City Development Plan - Greater Visakhapatnam: Cities Alliance Project Output

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Public Disclosure Authorized
Cities Alliance Project Output

City Development Plan – Greater

Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam City Development Strategy and Slum Upgrading

Action Plan
P095174
This project output was created with Cities Alliance grant funding.
Visakhapatnam City Development Plan
ANNEXURE-1 of PART-III of MoA
CITY DEVELOPMENT
PLAN
GREATER VISAKHAPATNAM
MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
1
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to City Development Plan 9
1.1. Brief Profile of City 9
1.2. City Development Strategy 12
1.3. Objectives and Scope of CDP 12
1.4. The CDP Process 13
2. Demography, Economy and Land Use 17
2.1. Introduction 17
2.2. Demography 18
2.3. Economy 22
2.4. Spatial Growth, Planning and Land Use. 30
3. Governance Frame Work and Reforms 33
3.1. Legal Framework 33
3.2. GVMC - organisation structure 34
3.3. Institutional Framework 36
3.4. Key Issues in CITY Governance 39
3.5. Reforms 41
4. Municipal Infrastructure 46
4.1. Infrastructure 46
4.2. Water Supply 47
4.3. Sewerage System 53
4.4. Storm Water Drainage 54
4.5. Traffic and Transportation 56
4.6. Solid Waste Management 62
5. Basic Services to the Urban Poor 65
5.1. Introduction 65
5.2. Growth of Slums and Slum Population 65
5.3. Socio-economic Characteristics 65
5.4. Poverty Reduction Initiatives 67
5.5. institutional arrangements 68
5.6. Housing 69
6. Physical and Environmental Aspects of City 72
6.1. Physical Setting 72
6.2. Physiographic Setting 72
6.3. Geological Setting 72
7. Vision Formulation 82
7.1. CITY vision 82
7.2. Water supply 83
7.3. Sewerage Sector: 88
7.4. Storm Water Drainage: 91
7.5. Traffic And Transportation 95
7.6. Solid Waste Management 101
7.7. Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan 106
8. City Investment Plan 110
8.1. Water Supply 110
8.2. Sewerage 110
8.3. Traffic & Transportation: 111
8.4. Storm Water Drainage 112
8.5. Solid waste management 112
8.6. Basic Services for the Poor 112
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9. Investment Finance Plan 123

9.1. Financial performance 123
9.2. Investment Sustenance 130
Annexure 8 151
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Visakhapatnam at the National Level- A Comparison ............................................ 11

Table 1.2: Visakhapatnam at International Level- A Comparison ........................................... 12
Table 2.1: Population by Major Geographical Units ................................................................ 18
Table 2.2: Population Trends – Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation .................... 18
Table 2.3: Population Projections ............................................................................................ 20
Table 2.4: Composition of Growth ........................................................................................... 20
Table 2.5: Literacy Rate ........................................................................................................... 21
Table 2.6: Economic Base Occupational Distribution, 2001 .................................................... 23
Table 2.7: Gross District Domestic Product at Factor Cost (Rs Crores) ................................. 29
Table 2.8: Per Capita Income at Factor Cost (Rs) ................................................................... 29
Table 3.1: Table Showing the Institutions established by Law ................................................ 33
Table 3.2: Role of the Private Sector in Urban Infrastructure Provision .................................. 36
Table 4.1: State of the Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 46
Table 4.2: Cost Recovery in Urban Infrastructure ................................................................... 47
Table 4.3: Level of Agreegate Investment in Urban Infrastructure, 2001/02 to 2004/05 ......... 47
Table 4.4: Details of Water Supply Sources ............................................................................ 48
Table 4.5: Deficit in Supply for Different horizon years ............................................................ 50
Table 4.6: Tariff Structure Water Supply.................................................................................. 51
Table 4.7: Connection Details .................................................................................................. 51
Table 4.8: Performance Indicators ........................................................................................... 52
st
Table 4.9: Progress of Implementation (1 August 2005) ....................................................... 53
Table 4.10 Performance Indicators .......................................................................................... 53
Table 4.11: Per Capita Growth Rate (PCTR)........................................................................... 58
Table 4.12: Annual Vehicular composition............................................................................... 59
Table 4.13: Share of Public Transport ..................................................................................... 59
Table 4.14: Number of Accidents in Visakhapatnam ............................................................... 61
Table 4.15 Details of Solid Waste Generation In Greater Visakha Municipal Corporation ..... 62
Table 4.16 Composition of Solid Waste in GVMC ................................................................... 62
Table 4.17: Current Status ....................................................................................................... 63
Table 5.1: Basic Infrastructure in Slums .................................................................................. 66
Table 5.2 : Existing Position Of Community Facilities Available In Slums Of GVMC: ............. 67
Table 5.3: List of Poverty Alleviation Programs ....................................................................... 68
Table 5.4 Indicative List of Institutions and Programmes ........................................................ 69
Table 5.5 .................................................................................................................................. 70
Table 6.1: Environment Services ............................................................................................. 75
Table 6.2: Land Supply (Hectares) .......................................................................................... 76
Table 6.3: Land Use Break-Up ................................................................................................ 76
Table 6.4: Estimating Renewal of Housing and Infrastructure Stock, 2005 ............................ 76
Table 6.5: Ambient Air Quality Standards ................................................................................ 77
Table 6.6: Noise Levels In Localities ....................................................................................... 79
Table 6.7: Indoor Sources of Domestic Air Pollution ............................................................... 80
Table 7.1: Goals & Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years ......................................... 84
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Table 7.2 Water Supply strategy.............................................................................................. 87

Table 7.3: Current Status and Vision ....................................................................................... 88
Table 7.4: Sewerage Sector strategy....................................................................................... 90
Table 7.6. : Storm water strategy ............................................................................................ 95
Table 7.7: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years ........................................... 96
Table 7.8: Traffic and Transportation strategy ....................................................................... 100
Table 7.9: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years ......................................... 102
Table 7.10. : Proposed Primary Collection System ............................................................... 103
Table 7.11 : Solid Waste Management Strategy ................................................................... 104
Table 7.12 : Basic Infrastructure Requirement For Slums .................................................... 107
Table 7.13: Community Facilities Available In Slums ............................................................ 107
Table 7.14: Solid Waste Infrastructure Required ................................................................... 108
Table 7.15. : Housing & Infrastructure Requirements ........................................................... 108
Table 7.16. : Poverty Reduction ............................................................................................ 109
Table 8.0 : Proposed MRTS Corridor .................................................................................... 111
Table 8.1. Water sector – City investment plan ..................................................................... 113
Table 8.2. Sewerage sector – City investment plan .............................................................. 115
Table 8.3. Storm water drainage sector – City investment plan ............................................ 116
Table 8.4. Traffic and transportation sector – City investment plan ...................................... 117
Table 8.5. Solid Waste Management Sector – City investment plan ..................................... 120
Table 8.6. Basic Services for the poor – City investment plan .............................................. 121
Table 8.7: Sector - Wise Investment Plan for 2005-2012 ...................................................... 122
Table 8.8: Financing Plan (Rs. In Crores).............................................................................. 122
Table 9.1: Assigned Revenue Income (Rs. in Crores) .......................................................... 125
Table 9.2: Revenue Grants (Rs. in Lakhs)............................................................................. 126
Table 9.3 :Key Financial Indicators ........................................................................................ 128
Table 9.4 City investment plan – Sector-wise investment plan for 2005-2012 ...................... 131
Table 9.5 : Investment SUSTENANCE .................................................................................. 132
Table 9.6 : Annualised investment plan ................................................................................. 133
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Greater Visakha ...................................................................................................... 17

Figure 2.2: Decadal population growth in major Urban ........................................................... 19
Figure 2.3 Comparative Decadal Growth Rates of Vizag with other surrounding Muicipalities
......................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 2.4: Sex ratio ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 2.6 Areas of Economic Growth ..................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.8: Gross District Product per capita (2000 – 01) ....................................................... 30
Figure 2.9 Land Use Structure of GVMC 2001 ........................................................................ 30
Figure 3.1: Organisation Chart ................................................................................................. 35
Figure 3.2 Organogram2: State Level Agencies ...................................................................... 37
Figure 3.3: Role and responsibilities – inter relationship of various Department..................... 38
Figure 3.4: Functional Overlaps & Co-ordination Requirements ............................................. 39
Figure 4.1: Sources of Water Supply ....................................................................................... 49
Figure 4.2: Vehicular Average Speed ...................................................................................... 58
Fig. 5.1: Land Status of Slums in Gvmc................................................................................... 66
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TERMINOLOGY, DEFINITIONS AND GLOSSARY
ABBREVIATIONS
BOT build-operate-transfer
CIP In the context of sectoral strategy will mean Capital Investment
programme and in the context of the city as a whole will mean City
Investment Plan
GVMC Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
NGO non governmental organisation
NRW non revenue water
O&M operation and maintenance
PPP Public Private Participation
PSP private sector participation
SSWP small-scale water provider
TOR Terms of Reference
WHO World Health Organization
MEASUREMENT UNITS AND SYMBOLS

gal gallon
km Kilometer
km 2 square kilometer
l/c/d liter per capita per day
m meter
m2 square meter
m3 cubic meter
m3/d cubic meter per day
m3/d/c cubic meter per day per capita
mgd million gallons per day
mld million liters per day
mm millimeter
NA not available or not applicable
sq ft square feet
sq km square kilometer
sq yd square yard
“ inch
UNIT CONVERSION
1 gallon 4.546 liters
1,000 gallons 4.546 cubic meters
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The formulas used for the computations are shown below.
1. Production/population (m3/d/c)
= [annual production volume(m3) / 365] / [number of people served]
2. Water supply coverage (%)
= [number of people served] x 100 [total population in service area]
3. Per capita consumption (l/c/d)
= [total annual domostic consumption (m3) x 1,000/365] / [number of people
served]
4. Average tariff (US$/m3)
= [total annual revenue from tariff (US$)] / [total annual consumption (m3)]
5. Nonrevenue water (%)

= [ total annual production (m3) – total annual consumption (m3)] x 100/ [total
annual production (m3)]
6. Working ration
= (annual O&M const] / [annual revenue]
7. Staff/1,000 connection ratio
= [number of utility staff for city] / [number of city connections/1,000]
8. Unit production cost (US$)]
= [annual O&M cost (US$)][total annual production (m 3)]
9. People served (persons)
= [(number of domestic connections) x (number of persons per domestic
connection)]
10. Cost of water for domestic use (10,20,30, and 50 m3 per month) – use the
corresponding tariff structure provided for each water utility.
11. Sewage Treatment Ratio
= Waste water treated (kl)/ Waste water produced (kl)
12. Reuse Ratio
= Treated Waste water reused / recycled (kl) / Treated waste water (kl)
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Chapter-I
1. Introduction to City Development Plan

