PROJECT TITLE CHARGEABLE 12V DC

POWER SUPPLY
(Charging Fan Circuit)

SUBMITTED TO
SIR. ADNAAN SAFDER
GROUP MEMBERS
M.ASAD MAAN (13-ELE-61)
M.FAHAD IRFAN (13-ELE-84 )
M.WAQAS (13-ELE- 86 )
M.UNEEB SHAHID (13-ELE- 87 )

Subject Semi Conductor Devices

Theory

I n general, electronic circuits using tubes or transistors require a source of d.c. power. For

example, in tube amplifiers, d.c. voltage is needed for plate, screen grid and control grid.
Similarly, the emitter and collector bias in a transistor must also be direct current. Batteries are
rarely used for this purpose as they are costly and require frequent replacement. In practice, d.c.
power for electronic circuits is most conveniently obtained from commercial a.c. lines by using
rectifier-filter system, called a d.c. power supply The rectifier-filter combination constitutes an
ordinary d.c. power supply. The d.c. voltage from an ordinary power supply remains constant so
long as a.c. mains voltage or load is unaltered. However, in many electronic applications, it is
desired that d.c. voltage should remain constant irrespective of changes in a.c. mains or load.
Under such situations, voltage regulating devices are used with ordinary power supply. This
constitutes regulated d.c. power supply and keeps the d.c. voltage at fairly constant value. In this
project, we shall focus our attention on the circuit used to obtain regulated power supply.
In this DC power supply circuit we use a step down tronsformer,Full wave bridge rectifier,Filter
circuit and IC to obtain a DC POWER SUPPLY OF 12 VOLT.

Alternating Current:

In alternating current the flow of electric charge periodically reverse

direction.

Usually the wave form of ac is sine wave i.e

Direct current:
The current which does not change its direction is called dc current.

Dc current gives us a straight line parallel to time on x-axis, i.e

Transformer

A transformer is device which is used to alter the value of voltages .

PRINCIPLE:
Transformer works on principle of mutual induction, in which current carrying
primary coil induce current in the secondary coil.

There are two types of transformers,which are known as

1. Step up transformer
2. Step down transformer

We are Using Here “STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER”

In this circuit we use the 2nd type of transformer which is known as a step down transformer .it
has two coils which are known as primary coil and secondary coil .Its secondary coil has less
turns then its primary coil. The input supply is applied across the terminals of primary coil and
the output is obtained from the terminals of secondary coil.
STRUCTURE:

The transformer is consist of two coil of copper electrically insulated from each other ,wound on
the iron core. Coil to which A.C power is supplied is called the primary coil and
that from which the power is given to the circuit is called secondary coil.

When current flows in the primary coil a magnetic flux link with the secondary coil and induced
emf in this coil. The induced emf depends upon the following formula.

VS/VP=NS/NP

Transformer as being the step down and of 12 V , It gives 12 volt as out-put and will make
the 220 V into 12 V as required.

How to convert ac current into dc current

Rectification
is the process which is used to convert ac into dc. For this purpose rectifiers are
used. Physically rectifiers take a number of forms including vacuum tube diode, mercury-arc
valve, semi-conductor diodes etc.
There are two common types of rectification can be explained as follows :

 Half-wave Rectification

 Full-wave Rectification
Half-wave rectification:

Half-wave rectification is shown in figure;

Here an alternating voltage of period T called input voltage is applied to a diode which is
connected in series with the load resistance. In this method only one half of alternating current is
converted into direct current.
During the positive half cycle of the input alternating voltage the diode is forward biased, it
offers a very slow resistance and current flows through the load resistance
Similarly during the negative half cycle the diode is reversed biased. Now it offers a very high
resistance and no current flows and potential drop across it is almost zero, the same process is
repeated during the next cycle and so on. The current flows in only one direction which means it
is a dc current. The current flows in pulses.

Full-wave Rectification:

Full-wave rectification is shown in the figure;

We have seen that in the half-wave rectification, only one half of the alternating current is used
to send a unidirectional current through the load resistance. However both half of the input
voltage cycle can be used using full-wave rectification. Its circuit consists of four diodes in a
bridge arrangement. Diodes conduct only when it is forward biased. During the positive half
cycle two diodes become forward biased and two becomes reversed biased. Similarly during the
negative half cycle two becomes forward and two becomes reversed biased and we get full wave
having uni-direction.
Full wave Rectifier

A device which converts full cycle ( both positive and negative half cycles) of AC

supply into pulsating DC is called full wave rectifier.There are two types of full wave rectifiers
which are

1. Full wave center-tapped retifier circuit

2. Full wave bridge rectifier circuit

In this circuit we use the 2nd type of rectifier.It consist of four diodes which are D1, D2 , D3 and
D4.The input is obtained from the step down transformer and we obtain the out put in the form
of pulsating DC.

