Look into

this labyrinth
of letters
and encircle
/ form words
that describe
you. After
finding at
least three(3)
words,
elaborate on
your
characteristi
cs to explain
you
description.
 NATURE OF
INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH
 PARADIGM
-it is “a cluster of beliefs and dictates which for scientists in a
particular discipline influence what should be studied, how research
should be done, and how results should be interpreted” (Bryman,
2008, 605)

It helps us understand the phenomena that we want to study.

(Creswell, 1994, 1)
 INQUIRY
is the process of asking about or investigating something in order to
find out more about it.
“a lawful investigation or official proceeding inquiring into a violation
of or failure to comply with any criminal or civil statute or any
regulation, rule, or order issued pursuant thereto
an official investigation
 RESEARCH
Comes from the prefix “re” which means again and the root word
“search” which is synonymous to “look for,” “explore,” “investigate,”
“discover,” “study” “inquire”, “examine,” “experiment,” “probe,”
“analyze,” and “scrutinize.”
Putting these together, research literally means to look for again, to
explore anew, to investigate again, to study again, etc.
AS A FIELD OF DISCIPLINE.
Research is and investigation, study, exploration or probe on
anything by applying systematic or scientific methods in gathering
data in order to provide answers to some questions or problems that
are aimed to improve the quality of life.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
To provide answers to some questions or problems that are meant to
improve the quality of life.

Therefore, any research activity that eventually leads to destruction of

life, or somebody else’s reputation, or of the environment, or of
family relationships is contrary to the objective of research and thus,
contrary to the ethics of research.
RESEARCH ACTUALLY IS
THE BASIC FOUNDATION
FOR A SUCCESSFUL
ENDEAVOR
WAYS RESEARCH CAN “IMPROVE
THE QUALITY OF LIFE”
Research provides you with necessary info in your field of work, study
or operation before you begin working on it.
Research helps us find the root cause and associated elements in a
process
Only through research can new inventions and discoveries come into
life
Research has improved the life expectancy and health conditions of
human race and helped eradicate diseases like polio and smallpox
completely
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
RESEARCH
Characteristi Meaning
cs
1.Empirical Research is based on direct
experience or observation and
experimentation on theories by the
researcher.
2. Logical Research is based on valid
procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical Research starts with a problem and
ends with a problem.
4. Analytical Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering data,
whether historical, descriptive,
experimental, and case study.
5. Critical Research exhibits careful and precise
 6. Methodical Research is conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.

7. Replicability Research design and procedures are

repeated to enable the researcher to
arrive at valid and conclusive result.

Jeff Homeres (2014)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A
RESEARCHER
1. Intellectual Curiosity
2. Prudence
3. Healthy Criticism
4. Intellectual Honesty
5. Intellectual Creativity
WHAT’S SDG ALL ABOUT?
CLASSIFICATION OF Library
Field
RESEARCH Laboratory
LIBRARY RESEARCH
Done in the library where answers to specific questions or problems
of the study are available
FIELD RESEARCH
- Conducted in a natural setting where no changes in the
environment are made
- Includes Descriptive/Survey and Experimental Method
- Examples:
 “Cultivation of Eucheuma using Lantay and Staking Methods in Estancia Bay, Illoilo, Philippines”
 “The Effect of Academic Rank on the Research Achievement of Professors of University of Bohol”
LABORATORY RESEARCH
Conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study
in a thoroughly specified and equipped area
 QUESTIONS
1. Which type is done in a controlled
environment?
2. Which among the three types can be used to
answer specific questions?
3. Which among these types is conducted in
natural settings?
4. Which type is used to test hypotheses of a
certain theory?
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH VS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- It is concerned with non-statistical methods of
inquiry and analysis

- It draws on an inductive process in which themes

and categories emerge through an analysis of data
collected by such techniques as interviews,
observations, videotapes, and case studies

ABCDEFGHIGKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

-easily quantifiable categories are typically generated

before the study and statistical techniques are used to
analyze the data collected

1234567890∞
 Comparison Qualitative Quantitative
Criteria
General States Test hypothesis(inflexible)
Framework postulates/assumptions(flexible)