1.1. BRIEF PROFILE OF CITY
Visakhapatnam, popularly known as Vizag, is a fast developing port city. With a
population of 15, 00,000 in 2001 and a land area of 530 square kilometres, Visakhapatnam is
the country’s largest city in terms of land and Andhra Pradesh’s second largest urban
agglomeration in population. On account of rapid industrialisation, there has been significant
migration into the city. The city was originally a small fishing village but due to its natural
harbour it developed into a major port. It has experienced rapid industrialisation with the
growth of major industries, including steel, petroleum refining and fertiliser. With the formation
of “Greater Visakhapatnam” in 2005 the city’s development is set for a quantum leap.
The city of Visakhapatnam has implemented a number of reforms including e-
governance and citizen-friendly initiatives. Vizag has been the first city in the country to
implement e-governance and still leads in offering a variety of services to its residents online.
The Corporation is working closely with other planning and service delivery institutions in the
city for improving the quality of life. GVMC has entered into partnerships with the resident
welfare associations and the slum communities in undertaking solid waste management and
management of neighbourhood parks.
The Visakhapatnam Slum Improvement Project (VSIP), implemented with £ 9 million
grant funding from the DFID, UK during 1988-1996, improved the service provision to about
200,000 slum residents in the city. This slum upgrading initiative was evaluated as a
successful within its specified objectives. However, it only worked in “notified” slums of the
city, and did not encourage a citywide assessment of need or any leveraging of additional
funds e.g. cost sharing etc. This left many poor settlements in the city untouched, and others
partially covered. VSIP did not work to improve municipal management or finances. The
impact assessment identified difficulties for the city in operation and maintenance of this
additional infrastructure created in poor settlements.
Consolidating on the past initiatives the Municipal Corporation proposed to prepare a
City Development Plan with a focus on service delivery improvements and comprehensive
and citywide slum upgradation. Administrative Staff College of India is assigned for the
purpose with the assistance of Cities Alliance.
History
This beautiful city is said to have derived its name from the deity 'Visakha' - the God
of Valour. The history of the town can be traced back to Ashoka the Great (273-232 B.C.)
when this was a small fishing village of the Kalinga empire. Later on this port town
successively passed from the Andhra Kings of Vengi to the Pallavas, Cholas and the Gangas.
In the 15th century Visakhapatnam became a part of Vijayanagar Empire. The British took
charge of this beautiful land and transformed this into a busy and flourishing port town. Today
it has emerged as an important port on the east coast of
India. The Vizag port handles the maximum cargo in the
country and promises to become one of Asia's major
ports.
Location & Topography
o
Vizag is located on the east coast of India, in 17 42'
o
North latitude and 82 02' East range of hills. Based on
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topographical conditions, the city and its environs can be divided into four categories viz.,
Hilly region, Upland tracks, Rolling plains and Plains. The Kailasa and Yarada are the major
hill ranges in the city. The Kailasa hill range stretches from Simhachalam to MVP Colony on
the north flank of the city. The city, which appears like a small basin, is surrounded by the
Yarada hill popularly known as Dolphin’s nose (358m) on the side of the Kailasgiri hills on the
north, with the Bay of Bengal forming the eastern wall. The coastal line runs from north- east
to south west over a dist nce of six kilometres. On the west there is an extensive tidal basin
called Upputeru now under reclamation. Beyond Yarada there is a valley followed by another
range of hills.
Economy
The city is experiencing tremendous economic growth. The
sectors contributing to city’s economic growth are agriculture
and fishing (primary sector), large, medium and small scale
industries (secondary sector) and services (tertiary sector)
that include trade and commerce, transport,
telecommunications, management and consultancy
services, education, etc. It has experienced rapid
industrialization with the onset of major industries viz., Oil
Refinery -- a private sector fertilizer factory, Hindustan Zinc Smelter and Visakhapatnam Steel
Plant. The construction of the outer harbour and Steel Plant have considerably changed the
character of the city. On account of rapid industrialization, there has been tremendous
amount of migration into the city. Today the tourism, services and information technology
contribute significantly to the economy.
Tourism
Vizag, sandwiched between the promontory called

Dolphin’s nose and the Kailashgiri Hills, is one sea
together and that makes for a spectacular view from even
within the city. The beaches of Vizag Rama Krishna,
Lawson’s Bay, Rishikonda and Gangavaram are amongst
the best kept secrets of India.
Head north up to
the Simhachalam hills is simhachalam temple, a 11th
Century temple dedicated to Lord Narasimha. Vizag is
well endowed with excellent hotels and restaurants to
accommodate national and international tourists.
Recently, many Buddhist ruins have been
discovered in and around Vizag. A more fascinating
site to visit is the village of Sankaram, where numerous images of Buddha are seen carved in
caves of the hills. Vizag is home to the Eastern Fleet of the Indian Navy and the Naval
presence has cast its influence over the city. Overlooking the port in all its majesty is the 358
meters high promontory of Dolphin’s Nose so called because of its uncanny resembalance to
the mammal. The lighthouse atop, which can be visited with permission, is the highest in
India. Its beams can be seen far out at the sea and it directs the traffic in the busy shipping
lanes of the Bay of Bengal as well as the entrance to Vizag port.
A comparison of Vizag with cities in India indicates that it is deficient in service
delivery in many respects like per capita water supply and sanitation. On economic, health,
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education and transport indicators it is no better. Higher percentage of people is below rhe
poverty line. Similar situation exists in comparision with cities at international level. Tables 1.1
and 1.2 describe the position.
Table 1.1: Visakhapatnam at the National Level- A Comparison
Sector Indicator Vizag Hyd Mumbai Delhi Chennai Kolkata

Gross District Product Per
20,910 23000 43000 39000 34,000 33,000
Capita ( in Rs.)
Population below poverty

30% 23% 27% 8% 20% 6%
Economy line (2001)
Economic Disparity (% of
low and lower middle 43% 37% 27% 18% 42% 32%
Income households, 2002)
Literacy Rate (2001) 70.46% 79% 87% 83% 80% 81%

Education
Drop out rate (2001) 33.4 66% 42% 52% 46% 42%
% of population living in
28% 37% 55% 35% 40% 31%
Housing slums ( 2001)
Health Child Mortality Rate (2001) 6% 6.90% NA 2.60% 3.70% 1.60%

Piped water supply per day 0.75
2 NA 2 1 NA
(Hours)
Water Per capita Availability in 62 110 168 180 106 173

lpcd of potable water
Household water
23% 36% 58% 51.30% NA 23%
connections (2001)
Sewerage Connections
6% 41% NA 55% 55% NA
Sanitation (UA)
Average commute time

30 60 30 45 NA NA
(minutes)
Public Transport Utilization

49% 44% NA 62% 36% NA
rate
Transport
% Area covered by roads 1.5% 6% 10% 18% 10% 12%
Vehicles Density
(passenger car units per 372 723 242 NA 293 NA
KM of road length)
Source – CPO’S Office, Collectorate; GVMC
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Table 1.2: Visakhapatnam at International Level- A Comparison
Sector Indicator Vizag Hyd Hanoi Bangkok Jakarta Jo’burg
Per capita income (USD) 495 511 3,510 15,053 7,2,69 2,900
Economic Population below poverty

30% 23% 1.80% NA NA 25%
Outcomes line ( 2001)
Unemployment Rate (%)

24% 22% 10.30% 2.20% 16.80% 26.40%
(1998)
Literacy Rate( 2001) 70.46% 79% 92% 97% 98% 93%
Education
Drop out rate ( 2001) 33.4% 66% 7.40% NA NA NA
% of population living in
28.3
Housing slums ( 2001)
Health Child Mortality Rate 6% 6.90% 4.20% 3.30% 2.40% 5.50%
Household access to
43% 81% 100% NA 91% 84.50%
water
Per capita Availability in

lpcd of potable water
Water 62% 106 NA NA 77 261
(Water utility coverage
area, 2003)
Household water
23% 64% 70% 99% 50.30% 50%
connections (2001)
Sewerage Connections
6% 41% 50% 100% 64.80% 84%
Sanitation (UA)
Average commute time

30 60 15 60 NA 50
(minutes)
Transport
Public Transport
49% 44% 2% 28% NA 33.40%
Utilization rate
Source – Monitor group report Strong Weak
1.2. CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporatiuon (GVMC) has prepared a City
Development Strategy (CDS) in 2005 to address the infrastructure and service delivery gaps
in with support and assistance from Cities Alliance. The objective of CDS was to prepare and
implement a strategy for creating a stong and robust economy with equitable growth.
1.3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF CDP

The Government of India has launched a major programme viz., Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), for promoting reforms and investments for
select 63 cities. Visakhapatnam is one of the eligible cities under the scheme. Under
JNNURM, it is mandatory to prepare a City Development Plan through a participatory and
consultative process. Accordingly, GVMC, along with other key stakeholders, prepared the
CDP based on the City Development Strategy formulated earlier.
The main objective of the CDP is to ensure a planned growth of the city and to make
Visakhapatnam as a better alternative to the mega cities, guided by a shared vision for city’s
development. The CDP makes basic policy choices and provides a flexible framework for
adapting to deal with emerging challenges over time. It emphasizes on issues of priority, local
concerns for liveability, and the implied requirements in terms of:
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• Enhancing city productivity;

• Reducing poverty;
• Improving urban governance; and
• Enhancing financial sustainability.
The sectoral plans for the identified sectors form part of the CDP and it covers a time
horizon of 20 year. The CDP outlines a policy framework and investment/reform interventions
to achieve the vision.
Scope
The strategic policy and investment interventions to achieve the vision of
Visakhapatnam including formulation of sectoral plans for the identified sectors are outlined in
the CDP. The scope of work is to:
• Assess the existing situation with regards to demography, economic base, financial
profile, infrastructure services, physical and environmental aspects and institutions.
• Identify the gaps in service delivery
• Outline the issues faced by the City’s poor
• Prepare a vision and sectoral strategic framework outlining the goals, strategies,
interventions/projects to achieve the vision and
• Formulate a city investment plan with appropriate financing strategies and an
implementation action plan.
• Focus on the reforms to be carried out at the state and local level in consonance with
the vision and strategic plan outlined to sustain the planned interventions.
1.4. THE CDP PROCESS

The critical element in the city development plan is to formulate a shared vision for the city of
Visakhapatnam outlining:
• Development objectives and long term environmental, social, economic infrastructure,

cultural and health goals, and
• Programme of institutional and policy priorities and a definition of sectoral and inter
sectoral goals and development strategies.
Tthe CDP process has established a creative dialogue between Government Departments,
and between Government Departments and Citizens, and identified the priority activities to be
undertaken to improve service provision / management in tahe city. These dialogues would
develop into sustainable partnerships for strategic development of the city in the future. This
process also resulted in the formulation of Strategic Action Plan and City Assistance
Programme incorporating sectoral investments for economic growth and poverty reduction.
The CDP also took into consideration the works and plans of other government and quasi-
government agencies contributing towards the growth and development of the city. The key
steps involved in the CDP process include:
• Formation of Program Steering Committee (PSC) at the apex level

