Mixtures, Solutions & Chemical Processes Solution, Suspension & Colloids

Solution
All matter can be broken down into two categories viz. pure
substances and mixtures
 A pure substance is any matter that always has the same
composition or “make up”.
 There are 2 classifications of pure substances: elements
and compounds.
 An element is a substance that cannot be broken down
into simpler substances. An element is made up of only
one type of atom.
 A compound is a substance that is made up of 2 or simpler
substances.
 Homogeneous mixture with particle size < 1 nm diameter
 Does not separate out on keeping still & cannot be
separated by filtration
 Does not scatter light due to extremely small particles
 Examples include: Carbonated drinks, Salt & Sugar
solution
Colloids
 Heterogeneous but appears homogeneous with particle
size b/w 1 – 100 nm in diameter
 Does not separate out on keeping still
 Separates out on centrifugation, not by filtration
 Scatters a beam of light – Tyndall Effect
 include Milk, Blood, Soap solution, Ink, Jelly, Starch
solutions, Body lotions, Foam, Gels, Gemstones etc.

Suspension
 Heterogeneous mixture with particle size > 100 nm in
diameter
 Particles settle down on keeping still & separates out by
filtration
 Scatters a beam of light with particles of the solute seen
 A mixture is a combination of 2 or more substances “non-
easily.
chemically”.
 Examples include: Sand in water, Milk of magnesia, Chalk
 This means we can separate a mixture without undergoing
solution in water
a chemical reaction or chemical change.
 All mixtures can be classified into 2 groups: homogeneous
Solubility
and heterogeneous.
 Maximum quantity of solute in 100 gm of solvent at a
 Homogeneous Mixture → (Solvent + Solute) not
particular temperature
distinguished. for ex. solution & colloids
 Increases on increasing the temperature in liquids (
 Heterogeneous Mixture → (Solvent + Solute) readily
Decreases in case of gas)
distinguished. for ex. suspension mixture
 No effect of pressure in liquids (solubility increases in case
of gases on increasing pressure)
Separation Methods of Mixtures
 Saturated Solution → No more solute can be dissolved
For 2 Solids without increasing temperature
 Suitable solvent For 2 Liquids  Unsaturated Solution → More solute can be dissolved
 Sublimation without
 Fractional Distillation (For miscible increasing temperature
liquids)
 Magnet Use  Separating Funnel (For immiscible liquids)

 Filtration Important Chemical Processes

 Centrifugation Diffusion
 Evaporation  Spreading & mixing of one substance with the another due
 Crystallization (Slow Cooling) to the motion of particles, which continues till a uniform
 Distillation mixture is formed
For Solids & Liquids   Mixing particles
Chromatography (For different solubility solutes,move in zigzag
esp. used known science)
in forensic as Brownian
motion
 Increases with temperature, fastest in gases & slowest in
Difference between Mixture & Compound solids
 Few of the examples are : Dust particles in air, Smell of
Mixture
perfume in air, Spread of virus on sneezing, CO2 & O2 in
 Can be separated by physical methods (Filtration, Distillation)
water, Leakage of LPG (Identified by ethyl merceptane – a
 Exhibit properties of its constituents
strong smelling substance)
 No energy change takes place
 Variable composition Compound
Osmosis It’s due to loss of latent heat that ice at 0*C is more effective
 Diffusion is the case of using semi permeable membrane in cooling than water at 0*C & due to gain of latent heat
b/w 2 mixtures that steam at 100*C causes more severe burns than water
 Only solvent is allowed to pass, from higher solvent conc. at 100*C
to the lower
 Few of the examples are: Evaporation
 Preserving of pickle in salt  Transition of liquid to vapour at normal temperature
 Swelling up of raisins in water  Causes cooling when liquid evaporate as it draws latent
 Earthworm dying when come in contact with salt heat of vaporisation from the liquid
 For ex. evaporation of ether or spirit from our hand,
Dialysis sweating, water kept in earthen pot
 Same as osmosis but for transplantation of kidney in  Increases with temp, large surface area, wind speed & low
humans humidity
 Passes solvent & blocks waste
Sublimation
Latent Heat  Transition of solids directly into gases without going
 To change the state of a substance from one to heat through liquid state
energy is required.  Ex: Dry ice, Camphor, Ammonium chloride, Iodine,
 Latent heat does not increase temp. of a substance but is Naphthalene, Anthracene
used in overcoming force of attraction b/w particle of a
substance