Objective To qualify and describe experiences To quantify

Question Format Open-ended/expounded Close-ended/fixed answer

Sampling Purposive with maximum variation Sample with a statistical

technique representation of the population

Sample called Participants/Informants Respondents

Design Phenomenon/ethnography/ Survey/experiment

historical/case study/ participatory

Data-gathering Interview schedule/observation/focus Questionaire/inventory

tools group discussion guide

Data format Textual narratives Numerical in tables/graphs,

statistical reports
MORE ON THEIR DIFFERENCES:
Qualitative
Aims to discover patterns from
careful investigation of the
research topics
Sample is very small but focused
and purposive
Use various research models
anchored on theories of culture
the researcher stands as the tool/
instrument
Quantitative
Uses statistics to seek empirical
support for research hypotheses
Has focus on mathematical
significance that quantifies
observations
Often concerned with frequencies
achieved by questionnaires or
surveys that are commonly
designed to establish how people
respond to pre-categorized
questions
 QUESTIONS
1.What type of data is used in a qualitative research?
2. Which type of research is deductive?
3. Which type is used to test a hypothesis?
4. Which type has participants?
5. Which type has no pre-determined tool or
instrument?
6. Which type examines relationship between
variables?
7. Which type has small but focused samples?
8. Which type uses questions with fixed choices/
answers?
Read the following research questions and problem-
situations and identify whether it uses Qualitative (QUAL) or
Quantitative (QUAN) approach.
1. How many students are good in math subject against those with
high level of anxiety?
2. The views of high school students on the concept of brotherhood
in joining fraternities.
3. What are the stand points of secondary students regarding crimes
committed by minors?
4. Interest in facebook may reveal there is a correlation between
using the social platform and information sharing.
5. Is there a relationship between reading the lessons and score in
examination in English subject?
6. Female high school student’s concept of beauty anchored on
aesthetic values engaged in a discussion.
7. How effective is the teaching method using group activity versus
plain lecture in a science class?
 Define
Characteristics
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Uses
Kinds
Strength and Weakness
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
A type of investigation that deals with
the diversity of certain meanings or
cognitions within a given population.

It is an inquiry on understanding the

meaning people constructed in making
sense of their world and the experiences
they have in the world.(Merriam, 2009)
 Qualitative Researches can learn
the behavior of the participants
that can give them a broad sense
of who is doing what, when,
where, how and why. It can
explore narrowly defined issues in
greater depth, and explain the
setting in which behavior takes
place.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
A focus on natural settings
An interest in meanings, perspective and
understandings
An emphasis on process
An openness of mind
A fairly deep involvement in natural inquiry
A rapport with participants who gave trust
A concern with inductive analysis and grounded theory
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Advantages Disadvantages

Provides depth and detail Usually fewer people studied

Creates openness Less easy to generalize
Stimulates peoples Difficult to make systematic
individual experiences comparisons
Attempts to avoid pre- Dependent on skills of the
judgements researcher
 USES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
To answer questions and solve problems for a deeper
learning, not based on descriptive numerical data
To analyze info conveyed through language and behavior in
natural settings thru expressive info and data about beliefs,
values, feelings and motivations that underlie behavior
To determine the significance of findings, to supplement the
researcher’s thoughtful reflection
To provide insights and deeper meanings not provided in
quantitative approach
To provide invaluable practical info, like who can share
insights and perspectives on a deeper level kind of encounter.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
APPROACH
ETHNOGRAPY
Basically derived from anthropology
Study the entire culture of a particular group
Concerned with geographic location and ethnicity
Expanded to include pretty much any organization of
group; thus it is n longer limited to ethnic groups
Common approach is participant observation, in which
the researcher becomes immersed in the culture under
study.
Phenomenology
Explores the world of the participants by
gaining thoughts, insights, and perceptions to
a particular phenomenon.
Investigates an individual’s thoughts and
perceptions and find the common ground to
every experience.
The participants relive their experiences in
order to obtain the very essence of these
thoughts and perceptions
POSSIBLE TOPICS:
1. Experiences of athletes who played in
the national and international events
2. Student-artists who joined art
competitions
3. Students who volunteer in relief
operations
4. Teachers who are teaching in remote
areas
NARRATIVE RESEARCH
Narrates the life experiences of an individual
told to the researcher of from available
document or material.
Highlights special events in the individual’s
life
GROUNDED THEORY
Aims to generate a theory from the
data which are analyzed and
interpreted inductively.
The theory that can be generated
does not start from the beginning
but only surfaced after all the data
have been analyzed inductively.
Result of thorough interviews and
observations
 CASE STUDY
A kind of analysis of persons, events, decisions,
periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other
systems that are studied holistically by one or more
method (Thomas, 2011)
Presents a detailed analysis of a specific case.
Usually, a case is an individual or group of people
The researcher focuses on one particular case
Example: Filipino youth as Addicted “Titans” of the
Game Clash of Clans (CoC)
ACTION RESEARCH
A practical approach to an inquiry in any social
situation
Usually used in education
Concerns actors whose purpose is to understand and
improve actions as a result of research that is carried
in any practice of the proffesion
“Research-based Manual on Science News Writing For
DepEd Student –Journalist”
Fill the table below and give a clear distinction of the various
forms of Qualitative Research by making a descriptive
statement.
Kind of Qualitative Research Main Feature
Phenomenology

Case Study

Ethnography

Historical Research

Action Research

Narrative Research

Grounded Theory