• Constitution of Working Groups
• Stakeholder workshops and Meetings
• Visioning Exercise
• Situation Analysis
• Formulation of Goals & Strategies
• Capital Investment Plan and Project Scheduling
• Approval by the CDP by the Council along with Draft MoA
• Action & Operating Plan indicating the policy and reform measures for improved
service provision and delivery.
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The CDP exercise was carried out through consistent stakeholder participation at
various stages. A core group headed by the heads of the agencies involved in city’s
governance was formed to manage and drive the process and to look into different elements
of urban functions. The concerns of the urban poor were captured by the Urban Community
Development Department through a series of consultations with the stakeholders held during
the preparation of CDS, which was again reinforced during the preparation of CDP.
The stakeholders were identified through stakeholder analysis. The key stakeholders viz.,
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, the district collector representing the state
government, Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority, Visakhapatnam Port Trust,
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, state government line departments like police, health, education,
electricity and transport, academic institutions, government and non-governmental agencies
involved in service delivery, private sector agencies such as chambers of commerce and
industry, representatives of the poor, non-governmental and community based organisations,
members of civil society including the media were involved in the process. A key feature of
consultations is the inclusion of the representatives from poor community groups such as
community development societies and self-help groups in the entire process. They were also
included as members of the working groups.
Orientaion was organised to all the stakeholders to familiarise them with the purpose,
process, and expected outcomes of the CDP, and to build enthusiasm, understanding and
commitment to the CDP. This helped in arriving at a consensus along with the stakeholders
firming the process and agreeing upon a structured programme to take the CDP forward.
For detailed and indeph analysis of the situation and to help the process working groups were
formed and each group was assigned a sector to identify the interventions in the CDP. The
sectors were finalised based on the stakeholders’ concerns. Each of the working groups
assisted in focussing on the city vision, define sectoral goals, and define strategies to achieve
the goals. Thirteen working groups, comprising of eminent experts, prepared the strategies
and action plans in the following key sectors:
• Governance
• Poverty alleviation and Slum Up gradation
• Economic Development and Livelihoods
• Tourism Development (regional focus)
• Water Supply
• Public Health and Sanitation
• Traffic and Transportation
• Health and Education
• Urban Finance
• Old City Regeneration
a. Housing and Land use
b. Gender
c. Environment
A summary of the recommendations of working groups is presented in the Annexure.
The CDP identified performance-monitoring/ sustainability indicators to assist the City

of Visakhapatnam to review the progress of the CDP on an annual basis and to enable them
in setting the agenda for the future. The process is iterative and enabled the city to review its
outcomes through the identified indicators so as to make the process dynamic and in tune
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with the felt needs and requirements. The process adopted for the preparation of CDP is
presented in Figure 1.1. One of the key recommendations of the city development strategy of
GVMC was the preparation of Visakhapatnam Slum Upgradation Action Plan with the support
of Cities Alliance. A number of consultations were held with elected representatives, poor
communities and other stakeholders leading to the preparation of comprehensive strategy
and action plan including investments. The CDP process is given in the Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1. : CDP PROCESS
CDP THINK TANK

Program
Program steering
steering committee
committee
meetings
meetings
Working
Working groups
groups meetings
meetings
Technical
Technical Committee
Committee meetings
meetings
Stakeholder
Stakeholder consultations
consultations
Media
Media reports
reports
CDP
CDP for
for Implementation
Implementation
Formulation
Formulation of
of
City
City Vision
Vision and
and Goals
Goals
Preparation
Preparation of of two
two pronged
pronged Prioritization
Prioritization of
of Sectors
Sectors for
for
strategies
strategies forfor achieving
achieving the
the intervention
intervention
vision
vision •• Water
Water Supply
Supply && Sewerage
Sewerage
•• Reform
Reform Agenda
Agenda && action
action plan
plan •• Storm
Storm Water
Water
•• Capital
Capital Investment
Investment program
program •• Traffic and Transportation
Traffic and Transportation
•• Solid
Solid Waste
Waste Management
Management
Sectoral
Sectoral vision
vision formulation
formulation
Before the formation of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in 2005,

Gajuwaka, now a constituent of the Corporation, was a separate municipality. Gajuwaka
municipality prepared municipal action plans adopting consultative and participative
processes under Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP), Andhra Pradesh
Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project (APURMSP) and Rajiv Nagara Bata (RNB).
As such the prepararion of municipal action plans through consultations was internalised in
the municipality even before it became part of the GVMC. Later two programmes are also
under implementation in the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation as well. As such the
participatory praocessess were internalized in the GVMC through these development
programmes.
The participatory process under APURMSP and RNB involved two consultations with
stakeholders, which included government departments, members of the council, members of
committees, representatives of CBOs, SHGs, civil society, business and trade, economics,
media and the urban poor. One third of the participants were women. The discussions during
consultations facilitated identification of needs, their prioritization and preparation of an
accepted development plan for the city focusing on the poor. Working groups on governance
reforms, infrastructure and urban poor supported these consultations and the deliberations of
these groups also provided inputs to the consultative process.
Under Rajiv Nagara Bata, a convergence programme launched by the state
government, GVMC prepared a citywide action plan through consultative process with the key
stakeholders covering all sections of the society to identify the felt needs of the town and
prioritize them through consensus. These consultations were conducted during June -
October 2005 and the stakeholders were engaged in consultations in rapid assessment of
15
needs, feedback, prioritisation and implementation of policies and programmes. The rapid
assessment and feedback process of consultations and preparation of report is given in the
figure 1.2. Apart from the city wide consultations detailed discussion with members of civil
society, poor and vulnerable sections of the society and the municipal staff were carried out
through focus group discussions. The purpose of these group discussions was to dovetail the
identified action plan proposals and to come up with implementation mechanism. Based on
these consultations RAFT reports were prepared and it is under implementation.
Figure 1.2 RAFT Process
VUDA prepared a draft master plan for the Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Area in 2005
based on extensive consultations, which are mandatory in the preparation and finalisation of
master plan. In the consultaions in the Greater Visakhapatnam area elected representatives
and local people participated. In addition, a large number of meetings were held with various
government agencies engaged in the provision of infrastructure and specific suggestions
received. These consultations began in 2001 and went on for nearly two years. The draft was
revised in 2005 through a similar consultative process. The draft was submitted to the
Government for approval.
16
CHAPTER-II: Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
2. Demography, Economy and Land Use

2.1. INTRODUCTION
Greater Visakha, once a small fishing village, has evolved into a major port city over
the decades. It is also the administrative headquarters of the Visakhapatnam district. The city
is located at a distance of 712 kms from the state capital of Hyderabad. The city is
strategically located midway between Calcutta and Chennai. The total area of the city at
present is 515 sq.km. It is well connected by all modes of surface transport - east coast
railway, national highway No.5 and domestic air linkages. This strategic geographical location
coupled with the availability of the other associated factors in logistics has enabled the city to
attract large commercial investments and the major public and private sector industries. In
recent years, there has been a spurt in investments in the city and its surrounding areas
giving further impetus to transform the city as a future mega city. The map of the Greater
Visakha city is given figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 Greater Visakha
The Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam, prior to its constitution as Greater

Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in 2005 has a jurisdiction of 111 square kilometers with
a population of 9.69 lakhs as per the 2001 census while the Visakhapatnam Urban
Agglomeration covered approximately 5.3 square kilometers with a population of 13.62 lakhs.
The government of Andhra Pradesh has reconstituted the Municipal Corporation of
Visakhapatnam in the year 2005 by extending the jurisdiction and by merging the adjoining
municipality and panchayats. The reconstituted Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation has an area of 515 square kilometers with a population of 14.5 million. Thus the
GVMC is representative of the urban agglomeration in terms of area as well as population.
The Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority has a jurisdiction of 1701 square
kilometers and covers a poulation of 22.02 lakhs. Table 2.1 gives the details.
17
Table 2.1: Population by Major Geographical Units

Sl Geographical unit Area Population components
no. (Sq.kms) (in Lakhs)
1 Municipal Corporation Vizag 111 9.69 M.corp
(MCV) – Prior to 2005
2 Visakhapatnam Urban 503 13.62 MCV, Gajuwaka + 6
Agglomeration (VUA) (approx) outgrowths
3 Greater Visakha Municipal 515 14.5 MCV+ gajuwaka + 32
Corporation (GVMC) – After villages
2005
4 Visakhapatnam Urban 1701 22.02 Visakhapatnam dist +
Development Authority (VUDA) part of Vizianagaram
district
Source: census 2001
2.2. DEMOGRAPHY
Visakhapatnam is currently ranked as the second largest urban agglomeration in
Andhra Pradesh. The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) consists of the
Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam (MCV), 32-merged Villages and the erstwhile
Gajuwaka Municipality. The population of Vizag urban agglomeration increased from 1.05
million in 1991 to 1.32 million in 2001. The growth of population was more than 80% during
1971-81 and 37.11% during 1991-2001. Due to formation of GVMC and merger of
surrounding villages, several well established urban components of the city are located within
the GVMC. The details of population of the Municipal Corporation Visakhapatnam and now
functioning as the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation are given in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Population Trends – Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
Density
Component Area (Sq km)) Population (Lakhs)
(Persons/Sq.km)
2001 2006 2001 2006 2001 2006
Greater Visakha 111 540 9.69 14.5
8765 2685
Municipal Corporation
VUDA 1701 1701 22.02 26.21 1293 1540
The Viskhapatnam city is growing faster than any other city in the state over the last two
decades. The Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation has grown faster than Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai and Hyderabad between the years 1991-2001. The population density is more than
Chennai. A distinctive feature of population growth is that it is takoing place both within and
outside the core area. Thus, the population growth in Vizag is quite high as given in Figure
2.2 and this would necessitate long term planning and significant investments for improved
service delivery.
18
Figure 2.2: Decadal population growth in major Urban
Figure 2.3 Comparative Decadal Growth Rates of Vizag with other surrounding
Muicipalities
A key feature of population growth in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is that

the people living in surrounding areas, especially from the near by districts are migrating in
search of livelihoods owing to rapid fast growth of industrialisation to the city of
Visakhapatnam. Comparative to other surrounding Municipalities of Vijayanagaram,
Anakapalli and Bimunipatnam the decadal population growth in Vizag City is phenomenal
during the year 1991-01 at 75% compared to Vijayanagaram at 37.2%, Anakapalli at 15% and
Bhimunipatnam 20%. (Figure 2.3)
2.2.1 Future Growth

