GROUP V

Dona Aurora National High School

Aurora, Isabela

The effect of seed size on the rate of

germination of petchay (brassica rapa)

Researchers: Enrico Garcia Galang

Rhien- Jelyn Valdez
Visaya
Princess Tephanie
Magaoay Villano
Princess Esther Ramos
Luczon
Mark Josuah Ga
Ferrer
Kristine Valerie Castro
Villame
 Jace Louschelle
Bulaclac Bato

Theresa Mercado Senica

Research Adviser

Acknowledgement

We would like to thank

 Chapter I

 Introduction

Seed is an important characteristic of seed quality because larger

seeds with larger volume contain more resources and our likely
to exhibit vigor the small seeds. In a range of plants species, seed
size has been shown to affect germination rate, emergence rate,
success of establishments problem facing the establishments of
hairy vetch are that it has relatively short drawing season and
this means that speed and reliability of germination and
establishments are likely to have an important influence on crop
productivity. A seed is essentially a baby in a suitcase carrying its
lunch. “Baby” refers to the embryo or immature plant , that will
grow and develop in to the seedling and ultimately the mature
plant. The “suitcase “is the seed coat (or Testa) that surrounds
the seeds and “lunch” refers to the nutritive source of the
germinating seedling. The food for germinating seedling may be
stored in part of the embryo itself, such as the fleshy cotyledons
of a bean seed, or it may take other forms including endosperm,
which is special starch-rich storage tissue that surrounds the
embryo. A seed is an officially considered to have germinated
when the young root, cold the radicle, emerges from the seed
coat. To germinate, a seed requires three things one-half water,
oxygen, and a suitable temperature. Water uptake, is also called
imbibition, is the first stage of seed germination. During the
process the dry seeds, which typically has a water content of less
than 10%, absorbs water and swells. This process serves to
hydrate the dry components of the seed and active the
metabolic machinery necessary for germination. Among the
early metabolic activities occurring in the seed is the breakdown
of starches stored in the seed into simple sugars that can be used
for energy and building blocks for necessary cellular structures.
 Statement of the problem

This study aims to answer the question : The seed size affect
the rate of germination of petchay (brassica rapa )?

 Hypothesis
If we will compare small and large seeds in terms of the rate
of germination, then small seeds are faster to germinate
because small seeds are more water permeable than large
seeds.
 Significance of the study
Community
Larger seed size associated with higher survival and lower
between – year variation. Across the rainfall gradient, we
detected no difference in seed size- survival relationship
however, variation between years was lowest in the most
mesic site where no relationship for between year variation
with seed size was observed. Legumes showed lower survival
and higher between-year variation than grasses. Our findings
indicate that larger seed size provides survival advantages
beyond seedling establishments up until reproduction among
annual species. Larger seed size also provides a bet-hedging
strategy in temporarily unpredictable environments.
Increased abiotic favorability along environmental gradients
may have little effect on survival rates but reduces survival
variation between years and thus reduces the bet-hedging
benefit of larger seed size. We suggest that the contrasting
response of legumes and grasses may partly result from their
disparity in seed dormancy

Future Researchers
 The study, conducted on Arabidopsis, is a very closed relative
oil seed rape, increases our understandings of one of the most
important stages in the life cycle of a plant and may help to
improve the seed quality of the agricultural crops in the future.
The effect of our topic in the future researchers it may help
them to know more about our topic and to add their
understandings about our topic.
Definition of terms
 Bet- hedging- biological bet-hedging occurs when organisms
suffer decrease fitness in their typical conditions in exchange
for increase fitness is stressful conditions.
 Brassica Rapa- scientific name of petchay or Chinese cabage.
This are vegetables that are both variant cultivars or sub -
species of the turnip and belong to the same genus as sush
western staples such as cabage, broccoli and cauli flower.
 Gradients- an increase or decrease in the magnitude( example
temperature, pressure and concentration) observed in passing
from one point or moment to another.
  Hedging- biological bet-hedging occurs when organisms suffer
decrease fitness in their typical condition in exchange for
increase fitness in stressful conditions.
 Legume- is a leguminous plant ( member of the pea family)
especially, one grown as a crop.
 Mesic- an environment or habitat containing a moderate of
moisture.
 Permeable-a material or membrane allowing liquids or gases
to pass through it.
 Rumex- they are erect plants, usually on toproots.
 Subterranean-existing occurring, or than under the earth
surface.
 Vigor- active healthy well- balanced growth especially of
plants.

Chapter II

Review of the related literature

 Based on Joy Ekpo, an important characteristic of seed
quality is the size because larger seeds are believed to
contain more resources than smaller seeds due to the
larger volume. It has been shown subterranean clover
that seed size can affect the success of plants in relation
to the amount of initial resources in the seed. In a study
involving Rumex, it was concluded that because smaller
seeds begin with less sources as compared to larger
seeds, it is expected that the plants resulting from
smaller seeds would not grow as well as the plants of
larger seeds. In a study of switchgrass seedling
development, seed sizes were shown to influence
germination.
 Brassica Rapa belongs to the green leafy use in Asian
cooking for centuries. The leaves are excellent sources
of Vitamin A, Follic acid and essential and potassium and
fiber. Seed germination is a basic growing skill that
involves causing a seed to sprout. Germinating a seed is
very to do. This guide will explain what germinator is, a
long with some of the most popular germination
methods. A few conditions must be present in order to
properly germinate a seed.

Chapter II
Methodology