RECTIFICATION PROCESS:
This 12 V a.c given by transformer will be rectified by using 4
Diodes(1N4007) in a bridge type arrangement 12 V ac will pass through these diodes and will
give unidirectional current;
IN4007
This will give a dc pulse as shown in figure;

Filter circuit

A device or circuit which converts the pulsating dc output of rectifier into a pure or steady state
dc is called a Filter.

Its basic work is to finish the ripples content which are in the output of rectifiers output.

Sometimes pulsating dc is useful for some purposes e.g to work for different relays, battery
charging etc.but some times the pulsating dc is not suitable for some sensitive devices like radio,
television and amplifiers etc, so we convert the pulsating dc into pure dc with the help of filter
circuit.
Voltage regulator

Voltage regulator is a device which always keep constant the terminal voltage of dc supply,even
the input ac voltages of transformer or the load changed.

In common ways the zener diode and transistors are used to get the purpose of voltage
regulation.

Circuit Diagram
Block Diagram

Procedure
In this circuit we use a step down transformer which convert the high voltage into low
voltages.This transformer converted the 220 volt AC Supply into 18 volt AC.At the output
terminals of transformer we obtained 18 volt AC.After that at the out put terminals we attach the
FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER.In which we use the diodes of IN4007 value.During the
first half cycle of ac when the upper termial of the transformer is positive then its lower terminal
will be neginative,then the diode D2 and D3 will be forward bise.So the conventional current
will fllow from diode D2 , load and D3 and complete its path.Remember that when diode D2 and
D3 are forward bise then diode D1 and D4 are reverse bised.Therefore in first half cycle the
diode D1 and D4 will not conduct.

When the negative cycle of ac input starts or in the second half of input ac cycle when the
polerity of both point A and B changed ,then the diode D1 and D4 are forward bise and diode
D2 and D3 will be reverse bised .It means that diode D2 and D3 will be in off codition and D1
and D4 will conduct.And the current will pass through the D4 ,load and D1 .In this way the
current complete its path .However in both two half cycles the direction of the current will be
same, in this way we obtained the full wave dc out put by the conduction of two diodes one by
one.

But in this way we obtained pulsating dc output instead of a smooth wave .To convert this
pulsating DC in pure DC we used the FILTER CIRCUIT which contain a cpacitor of 470uF .

We know that the out put of rectifier circuit is pulsating means there is a some content of ac
value is there,therefore the output of rectifire will not be pure .These contents of ac value in dc
is called ripples.So a circuit which convert the pulsating dc output of rectifier into pure dc is
called filter.

When the pulsating dc voltages are applied on the rectifier a process of charging and discharging
accours in the capacitor of filter circuit. During the increases in voltages capacitor charging
accour ,means it collect in self the energy in the form of electrostatic field.

When its input voltages decreases then this capacitor return its energy to the circuit.In this way
the capacitor decrease the rippleses.In the next pulse it will again charge and the process of this
charging and discharging continue.Therefor a capacitor resist againt the changing of voltages and
we obtain the steady state value of voltages.

After that we attached an IC of value 7812 to convert 18V dc into 12V volt as out put .This
consist on a resistor and a zener diode.This IC consist of three legs,which are used for
input,ground and for the output. We attached the left leg of IC to the output of filter and ground
the central leg and obtain the output from the right leg of IC. We obtain the output across the
zener diode terminals .

When we apply the 18v dc across the IC the extra 6volts drop against the resistor and the zener
conduct at remaining 12 volts and we obtain the 12 volts output at the terminals.
Result:-
240V main AC is supplied to the circuit, the transformer
converts 240 volts to 12 volts DC.Bridge Rectification circuit is
used to converts 12v AC to 12 volts DC.This supply is fed to
battery which charges it.IC-7812 is used to regulate the voltage
to 12volts.When AC is off battery is used to give supply of
voltage and current to the fan and thus fan gives air.

Applications

The project we made has wide range of applications on domestic and industrial level .

Some uses of DC POWER SUPPLY are discused below ,

 Dc power supply is used for various types of battery charging.

 Dc power supply is used for many electronics circuits.
 Dc power supply is used to run DC motors.
 It can be use as charging adopter.
 Dc power supply can be used in signaling system.
 It can be used for field excitation in generators.