The growth rate of population experienced by VMC during 1991 and 2001 will continue in
future though at a lesser rate. The projections indicate that the Greater Visakhapatnam City
area would have a population of 16.61 lakhs in 2011 and 20.99 lakhs in 2021.
19
Table 2.3: Population Projections

Area (sq.km) Total Population (in lakhs) Density (Population / sq. km)
Component
2001 2006 2001 2006 2011 2021 2001 2006 2011 2021
Municipal
111 540 9.69 14.5 16.61 20.99 8765 2685 3075 5537
Corporation
VUDA 1701 1701 22.02 26.21 30.58 34.99 1293 1540 1797 2057
Components of Growth
An analysis of composition of population growth indicates that natural growth contributed
about 70 percent while migration contributed 30 percent between the years 1981-1991.
However, the contribution of natural growth has come down significantly in the years 1991-
2001 to 47 percent, mainly due to jurisdictional change. The contribution of migration has
come down from 30 to 20 percent. This indicates that the urban growth in GVMC will take
place even if measures are taken to control migration. Hence long term and strategic planning
is necessary to promote equitable economic growth and service delivery. Table 2.4 gives the
details on composition of population growth.
Table 2.4: Composition of Growth

Composition Population increase during
Year 1981-91 % of total 1991-2001 % of total
Natural increase 1,38,000 70% 2,32,000 47%
In-migration 47,360 30% 73,200 20%
Jurisdictional 0 0% 1,70,000 33%
Total increase 1,85,360 100% 4,75,200 100%
One of the key reasons for inadequate service delivery outcomes in GVMC is the overlapping
arrangements in functions, roles and responsibilities of the institutions resulting in poor
accountability. The absence of an effective coordination mechanism, amongst city and state
level agencies has implications for orderly spatial development, coordinated infrastructure
provision, local economic growth, development management, service delivery and
expenditure effectiveness. There is an urgent need to ensure spatial and functional
integration of service delivery process through innovative institutional arrangements for
achieving better service outcomes. There is a need for widespread reform in governance and
service delivery framework with a focus on city integration and co-ordination.
2.2.2. Sex Ratio
Sex ratio in Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is 971 in 2001, which is substantially

higher than the sex ratio in the year 1991. However, the sex ratio in 2001 is below the state
average of 978.
20
Figure 2.4: Sex ratio
Sex Ratio
980 Year Sex Ratio

Sex Ratio 1951 978
960
1961 920
940
1971 921
920 1981 925
900 1991 939
2001 971
880
1951 1971 1991
2.2.3. Literacy
Census figures for 1991 & 2001 for Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation and the rest of the
state reveal that general literacy and female literacy have improved. Visakhapatnam
Municipal Corporation leads in literacy in Andhra Pradesh, with 76.60% in 2001. Male literacy
in the agglomeration is approximately 83.46%, while female literacy is considerably lower at
69.59%. table 2.5
Table 2.5: Literacy Rate
Percentage of Literates
Year
Male Female Total
1971 61.59 39.77 51.12
1981 65.57 45.65 55.96
1991 71.99 57.56 65.00
2001 83.46 69.59 76.60
Demography: Emerging Issues and Concerns

Visakhapatnam has experienced high growth in population and the same trend is expected to
continue over the next two decades. It is projected that by 2021 Visakhapatnam would
emerge as one of the major cities in the country. Most of this growth would take place in
Greater Visakhapatnam area away from the city core. However, this has serious implications
for service delivery both for city core as well as peripheral areas since the traffic and
population flows occur between them. This calls for integrated planning of Greater
Visakhapatnam with a focus on equitable provision of services to all the areas and all the
sections of the population.
21
2.3. ECONOMY
2.3.1 Background
The economic impetus in Visakhapatnam over the past three decades has provided
numerous employment opportunities, which are clearly visible in the population growth rates
for the past three decades. The demographic trends of growth essentially follow the
geographical expansions, which were the result of various developmental initiatives in the
infrastructure and on the industrial front. During the first quarter of the century', a very slow
increase is recorded as there was no major event except the opening of the East Coast
Railway line. During the second quarter of the century, a steady rise is recorded till
Independence was observed, with the establishment of major institutions. A significant growth
of the city after partition, which lasted during the third quarter of the century, is due to the
development of port activities and industrialization. The new industrial policy declared by the
Government of Andhra Pradesh in 2005 gives boost to new investors who are willing to invest
in Andhra Pradesh. Visakhapatnam is the district of plentiful opportunities.
The City having an investment of Rs. 20,000 Crores is the industrial capital of the State. The City is
recognised as the fifth-fastest growing "Industrial Metropolis" in the Asian subcontinent and the fastest
growing industrial city on the East coast of India strategically located midway between Calcutta and
Chennai. The areas of economic growth are indicated in Figure 2.6
Figure 2.6 Areas of Economic Growth
The geographical advantage with a natural harbour and bountiful infrastructural facilities helped
the city acquire industrial importance and well known place in the international market. The ideal industrial
climate has led to the development of core industries .Rich deposits of iron and aluminium ores in
close proximity and good rail and road connectivity and Export oriented Zones and EXIM park s
present interesting possibilities for setting up major industries.
The basic requirements which are necessary for establishing an industry are the power
supply, raw materials, transportation facilities etc are available in Visakhapatnam and very
22
large plants have come to be established in Visakhapatnam and environs. – Hindustan Ship
Yard, Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels factory and such others. The employment potential is
2, 00,000 workers.
With its long coast line, fishing and travel and tourism is a major economic activity .There are
also handful opportunity for development of brackish water, prawn culture, pisci culture since
this is an export oriented and a lot of investment can be poured into it.
The state as well the city government have made concerted efforts to make Visakhapatnam
the second economic development hub in the areas of Information Technology Enabled
Services, Pharma and Biotechnology, development of Consumer goods and Ancillary
industries/Tourism after Hyderabad. Significant efforts in this direction include some of the
recent projects supported by the Corporation which include Upgradation of the local Airport,
setting up of VSEZ, Simhadri Power Plant, Special Economic Zone, Pharma City at
Parawada, Gangavaram Port, Gems and Jewellery Park and Apparel Export Park amongst
other Projects. There is a possibility of a few more manufacturing unit being located in the
close proximity to the City
The transport infrastructure has permitted industrial investment and growth in the region. In
addition to the international and national linkages, the Corporation has undertaken several
initiatives to upgrade the municipal roads and public utilities and amenities to international
standards.
2.3.3 Occupational Structure

According to 2001 census, the work force in Visakhapatnam city is about 3,44,729 of which
maximum proportion of workers is found to be in tertiary services which includes services and
trade and commerce. The services sector is the largest sector contributing 30 percent of the
workforce while a significant and equal proportion of workers are found in three sectors viz.
trae and commerce, manufacturing and transport and communications with 13 percent reach.
A significant feature of the occupational structure is that the work force in primary sector
constitutes nearly 20 percent of the total workforce. This significant presence is due to the
merging of nearby villages and fishing related activities.
Table 2.6: Economic Base Occupational Distribution, 2001
Occupation category Number of % of total
workers (lakh)
Primary sector 69,792 20.24
Household industry 13,943 4.04
Manufacturing 46,137 13.38
Electricity, gas and water supply 3,829 1.11
Construction 20,289 5.88
Transport, storage and communication 43,847 12.71
Banking insurance 720 0.20
Trade and business 44,588 12.93
Services 1,01,584 29.46
Total 3,44,729
A brief description of various activates are presented below.

