inclined x1y1 element.

Derivations
Advantage!!
Since the transformation equations were derived solely from

equilibrium of an element, they are applicable to stresses in any
kind of material, whether linear or nonlinear, elastic or inelastic.
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Derivations
The normal stress σy1 acting on the y1 face of the inclined element
can be obtained from Equation V by substituting θ + 90° for θ.
Therefore σy1
σx+σy σx− σy
σ𝑦1 = − cos2θ - τxy sin2θ Equation VII
2 2

Derivations
Summing Equations V & VII
σ𝑥1 + σ𝑦1 = σ𝑥 + σ𝑦 Equation VIII
The above equation shows that the sum of the normal stresses acting
on perpendicular faces of plane-stress elements (at a given point in a
stressed body) is constant and independent of the angle θ.
11
Derivations
Principal Stresses
The maximum and minimum normal stresses are known as the

principal stresses.
Principal stresses can be determined by taking derivative of
Equation V (transformation equation) with respect to θ.
σx+σy σx− σy
Equation V → σ𝑥1 = + cos2θ + τxy sin2θ
2 2
σ𝑥1
= -(σx− σy)sin2θ +2 τxy cos2θ
𝑑θ

Derivations
Principal Stresses
σ𝑥1
= -(σx− σy)sin2θ +2 τxy cos2θ
𝑑θ
-(σx− σy)sin2θ +2 τxy cos2θ = 0

Simplifying further
2 τxy
𝑡𝑎𝑛2θp = Equation IX
σx− σy
The subscript p indicates that the angle defines the orientation of
the principal planes, that is, the planes on which the principal
stresses act.
12
Derivations
Principal Stresses
2 τxy
σx− σy
• Two values of the angle 2θp in the range from 0 to 360o can
be obtained from Equation IX.
• These values differ by 180o with one value between 0 and

180o and the other between 180o and 360o.

Derivations
Principal Stresses
2 τxy
σx− σy
• Therefore, the angle θp has two values that differ by 90o, one
value between 0 and 90o and the other between 90o and 180o.
• The two values of θp are known as the principal angles.
13
Derivations
Principal Stresses
2 τxy
σx− σy
• For one of these angles, the normal stress is a maximum

principal stress; for the other, it is a minimum principal
stress.
• Because the principal angles differ by 90o, we see that the

principal stresses occur on mutually perpendicular planes.

Derivations
Principal Stresses
2 τxy
σx− σy
• The geometric representation

of Equation IX is shown in
Figure. The hypotenuse of the
triangle (R) is obtained from
the Pythagorean theorem.
14
Derivations
Principal Stresses
• From the triangle two additional relationship can also be

obtained:
σx− σy
𝑐𝑜𝑠2θp =
2𝑅
τxy
𝑠𝑖𝑛2θp =
𝑅

Derivations
Principal Stresses
• Substituting following expression in Equation V :

σx− σy τxy
𝑐𝑜𝑠2θp = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θp =
2𝑅 𝑅
σx+σy σx− σy
Equation V → σ𝑥1 = σ1 = + cos2 θp + τxy sin2θp
2 2
σx+σy σx− σy σx− σy τ

σ1 = + + τxy 𝑅xy
2 2 2𝑅
15
Derivations
Principal Stresses
σx+σy σx− σy σx− σy τxy

σ1 = + + τxy
2 2 2𝑅 𝑅
substituting for R and simplifying above equation
σx+σy σx− σy 2
σ1 = + + τxy2
2 2

Derivations
Principal Stresses
σ1 = + + τxy2
2 2
The smaller of the principal stresses, denoted byσ2 , may be found

from the condition that the sum of the normal stresses on
perpendicular planes is constant i.e.
σ1 + σ2 = σ𝑥 + σ𝑦
16
Derivations
Principal Stresses
Substituting the value of σ1 in below Equation
+ + τxy2 + σ2 = σ𝑥 + σ𝑦
2 2
σ2 = − + τxy2
2 2

Derivations
Principal Stresses
The preceding formulas for σ1 and σ2 can be combined into a

single formula for the principal stresses:
σ1,2 = ± + τxy2
2 2
The plus sign gives the algebraically larger principal stress and
the minus sign gives the algebraically smaller principal stress.
17
Derivations
Shear Stresses on the Principal Planes
Set the shear stress τx1y1 equal to zero in Equation VI,
σx− σy
τx1y1 = − sin2θ + τxy cos2θ Equation VI
2
2 τxy
𝑡𝑎𝑛2θp =
σx− σy
The above equation is same as Equation IX. In other words, the
angles to the planes of zero shear stress are the same as the
angles to the principal planes.

Derivations
Shear Stresses on the Principal Planes
• The above equation is same as Equation IX. In other

words, the angles to the planes of zero shear stress are the
same as the angles to the principal planes.
• Therefore the shear stresses are zero on the principal

planes.
18
Derivations
Maximum Shear Stresses

The maximum shear stress can be calculated by taking
derivation Equation VI with respect to θ
σx− σy
τx1y1 = − 2
sin2θ - τxy cos2θ Equation VI
dτx1y1 σx− σy
=− cos2θ - τxy sin2θ
𝑑θ 2
σx− σy
0=− cos2θ - τxy sin2θ
2

Derivations
σ−σ
0 = − x 2 y cos2θ - τxy sin2θ
σx− σy
𝑡𝑎𝑛2θs = − Equation X
2 τxy
The subscript s indicates that the angle θs defines the orientation
of the planes of maximum positive and negative shear stresses.
Equation X yields one value of θs between 0 and 90o and another
between 90o and 180o. Furthermore, these two values differ by
90o and therefore the maximum shear stresses occur on
perpendicular planes.
19
Derivations
σx− σy
2 τxy
Because shear stresses on perpendicular planes are equal in

absolute value the maximum positive and negative shear stresses
differ only in sign.