Industrial Activities
23
The industrial activities are one of the prime economic activities of the city. The total number
of industrial units in the city stood at 1,775.Tthe total investment of this sector is about Rs.
8,021.77 crores, of which about 8,005.32 crores (99.79 per cent) is in large and medium-scale
industries alone and the rest is in small-scale industries. The total work force engaged in
industrial activities is about 44,275 persons, of which 30,110 per sons (68.01 per cent) are
found in large and medium-scale industries and the rest in small-scale industries.
Of the 55 large and medium manufacturing industries, 8 units are in the public sector, 42 in
the private sector and 5 in the cooperative sector. Public sector dominates in investment and
employment accounting for 85% of the investment and 68% of employment.
Major public sector undertakings like Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, National Thermal Power
Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Hindustan Zinc, Hindustan Shipyard, Bharat
Heavy Plates and Vessels are located in and around the city. Other projects in city periphery
are Divi Pharmaceuticals, Thermal Power project of NTPC, Cement plants, Ancillaries of
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, Jindal Petrochemicals and Marine based industries. There are 23
medium to major ones in the pipeline. These basic Industries themselves have played a
decisive role in facilitating the expansion of the private sector industries such as Coramandal
Fertilizers, LG Polymers India Pvt. Ltd, Essar Iron Ore Pelletisation Plant, East India
Petroleum Limited and Rain Calcining Limited in recent years.
The minor industries include manufacturing units of rubber and plastics, coal products, gas
and steam units, automobile workshops, beverages, ship breaking units, export processing
zone, fishing trawlers, communications, aqua culture units, airport, port conveyer belt across
the city and a host of rail lines connecting the industries for wagon movement. Around
100,000 workers live in the proximity of the industrial units.
The city has one of the oldest industrial estates in the state providing sites and services for
establishment of small and medium scale industries. In tune with time, APIIC has developed
an Industrial Area of about 1200 acres in five Blocks in Visakhapatnam. While blocks A, B, C
& D have been fully developed.
Visakhapatnam Port
The Port has a natural harbour and is one of the major ports on the East Coast of India. It is
o
situated at the mouth of the stream Meghadrigedda, at the confluence point at 17 41’34” N
o
latitude and 83 17’-15” E longitude. The harbour is protected by “Dolphin’s nose” projecting
into the sea and having low tidal range with a maximum of 1.83 mts, offers safe shelter to
ships. The Visakhapatnam Port was opened to ocean going ships in October 1933.
The Visakhapatnam outer harbour is India’s deepest harbour and can accommodate bulk
carriers of 1.00 lakh DWT and more ships drawing up to 15.3 mts. and having a length up to
263 mts. can be accommodated at the outer harbour ore berths. The Visakhapatnam inner
harbour has an entrance channel, a turning basin and 3 navigable areas known as the
Northern arm, North western arm and Western arm. The construction of the harbour was
taken up in 1723 and three arms formed by 1933. It has earned recognition for being one to
the top ports for the export of marine products in India.
The volume of seafood exports through Visakhapatnam Port has increased to 26, 637 tone in
2001 – 02, according to the figures compiled by the Marine products Exports Development
Authority (MPEDA). Among the significant developments in the port – the Fertilizer berth in
the westerns arm of inner harbour, operated by the Coromondal Fertilizer Ltd has come up for
modernization by installing a new ship unloaded for achieving higher productivity. Other large
24
user groups include Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL),
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), and Export Processing Zone etc.
The statistics indicate that all the major ports of the country handled 281 million tones of
various cargoes while Visakhapatnam port handled cargoes, which is 16 percent of the all
India quantum. The VPT has two harbours i.e. inner harbour and outer harbour. It also has
Naval Dockyard, Shipyard and submarine yard. At Visakhapatnam Port, ships from more
than 50 countries come every year with 321 days berth occupancy. The Port is obsessed by
the dense urban developments and industrial development around. The employment in the
port is 6909.
Gangavaram Port
The State Government is establishing the new deepwater grass root port at Gangavaram
adjoining the Steel Plant under Private Public Partnership and with the establishment of this
port; GVMC would have two major ports functioning under its jurisdiction. It is situated at a
distance of 15 km south of Visakhapatnam Port. Investment planned for the port is around Rs
20,000 million (US $400m). Construction of the first phase of the port will be completed by
March 2006.
Fishing
Fishing is one of the major activities in the GVMC area. The export value of the fishing
products in India is in crores of rupees, 70% of which is from Andhra Pradesh and major
portion of this is from Visakhapatnam. It is estimated that around 6 lakh people of the state
depend on fishing activity of which one fourth are in Visakhapatnam. According to an
estimate, about 50 families directly or indirectly make their livelihood on each boat that goes
for fishing. There are 118 primary fishermen cooperative societies. There were 2800
mechanised boats in the city. The Visakhapatnam coast is always a hub of fishing activity. A
fishing harbour exists to facilitate marine fishing. There are 22 fish / prawn processing units in
and around the City. These plants have cold storage capacity ranging from 5 tones to 400
tones. The fishing harbour is likely to be relocated to Bheemunipatnam to further the spatial
expansion of the Port.
A new fish-landing infrastructure was established at Yarada essentially to meet the
requirements of fishermen from Dibbapalem and Gangavaram who have to shift their fishing
activities due to the establishment of the new grass root port of Gangavaram.
Commercial Activities
Owing to a high degree of industrial concentration, the complementary sectors such as
commercial, institutional and services sectors have also developed rapidly. The total number
of commercial establishments in the city is about 20,000 units. The work force engaged in this
sector is about 40,000 persons. The major categories of commercial establishments are
related to food products (Rice, Tirana, Chicken, Poultry, Hotels, Restaurants and Parlours,
Cloth Shops, Electronic and Consumer Products, Construction Materials, Hardware,
Automobiles and Personal Services. Besides this, the wholesale trading activities also have
developed substantially. The important commercial areas in the city are Velampeta,
Dabagardens, Suryabagh, Dwarakanagar and Gajuwaka. Similarly the important market in
the city is Poorna Market, Kurupam Market, and RTC. & TSR. Complexes.
There is notable shift of commercial business district (CBD) from the then hub of the city (now
old city) to multiple CBDs. The city expanded up to Poorna Market, the only commercial
centre for the entire city up to 1970s. After the construction of Jagadamba Theatre, the city’s
25
major activities moved towards north and the commercial activity spread up to the so-called
Jagadamba centre in 1970s. Thereafter the city expanded further northwards after the
construction of the RTC Complex and the tallest LIC building in 1980’s. The entire
Dabagardens has become a hub of electronic goods trade. In 1990’s, the prestigious NH5
road project brought the city shifts towards further to the north. With the proposed
construction of IT towers in the old TB hospital area, the city is destined to create a hub for IT
activity.
The city has developed it self as a cluster of differentiated zones which could be
broadly categorized as follows:
1 The old town area a fishing zone

2 The Waltair upland area an educational zone,
3 The Jagadamba centre an entertainment Zone (cinema),
4 The RTC complex area a shopping zone
5 The Beach road recreation and tourism
6 The Gajuwaka area an industrial zone and
7 The Simchalam area a religious zone.
Institutional and Services Activities

The city has all types of services and institutional activities such as Administration, Health,
Education, Transport and Communication, Financial and Defence Services. The total
institutional and services employment in the city is around 50,000 persons. The major
institutions found in the city are: Collectorate, Zillaparishad and Municipal Corporation, King
George Hospital, C.D.R. Hospital, Apollo Hospital and Seven-Hills Hospital, Andhra
University, GITAM, Port Trust, Railways, R.T.C., Airport, Postal and Telecommunications, Life
Insurance and Major Zonal and Regional Offices of various Banks and Corporate Offices and
Head Quarters of the Eastern Naval Command in Defence Services.
Tourism and Recreation

Tourism is one of the emerging areas in the city in terms of attracting national and
international tourists and bringing in foreign currency as well. The sector also contributes to
the increasing employment opportunities. Marketing of local products, Hospitality and
transport services, etc. are some of the areas of employment generation in connection with
tourism. Some tourist attractions in the city are given in annexure.
As the area around the city has vast potential for development of tourism, various places of
historical and religious importance in the region have been taken into consideration to prepare
a new theme based initiative for the development of Tourism and Recreation. It is proposed to
develop the following dedicated tourism transits in this direction. The transits are the
following.
• Buddhism transit covering various Buddhist sites area in Visakhapatnam.

• Religious transit covering famous religious locations.
• Coastal recreational transit along the coast inclusive of development of marinas
• Historical and heritage transit covering places of interest.
• Eco transits cover areas like Marsh lands an mangroves,, Zoological parks, Reserve
Forests and the Eastern Ghats and marine faunal occurrences Surrounded by virgin
beaches the city offers immense potential for the hospitality industry.
26
Archaeological and historical monuments play a major role in enhancing the tourist’s
experience of the City\ region. Since Archaeological preservation and the development of
tourism are not mutually exclusive process, there is a strong case for the Department of
Tourism facilitating preservation and protection of monuments that have not yet been taken
up by the Archaeological Survey of India or by the Archaeological Department of the State.
Towards this end, initiatives taken during the current year are noteworthy. Driven by the spirit
of think globally but act locally, the Corporation in association with the Andhra Pradesh
Tourism Department has taken up collaborative venture for preservation and enhancement of
the common inheritance.
2.3.4 Key Future Economic Drivers
Visakhapatnam SEZ
The Government of India actively encourages the setting up of Special Economic Zones
(SEZ). These are specially delineated duty free enclaves for the purpose of trade and
commerce, with a liberal tax, fiscal and administrative regime. The SEZ concept is designed
to enable its resident units to maximize their production efficiencies through relaxed policy
framework and world-class infrastructure. The Government has committed itself to the
success of these zones and has come up with attractive benefits for all stakeholders in these
SEZ’s. These include developers, operators, entrepreneurs and residents.
VSEZ is located at a distance of 24 kms from the city and 15kms from the airport. The broad gauge
railway line from Calcutta to Madras passes by the side of the Zone and the National Highway-5 is
at a distance of 2 . 6 kms from the zone. The National Highway is connected to the Zone. The
Visakhapatnam Port is located at a distance of 17kms from the Zone. The Zone is being developed in a
phased manner and accordingly development of the first phase was taken u p . An extent of 163
acres of land has been taken up for development of infrastructure and other facilities in the first phase.
EXIM Park
Visakhapatnam Port Trust has established an EXIM Park in 750 acres of land for the
allotment of Port based industries with an objective to promote industrialization of the
hinterland and to facilitate handling of export / import cargoes of various industries at this
Port, and to attract more cargo. The location of the Port’s EXIM Park has been chose in the
existing industrial belt. The EXIM Park area is connected to National Highway linking AP with
Orissa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Tamilnadu. The EXIM Park is situated 4 kms
away from the Airport, 8 kms from the railway station and it sis adjacent to the Northern arm,
which is the main commercial arm of the Port. The close proximity of the EXIM Park to the
Port’s waterfront area enables the entrepreneurs to have greater operational flexibi9lity and to
reduce transport costs.
The Port’s EXIM Park provides plots to various port based industries depending upon their
requirements. Each industry will be allotted an area of not less than 10 acres of land. A
minimum cargo throughput by way of export / import is to be guaranteed for handling at this
port. GVMC (Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation) provides one million galloons per day of
water to cater to the needs of the Port based industries at EXIM Park. The development of
Open Stacking areas, Storage Sheds and Warehouses is also being taken up. The Port
developed 20 railway lines for the “Mindi Interchange Yard” and 20 lines for the Sorting Yard
with 5 sick lines for servicing and maintenance of locos and a comprehensive railway network
to serve the proposed Open Stacking Area, Storage sheds.
27
Availability of skilled manpower, cheap labour and land resources

The economic development in Visakhapatnam over the past three decades offered enormous
employment potential that has attracted large scale in migration, which in turn led to
population growth rates of 59%, 34% and 25% respectively for the past three decades. After
Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam accounts for a high share of urban population and non-
agricultural workforce that is not unionised. Projections of workforce indicate an increase in
the non-agricultural employment to total workforce ratio from 44% in 2001 and 50% in 2005
NSN 57% in 2010.
This growth is also visible in the credits and deposits in scheduled commercial banks in the
city that show higher levels of commercial transactions, industrial activity and circulation of
capital.
Presence of academic/technical institutions of repute

Educational and Technical institutions provide the essential infrastructure that creates and
upgrade the skill sets of the workforce. In addition to this, educational intuitions themselves
are responsible for spinning off industries as in the case of the Biotechnology / IT sector. The
Urban local body and the State Government have recognized the importance of these
engines of growth in future developmental scenarios that are envisaged and have undertaken
several initiatives to upgrade the infrastructure and facilities of these institutions.
In summary, at the outset the decisive advantages \ contributory factors for economic
development are shown below in Figure 2.7
Figure 2.7
Ongoing Infrastructure
Upgradation projects
Prime
Location Good Urban
Local Body
Socio Economic And

Locational Advantage
Surface Transport Academic and
– Air, Port and Technical
Road Institutions
Skilled
Industrial Manpower and
Base Cheap Labor
The city has geographic and socio-economic advantages and these have been leveraged to
promote economic development in the region. The developmental efforts are combined with
efforts to create a sound institutional mechanism and to develop human resources. This
helps the city to alleviate poverty and achieve balanced growth and development in the
region.
2.3.5 Key Domestic Product and Per Capita Income
28
The Gross Domestic product of Visakhapatnam district, of which Greater Visakha constitutes
more than three fourths, has been steadily increasing from 1993-94 to 2001-02 at 101.4 %.
As per the household surveys, the income per household as well as the per capita income
structures is depicted as follows.
Table 2.7: Gross District Domestic Product at Factor Cost (Rs Crores)
At Constant Prices (1993-94) At Current Prices

Year Vizag Vizag as A.P Vizag Vizag as A.P
% of A.P % of A.P
1993-94 3288 5.68 57867 3288 5.68 57867
94-95 4064 6.65 61114 4455 6.46 68923
95-96 4461 6.89 64729 5412 6.78 79854
96-97 4488 6.52 68809 5835 6.47 90147
97-98 4071 6.01 67866 5558 5.80 95782
98-99 5568 7.32 76116 7864 6.87 114937
99-00 5133 6.45 79605 7698 6.15 125236
00-01 5775 6.68 86513 9271 6.62 140119
01-02 6623 7.31 90558 10711 7.07 151459
Table 2.8: Per Capita Income at Factor Cost (Rs)

At Constant Prices (1993-94) At Current Prices
Year Vizag A.P Vizag A.P
1993-94 8265 7416 8265 7416
94-95 10032 7711 11024 8732
95-96 10865 8071 13225 9999
96-97 10896 8514 14244 11202
97-98 9628 8191 13226 11650
98-99 12602 9144 18345 13965
99-00 11843 9445 18111 15049
00-01 13231 10195 21533 16708
01-02 14709 10590 24081 17916
Though the overall GDP of the GVMC is significant, it does not compare well with the GDPs
of other major cities. The per capita GDP in Visakhapatnam is only 21.5, which is much lower
than the per capita GDPs of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Bangalore as given in Figure 2.8.
Thus; the potential of the city is under-utilised.
29
Figure 2.8: Gross District Product per capita (2000 – 01)
2.4. SPATIAL GROWTH, PLANNING AND LAND USE.

2.4.1. Land Use Structure:-
Land use break-up in GVMC indicates that in 2002 8.33% constituted residential area and
4.56% of land was under industrial. The area under hills and forests and the area under
agricultural activity constitutes major chunk of the land. The residential area is expected to
increase in the GVMC region to 12.17% by 2021. Similarly the industrial area is expected to
increase to 7% by 2021 from 4.56% in 2002. An analysis of spatial growth pattern in the past
as well as the future indicates stagnation of growth in the old town area and the city is
growing industrially towards Anakapalle and residentially towards Bheemunipatnam. There is
a need to plan infrastructure investments corresponding to the growth pattern. As the city is
witnessing Urban sprawl planning should precede development to pave way for plan need
development.
Figure 2.9 Land Use Structure of GVMC 2001
30
2.4.2 Initial Development Plan for Visakhapatnam, 1970:-

Till 1970 development in Visakhapatnam was confined to the Port area, getting as a focal
point in the growth of the city mainly in terms of industrial development and as a shipyard.
Today, the port has emerged as one of the largest in India export mainly consisting of iron-
ore, and imports mainly consisting of petroleum products. In the last decade development of
residential strip along the coastal stretch is witnessed. It has been accompanied by
institutional and recreational uses. The main corridor of development included areas along the
NH- 5 and Visakhapatnam – Bheemili Beach Road.
At present, Visakhapatnam is the second largest city in Andhra Pradesh, a sprawling
industrial city and one of the emerging metropolises. The spatial growth of the city has been
restricted in the North, Yerada hill range on the south, extensive Bay of Bengal occupying the
East, Port Swamp area covering 3000 hectares within the city and also defence areas, airport
and hills.
The initial Plan was approved by the Govt of AP to the Visakhapatnam city in the name of
General Town Planning Scheme in the year 1970 vide GO.Ms.No: 703 HH and MA Dt:
29.08.70 and the important feature of the plan was to provide a framework for balance growth
and development. The plan was devoted not only for physical aspects but also on the social
infrastructure including development of good road network.
2.4.3. Master Plan for Visakhapatnam, 1989:-

After setting up Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, the city of Vizag experienced spurt in its growth
and several ancillary units also have come up in the vicinity of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant.
Accordingly the APIIC took initiative in acquiring large chunks of land in the vicinity of Stall
Plant to facilitate planned growth in industrial front. The Visakhapatnam Urban Development
Authority (VUDA) constituted under in AP Urban Areas (Development) Act 1975 took initiative
and prepared Zonal Development Plans for Visakhapatnam city and Master Plan for the entire
VMR region which was sanctioned by the Govt of AP in GO.Ms.No: 274 MA, Dt: 23.05.89.
Apart from preparation of Master Plan for the entire VMR region Visakhapatnam Urban
Development Authority (VUDA) prepared Zonal Development Plan for Visakhapatnam,
Gajuwaka, Anakapalle, Bheemunipatnam and Rushikonda areas which have been approved
by the govt to promote and facilitate planned development not only in urban centres but also
in the entire development area. Despite preparation of Master Plan and Zonal Development
Plan it so happened that in some of the areas such as Gajuwaka, Vepagunta etc. there was
no plan need development, as a result of which there were several unauthorized colonies and
in several parts of VMR developments have taken plan contrary to the Master Plan.
2.4.4. Revision of the Master Plan 2021:-

The Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority revised its Master Plan in 2004 for the
target year 2021 with a view to make Visakhapatnam a planned city with sound and equitable
planning. Considering the growth pattern the Master Plan, which was prepared for VMR,
proposed town ship developments in potential areas.
Similarly, in respect of transportation sector provision has been for LRTS in the Master Plan.
The Govt initiatives to develop tier two cities for IT and other purposes have also been taken
into consideration while preparing the Master Plan for the VMR region. Sufficient care has
been taken in the Master Plan to maintain ecological balance and also to protect fragile
coastal stretches in the region.
The Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA) has also prepared and submitted
Zonal Development Plans for Visakhapatnam, Gajuwaka, Anakapalle, Bheemili and
31
Vizianagaram, which are in the vicinity of sprawling Visakhapatnam city. After taking into
consideration various developmental activities that have taken place in Vizag and its vicinity
the Govt with view to ensure plan development issued orders and created Greater Visakha
Municipal Corporation in GO.Ms. No: 938 MA, Dt: 21.11.05 duly merging Gajuwaka
Municipality and 32 other potential settlements.
32
Chapter-III
3. Governance Frame Work and Reforms

Growth of cities makes the scale and complexity of urban problems daunting. This
requires efficient and effective governance framework. Urban governance refers to the
management of civic affairs by institutions to improve the quality of life in an inclusive,
transparent and accountable manner. The ‘good urban governance’ is characterized by
equity, efficiency, transparency, accountability, civic engagement and security of people and
environment. Only good urban governance enhances city’s competitiveness and contributes
to sustainability. A number of institutions are involved in governing a city. They include the
state government departments, local bodies and parastatals. While the departments are part
of government, the local bodies and parastatals are created through Acts of legislature or
government orders. The complexity of city problems is increasing with the spatial expansion
of the city like Visakhapatnam as also the growth of their population.
3.1. LEGAL FRAMEWORK

In Visakhapatnam a number of institutions are involved in the governance of the city.
Some of them were established through Acts of legislature and others are part of state’s
governance framework. The institutions established by law are given in table below.
Table 3.1: Table Showing the Institutions established by Law
Agency Legislation
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation Act 1979
Corporation
Visakhapatnam Urban Development
Andhra Pradesh Urban (Dev.) Act 1975
Authority (VUDA)
Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Water (protection and control of pollution) Act,
Board 1974
The GVMC is governed by two important legislations viz., Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation Act 1979 and the latter Act extends to all the 14 municipal corporations in the
state. The Acts specify the governance framework, the spatial jurisdiction and the functional
domain of the GVMC. The VUDA is an important planning and development agency. But the
corporation and urban development authority have to work in harmony for better development
outcomes.
3.1.1. Functional Domain

The functional domain of GVMC is specified in the two legislations referred. The
Municipal Acts list the functions under two categories, namely, “Obligatory Functions” and
“Discretionary Functions”. The obligatory functions include water supply, street cleaning,
drainage improvements, lighting, reclamation of unhealthy localities, prevention of infectious
diseases etc. The discretionary functions include child welfare, urban forestry, library,
education, housing for the poor, etc. The functional domain was expanded in 1994 as per the
12th Schedule of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act. In Andhra Pradesh, the Municipalities
and Corporation Acts provide for a majority of the functions listed in the 12th Schedule of the
constitution. They include:
 Urban Planning including Town Planning
 Regulation of land use and construction of buildings
 Roads and bridges
 Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
33
 Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management

 Slum improvement and upgradation
 Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, play grounds
 Burials and burial ground; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums
 Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals
 Vital statistics including registration of births and death
 Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public
conveniences.
 Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
In 2004 the Government after a review of functions of urban local bodies, transferred five
more functions to the urban local bodies through government orders. They are:
 Planning for economic and social development
 Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
 Urban Poverty alleviation
 Safeguarding the interest of weaker sections including the handicapped and mentally
retarded
 Promotion of cultural and aesthetic aspects.
The Government decided that the remaining function i.e. Fire Services should remain
with the state government and will be transferred after a review later. Though the five
functions were transferred, they have no statutory basis.
There are several issues in the transfer of functions of state agencies to the local
bodies. Transfer of functions need follow up legislation, institutional capacity of the local
bodies, financial resources, etc., which come in the way of transfer of these functions to the
urban local bodies. It is also expected that the transfer of functions will be followed by transfer
of officials as well as resources. However, transfer has not happened in the state thereby
leaving the transferred functions only on paper.
3.2. GVMC - ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

The functioning of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is controlled by the two
main wings. The first wing consists of the General Body and the committees like Standing
Committee, Ward committees. These are mainly responsible for formulating the policies and
other administrative matters, which are referred to the administrative wing according to the
provisions of the Act. The organisation chart is given at the figure 5.1. The second wing is the
administrative wing, which is headed by the Municipal Commissioner. The Commissioner is a
civil servant belonging to the Indian Administrative Service of the Government of India. He
controls the working of various departments and implements the policies formulated by
elected representatives.
34
Figure 3.1: Organisation Chart
COMMISSIONER MONITORING AND

COORDINATION SECTION
AUDIT
SECTION
IT SERVICES
SECTION
DIRECTOR
ADDITIONAL DEPUTY ADDITIONAL HEAD, PARKS,
CITY URBAN COMMUNITY
COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER CHIEF ENGINEER VIZAG WATER LEISURE AND
PLANNER DEVELOPMENT,
GENERAL FINANCE ADMINISTRATION CEMETRIES
PUBLIC HEALTH
General Cell Finance Cell Town Planning Urban Community Revenue Section Parks
Cell Development Works Wing Water Supply
Dispatch Cell Zonal Offices (5) And Sewerage Sports
Deposits and Vizag
Estate Cell
Advance Cell Public Health Electrical Cemetries
Election Cell Education
Division (1)
Sanitation Section Maintenance
Legal Cell Wing Divisions (3)
City Tourism Zonal
Anti Malaria
Secretary Cell Divisions(5)
Wing Projects
Medical and Division(1)
Media Cell
Health Wing Projects Wing
Veterinary
Wing Projects
Divisions(3)
Vital Records
Wing
Food Hygiene
Wing
VPH
Engineering
Wing
3.2.1. Deliberative Wing