Derivations
Comparing Equations IX & X.
2 τxy
σx− σy
σx− σy Equation X
𝑡𝑎𝑛2θs = −
2 τxy
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2θp
20
Derivations
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2θp
𝑠𝑖𝑛2θs 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θp
+ =0
𝑐𝑜𝑠2θs sin2θp
𝑠𝑖𝑛2θssin2θp + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θp𝑐𝑜𝑠2θs = 0
cos 2θs − 2θp = 0
2θs − 2θp = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (±0)

Derivations
2θs − 2θp = ± 90o
θs − θp = ± 45o
θs = θp ± 45o Equation XI
Equation XI shows that the planes of maximum shear stress occur

at 45o to the principal planes.
21
Derivations

σx− σy
2 τxy
• The geometric representation

of Equation X is shown in
σx− σy
Figure. The hypotenuse of the
2
triangle (R) is obtained from
the Pythagorean theorem.
τxy

Derivations
• From the triangle two additional relationship can also be

obtained:
τxy
𝑐𝑜𝑠2θs =
𝑅
σx− σy
σx− σy 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2θs =
2𝑅
τxy
22
Derivations
Substituting following expression in Equation VI :

τxy σx− σy
𝑐𝑜𝑠2θs = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θs =
𝑅 2𝑅
Equation VI → σx− σy
τx1y1 = − sin2θ + τxy cos2θ
2
σx− σy 2
τmax,min = ± + τxy2
2

Derivations
Another expression for the maximum shear stress can be obtained

from the principal stresses σ1 and σ2 Equations.
σx+σy σx− σy 2 σx+σy σx− σy 2

σ1 − σ2 = + + τxy2 − + + τxy2
2 2 2 2
σ1+σ2 σx− σy 2
= τmax = + τxy2
2 2
23
Derivations
σ1+σ2
= τmax Equation XII
2
Thus Equation XII shows that the maximum shear stress is equal
to one-half the difference of the principal stresses.

Derivations
Normal Stresses on Maximum Shear Plane
The normal stresses acting on maximum shear plane can be found

by substituting following expressions in Equation V
τxy σx− σy
𝑐𝑜𝑠2θs = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θs =
𝑅 2𝑅
σx+σy σx− σy
Equation V → σ𝑥1 = + cos2 θ + τxy sin2θ
2 2
σx+ σy
σavg =
2
24
Derivations
MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS
The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented

in graphical form by a plot known as Mohr’s circle. The
equations of Mohr’s circle can be derived from the transformation
equations for plane stress Equations V & VI
σ +σ σ − σ
Equation V → σ𝑥1 = x 2 y + x 2 y cos2 θ + τxy sin2θ
σx− σy
Equation VI → τx1y1 = − 2
sin2θ + τxy cos2θ

Derivations

σx+σy σx− σy
σ𝑥1 = + cos2 θ + τxy sin2θ
2 2
σx− σy
τx1y1 = − 2
sin2θ + τxy cos2θ
To eliminate the parameter 2θ, squaring both sides of each

equation and then adding both equations
σx+σy 2 σx− σy 2
σ𝑥1 − 2
+ τx1y12 = 2
+ τxy2
25
Derivations
σx+σy 2 σx− σy 2
σ𝑥1 − + τx1y12 = + τxy2
2 2
Since
σx+ σy σx− σy 2
σavg = 𝑅= − τxy2
2 2
Therefore
2
σ𝑥1 − σavg + τx1y12 = R2

Derivations

2
σ𝑥1 − σavg + τx1y12 = R2
The above represents the Equation of a circle in standard algebraic

form. The coordinates are σ𝑥1 and τx1y1, the radius is R, and the
center of the circle has coordinates σ𝑥1 = σavg and τx1y1= 0.
26
Problem 1
Find the stresses acting on the element when rotated through

angle θ = 45° using both transformation equations and Mohr’s
Circle.

Problem 2
Find the stresses acting on the element when rotated through

angle θ = - 35° so that the element is aligned with the longitudinal
axis of the vessel using both transformation equations and Mohr’s
Circle.
27
Problem 3
For a simple supported rectangular beam, the shear force and

bending moment due to the applied loading is shown in Figure.

Problem 3
Using Mohr’s circle determine the principal plane, principal

stresses, shear plane and maximum shear stresses for the case
when element is located in a given beam cross-section such
that (a) it is subjected to maximum uniaxial compressive
flexural stress and (b) to pure shear stress.
28

Biaxial Stresses

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Biaxial Stresses

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Biaxial STRESSES IN BEAMS

When the material is subjected to stresses

1 | Civil Engineering | Spring 2017 | Mechanics of Solids-I