As per the provisions of the Act, the following committees function in Visakhapatnam
Municipal Corporation.
a. Mayor and the Council

The Mayor is elected from among the Corporators. In addition to the members
representing the various wards, there are Ex. Officio members i.e., local MPs and local MLAs,
Co-opted members and two minority representatives in the Council.
b. Standing Committee
The standing committee consists of all the chairpersons of the wards’ committees and
the Mayor is the exofficio chairperson. This is an important policy making body of the
corporation.
c. Wards Committees
Ward committees representing the various wards of Greater Visakhapatnam
Municipal Corporation are constituted adopting the proximal cluster approach. For every ten
wards there would be a wards committee. For the purpose of wards committees the city is
divided into seven zones and each zone will have a wards committee. They elect one among
them as their chairperson and they automatically become members of the Standing
Committee. On the administrative side, each ward committee has one ward officer
(departmental officer designated as Secretary). The ward committees are the important
components of the administrative set up, because they are the main and direct link between
the citizens and the municipal authorities
3.2.2. Executive wing

The Municipal Commissioner is the head of the organization and is drawn from IAS
cadre. The Commissioner, Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is empowered to
35
sanction works up to Rs. 20.00 Lakhs and also look after the Office of Visakhapatnam
Municipal Corporation in accordance with the provisions of the HMC Act as an Administrator.
The administration is organised into seven departments. They are:
• Health and Sanitation Department

• Engineering Department
• Parks, Leisure and Cemeteries (PL&C) Department
• Town Planning Department
• Urban Community Development Department
• Revenue Department
• Accounts Department
For providing efficient and effective services to the community, the administration has been
decentralized. The city is divided into six zones and zonal offices have been delegated both
powers and functions. Officer of the rank of Assistant Commissioner heads these zones.
This facilitates greater access to the citizens closer to them.
3.2.3. Accounting and recording methods, accounting policies
Accounting and Recording Methods

The Corporation is adopting single entry system at present. Each and every voucher
on expenditure side is being audited before payment. No manual receipt is in existence, all
the receipts of cash and cheques are through the on-line outlets. Daily Receipts are audited
at the end of the day both center wise and head wise. The cash books are maintained both
manually and through computer system. The reconciliation of all the cash books are done at
the end of each month. For the sake of convenience or for special reasons, receipts or
charges pertaining to more than one head of account may be booked in the first instance
under one of the head concerned, but the portion creditable to the other head involved is
transferred from the former head to the later before the accounts of the year are closed.
The Corporation’s accounts are maintained on a single entry cash basis. Annual
budget report is presented to the Corporation, which includes last two years actual accounts
and budget estimates for the next year.
One of the significant features of the GVMC is that all the critical functions viz., storm water
drains, water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, municipal roads and street lights
are under the corporation itself. Only water supply sources are managed by the Irrigation
department. As such there are no serious problems of planning, provision and O&M of these
services. The corporation has been outsourcing some of its functions either partly or fully to
improve efficiency. Table 3.2 gives the details of outsourcing of activities.
Table 3.2: Role of the Private Sector in Urban Infrastructure Provision

Infrastructure Category Role of the private sector (specify)
Water Supply 50% of the activities and O&M are out
sourced
Sewerage O&M is outsourced
Drainage Nil
Storm water drainage Nil
Solid waste disposal 50% of cleaning and disposal under
PPP/Out sourced
Municipal roads (including flyovers) Nil
Street lighting O&M is outsourced
3.3. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Institutional framework can be discussed at two levels viz. internal administrative
structure and the agencies external to the ULBs but connected with them in development and
service delivery. Apart from GVMC, a number of government institutions are associated with
the governance of Vizag. They include:
36
State government Agencies:

 Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department
 Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA)
 Directorate of Town and Country Planning (DTCP)
 Public Health Engineering Department (PHED)
 Andhra Pradesh Urban Services for the Poor (APUSP)
 Medical and Health Department
 Revenue Department
 Social Welfare Department
 R&B Department
 Home Department
Parastatals:
 Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority (VUDA)
 AP State Highways Authority
 AP State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC)
 AP Transmission Corporation (AP Transco)
 AP Housing Board (APHB)
 AP Pollution Control Board (APPCB)
 AP Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (APIIC)
The Organogram 2 (figure 3.2) gives an overview of state level agencies operating in
GVMC. Each of the institutions listed above have specific functions and liase with local
government institutions in planning the provision of infrastructure and delivery of services.
Thre are several central government agencies which have impact on the management and
delivery of services in the city. The Figure 3.3 and Table 3.2 give an indicative list of
governance institutions in the city along with their functions and jurisdictions. The role of
private sector in GVMC is given in table 3.3.
In the absence of a coordinating agency, there are several constraints in the
integrated and comprehensive planning and delivery of services. Interdepartmental
coordination is one of the prominent issues and conflict that are becoming difficult to address
or resolve even at the level of heads of the service delivery agencies. It is observed that the
citizen is often concerned with the quality of service rather than who is delivering the service.
The service delivery often suffers because more than one agency is involved and there is no
mechanism for ensuring inters agency coordination.
Figure 3.2 Organogram2: State Level Agencies

STATE
STATE GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT CENTRAL
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
Others
Others Home
Home Transport,
Transport, roads
roads Energy
Energy Municipal
Municipal Affairs
Affairs &
& Industry
Industry Indian
Indian Navy
Navy
• Health and
and
and buildings
buildings dept
dept Dept.
Dept. Urban
Urban Development
Development Department
Department
Family Welfare Department
Department
• Education Visakhapatnam
Traffic Roads Visakhapatnam
Departments Traffic Roads && APEPDC
APEPDC Port
• Civil Supplies Police Buildings Port Trust
Trust
Police Buildings
APEPDC
APEPDC GVMC
GVMC VUDA
VUDA
East
East Coast
Coast
AP
AP Road
Road Railway
Railway
Dev.Corp
Dev.Corp
AP
AP State
State Road
Road NHAI
NHAI
Transport
Transport
37
To illustrate, there are a number of agencies dealing with road infrastructure both
construction and service delivery, and there is no clear distinction of scope. This is clear from
the Figure 3.4. Road management is a key co-ordination issue and it can be built and
maintained but the multiplicity in agencies involved making the task difficult. Road
infrastructure development could suffer due to lack of co-ordination between agencies. As a
consequence, the traffic and transportation in the city faces uphill tasks with increased travel
time, traffic congestion etc.
Figure 3.3: Role and responsibilities – inter relationship of various Department
Pollution Control
Urban Planning,
Tax Collections
Law and Order

Irrigation, and
Government Body Jurisdiction
Water Supply
Development
Telecom and
other utilities
Fire Service
and control
Road Infra
Sewerage
Transport
Electricity
Drainage
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Limits
Municipal Corporation
Vizag Urban Development Authority Urban Development Area
Andhra Pradesh Transco Entire Metropolitan Area
A.P.Eastern Power Distribution Co. Central District of AP
Postal and Telegraphs Department Entire State
Andhra Pradesh State Road Entire State
Transport Corporation
Road and Building Department Entire State
AP Pollution Control Board Entire State
Indian Railways Entire State
Vizag Port Trust Municipal Limits
Naval Area Municipal Limits
Police Municipal Limits
NHAI Entire Country
Coordination
Key Agency in Respective Jurisdiction
Overlap
38
Figure 3.4: Functional Overlaps & Co-ordination Requirements
Construction of Roads Maintenance of Roads
City Roads Flyover Connecting High Regular Road Cutting

Agency Roads ways Maintenance
GVMC Maintenance of city Responsible for road cutting
roads, flyovers and permissions but lacks
Responsible for road and side walk
connecting roads enforcement powers for quality
construction
and time for restoration
VUDA Takes on construction of

flyovers on specific
projects such as Mega
city. Also constructs roads
in area where it develops
and sells residential plots
Road & Takes on construction Responsible for Responsible for road cutting
Building of connecting roads, road maintenance permissions for highways
highways connecting roads
and highways
APEPDC APCPDCL and telecom players
often need to dig up roads for
No role maintenance of their own
Telecom infrastructure
operators
3.4. KEY ISSUES IN CITY GOVERNANCE

The city governance is characterized by multiplicity of agencies. This results in lack
of inter department coordination which is a serious roadblock plaguing the municipal
governance. The agencies have their own priorities, procedures, lines of accountability,
financing patterns, which often may not be in conformity with those of GVMC. The critical
issues that emerge from the existence of multiple agencies include:
 Spatial and functional fragmentation
 Overlapping functions
 Multiple accountability lines
 High service delivery gaps, and
 Increasing urban poverty
These and other key challenges are discussed below.
Lack of Clarity in Local Functions

The Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 envisages that the functions listed in
th
the 12 schedule be entrusted to elected municipalities. This is with a view to minimise
ambiguities and overlapping of functions between local bodies and other authorities.
However, in practice, several agencies are responsible for the functions and in some cases,
local bodies have no role.
Inter-Institutional Conflicts
Inter-jurisdictional and inter-institutional conflicts between public service planners and
providers are common in city administration. District heads of departments and heads of
parastatals are required to coordinate their works on a day-to-day basis. The large number of
departments, institutions, local authorities, agencies and officers undertaking similar, related
or over-lapping functions or functions that are not clearly defined lead to conflicts in operation.
39
Moreover, the various agencies operate over the same or overlapping jurisdictions and are
not in a position to fully understand or evaluate the backward and forward linkages associated
with these functions. Inter-institutional externalities, which occur abundantly in city economies,
account for most problems of city management. They call for effective coordination and
mitigation mechanisms to be put in place.
Managerial Coordination Issues

As discussed earlier, GVMC has a strong presence of the State Government
Departments and several parastatals, Central Government agencies including Indian Navy,
Visakahapatnam Port Trust, Airport Authority of India, East Coast Railways, Archaeological
Survey of India, urban and rural local bodies and a strong presence of civil society
organizations. Thus, there are many managers connected with city service delivery and
infrastructure and management. All these make the task of city management highly complex
and difficult. In addition to general coordination between urban and rural local authorities,
there are several inter-departmental and inter-institutional coordination issues, which arise, in
day-to-day administration of the city area.
There is a need to address these institutional and other challenges to provide good
governance to the city. Unless the roadblocks are removed, economic development gets
hampered and efficient service delivery becomes difficult. This adversely impacts the
community - particularly the poor. There is need, therefore, to streamline the governance
framework, remove the roadblocks and strengthen the lines of accountability. The governance
reforms become all the more critical in the context of Visakhapatnam becoming more
competitive and investment destination. The problems become complex in the context of
formation of GVMC with spatial expansion and increase in population. The city should offer
high quality services and promote inclusiveness and citizen friendly governance institutions.
The institutional strategies required include:
 Establishing clear lines of accountability of all service delivery agencies, and
 Constituting autonomous service delivery agencies in different sectors like water and
sanitation, transport, roads, solid waste management etc.
 Performance based memorandum of understanding between the corporation and
various service delivery agencies focussing on targets and outcomes.
Within this overall framework institutional and implementation mechanisms need to be worked
out. They include:
 Establishing a Reform Monitoring Unit as a oversight body to monitor the reforms
underway and being proposed;
 Strengthening local government capacities by outsourcing the project management
and M&E functions;
 Establishing appraisal institutions and processes;
The institutional and governance reform strategies include;

th
 Strengthening decentralisation – 74 CAA
 Evolving inclusive governance mechanisms
 Institutional integration
 Evolving partnerships for service delivery
 Establishing coordination mechanisms to overcome spatial and functional
fragmentation
40
3.5. REFORMS
Analysis of state & city
Reforms and Change are critical elements in development process; they become more
significant in urban development in the context of growth of cities and consequent pressure
on infrastructure and services, growth of poverty, etc. this is compounded by institutional
constraints like in capacity, fragmented structures, functional overlaps and dated processes
and procedures. In addition, there has been a paradigm shift in governance from the
traditional top-down model. As a result governance reforms have become imperative for
efficient delivery of services, provision and maintenance of infrastructure and to provide
efficient and responsive governance to the people. Recognizing the significance of reforms to
provide efficient and effective governance, government of Andhra Pradesh has initiated and
implementing several urban sector reforms during the last few years. Similarly the urban local
bodies particularly the municipal corporations have initiated city specific reforms to improve
governance.
State Level Reforms
The reforms initiated at the state level fall under three categories namely 74th CAA,
Governance and Pro-poor. They are discussed below:
74th CAA
• Reforms related to 74th Constitution Amendment Act (CAA)

• Development State Urban Development & Poverty Reduction Strategy
• Governance
• Establishment of Strategy Performance and Innovation Unit (SPIU)
• Citizen charters
• E-Governance initiatives
• Outsourcing of services
• Developing partnerships in service delivery
• Rationalization of municipal staffing
• Preparation of common municipal act for corporation and municipalities
• Simplification of planning regulations
• Framework for solid waste management
• Rationalization of stamp duty
Pro-poor
• Preparation of municipal actions plans for poverty reduction by ULBs

• Affordable water supply connection to BPL families
• New citizen friendly street vendor policy
• Notification of slums
Urban good governance
The goal of good governance is provide, transparent, accountable and responsive
government and to ensure that the citizens have a strong voice and role in the governance of
their city. GVMC has initiated several innovatitive measures to provide good governance.
The Corporation is in the process of enacting other measures to increase public participation
in policy making and private sector in service delivery to improve accountability, transparency
and efficiency in service delivery. The functions and urban good governance initiatives
instituted GVMC are detailed.
41
E-seva Saukaryam
E-seva Saukaryam initiated in 1999 is GVMC’s effort to improve access to information,
accountability and transparency in services. The project, which has been implemented
through public private partnership, is offering a whole gamut of civic services online. These
range from providing facilities for payment of dues to the lodging of public grievances and the
system of work sanctions. Some of the Services provided by the online facility are
summarized below
 Birth registration, Birth certification
 Death registration, Death certification
 Building plan registration, Building plan approval
 Tap connection registration
 Tender schedule, EMD registration
 Well / Bore well registration, Sewerage connection registration
 Commercial water tax collection
 Property tax collection
 Shop lease / rent collection
 Tap charge collection
 Trade license
 Vacant land tax
 Complaints registration
 Advertisement tax collection
 New Passbook issue
 Contractor registration
 Electricity charges
The project is now being implemented in several other municipalities, and the corporation
has applied for patent for it.
The website of GVMC allows citizens to see their property dues, access their births and
death, provides information about infrastructure works being undertaken by the Corporation
and the status of various tender notices, building applications, complaints or grievances etc.
The website also provides general information about the weather, local news, tourist areas,
train and bus timings etc and hosts a virtual meeting place for citizens to discuss issues
related urban governance and also provides citizens with the opportunity to have online
conversations with the Commissioner and the Mayor.
City Civic Centres – A One Stop Civic Shop
To provide Internet access to all citizens, GVMC has established a computerized City Civic
Center, which acts an outlet for citizens to have access to the civic services. The Civic
Center has string of computers on the network and allows citizens to avail facilities like getting
a death / birth certificates file a water tap/ drainage connection request apply for building plan
approval lodge a complaint / grievance, make miscellaneous payments and everything which
requires physical presence and cant be transacted on the net through website. The
popularity of the Civic Center can be gauged by the fact that not less than 500 persons visit it
everyday. The results have been stupendous. The complete networking and computerization
enables the Corporation to get real time demand / collection statements improving tax
collection efficiency increasing revenue by Rs 200 million during 2002-03 alone which the
Corporation has used to extend more civic services. Over 2000 people make use of this
facility every day either through the banking network through the City Civic Center or through
the Internet. There are over 45000 registered users for the Corporation web site while the
42
civic center receives over 200 citizens every day reflecting its popularity across the range of
communities.
The project has been declared as the pilot project for municipal governance and is being
replicated in various municipalities and corporation across the state and other parts of the
country. Visakhaptanm Municipal Corporation has also applied for its patenting and has
entered into a memorandum of understanding with a private company for the international
marketing of this product. The project has already branched out into other areas of utility
payments like telephone bills and registration and has tied up with electricity department for
collection of bills on line. This initiative bagged several wards such NIUA, UNDP, CSI,
CRISIL and also a finalist for Stockholm Challenges award.
Systematic Database
Realizing the need for a systematic database for good governance, GVMC has invested in a
Geographic Information System mapping program to provide geo-spatial information of all
utilities and services.
Tariff Revisions
During 2003, GVMC revised its water and sewerage tariffs and indexed them to internalize
inflation. This measure was enacted through a consensus driven approach where all the
stakeholders were involved in the decision making processes and is considered to be one of
the most progressive steps taken by GVMC
Augmentation of Water Supply
GVMC has undertaken proactive measures for augmenting the water supply system through
the Visakhapatnam Industrial Water Supply Project (VIWSP). GVMC will be making
investments to the tune of Rs 1675 million in the current financial year in VIWSP and will be
creating infrastructure to off take water and transmit it to the City after treatment. This
measure would facilitate GVMC to achieve its goal of providing citizens with water twenty-four
hours a day, seven days a week.
PPP Formulation
To improve service delivery, GVMC has initiated PPP for street light maintenance, parks,
sanitation, etc. GVMC has also identified priority city wide projects like water, drainage, roads
and schools which will also be enacted through Public Private Partnerships in partnership with
APIIC and IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (IIDC). As a part of the
project development for these projects, GVMC is undertaking a service deficit survey through
the AP Productivity Council. The survey would provide valuable information for creating a
Comprehensive Action Plan.
B. PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
Involvement of Resident Welfare Associations

To improve sanitation at Primary level, the involvement of Resident Welfare Associations is
initiated in Visakhapatnam. Such an association has come forward in MVP colony which is one the
biggest colonies consisting of 12 sectors to improve the sanitation with their involvement. Similar
initiatives is in progress with very good results in Daspalla layout. The resident welfare associations
have agreed to take up the maintenance of parks in their localities and also to involve themselves in the
sanitation through EXONORA.
43
Prakruthi Initiative
An Organization Prakruthi has been established wherein representatives of all the major
industries, Public sector Organizations, Non Governmental Organizations and Officers
representing various Departments are members. The Organization functions under the
Chairmanship of Chairman, Visakhapatnam Port Trust and the Commissioner of
Visakhapatnam civic body is the Member Secretary. Prakruthi launches every year massive
th
tree plantation programme on 15 July to promote Environmental Greening Initiative with
active participatory involvement of all the members of Prakruthi. To date over 200,000 trees
are planted and being maintained in the city along the various avenues as well as part of
industrial green belts.
Public Private Partnership Parks
To ensure maintenance of environmental greening level, the civic body itself maintains major
parks while a number of parks are being maintained through Public Private Partnership.
Similarly for solid waste management also private participation is being encouraged through
resident welfare associations.
New Institutional Arrangements
The increasing urbanization has resulted in growing challenges and pressures, where urban
local bodies are required to undertake several new functions, deal with the problems of
growing information sector, meet the demands of increasing the population base and adapt to
newer technologies in information and communication amongst other things. At the same
time, the sources of revenue collected in the form of taxes, assessments and levies that have
not increased proportionately with the population. Therefore, to enable GVMC to meet these
challenges, the following exercises are being carried out
 Review of governance in Visakhapatnam vis a vis ICT, HRD and Urban Finance
 Analyzing the effects of re cent initiatives by the GVMC
 Formulate specific action plans that facilitate GVMC in attaining the goal of good
governance.
The Studies will assist the GVMC to initiate improvements in the following areas
 Human Resource development and skill augmentation of the GVMC employees
 Improving the outreach and interface of existing programs
 Networking to improve inter departmental information flows
 Strengthening and augmenting the Corporations sources of revenue
Lessons Learnt
Several lessons were learnt from the reform initiatives. They include:
 Vernacular language should be introduced in all the transactions of the corporation as

well as in to the computerization programme.
 Launch data warehousing on a large scale, which would avoid cross-reference to
paper record, which are time consuming and also preservation of paper media, which
occupies space, could be avoided.
 Establish linkages with a GIS System so that spatial approaches could be assigned to
stakeholders’ requirements and grievances.
 Publish white papers on various activities of the corporation and need not be
necessarily restricted to financial aspects.
 Undertake capacity building exercises in the corporation as well as in the various
offices distributed all over the city in respect of physical and human resources
through training programmes to make the personnel change their mind set and to
make them appreciate that the Stake holders are the bosses.
 Establish a knowledge bank, which would store the expertise and experience gained
by the employees in implementation of the initiative.
44
SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT analysis has been undertaken to assess on the negative and positive aspects of the
implementation of reforms. It involves analyzing the internal positive (strengths) and negative
(weakness) aspects of an organization and considering these in relation to aspects of the
external environment – both the positive aspects (or opportunities) and negative aspects (or
threats). The figure gives the details of the swot analysis.
Strengths Weakness
 Industrially developed area  Lack of training programmes to the
 Proper maintenance of records staff
 Less expenditure on establishment  Lack of trained staff in all sections
 Spacious office accommodation  Inadequate staff to the selection
grade Municipality
 Lack of motivation to the
employees
Opportunities Threats
 Staff interested to undergo training  Due to heavy industrialization
 Availability of active community migration to the town is very high
organizations  Lack of inter departmental co-
 NHCs active in Government ordination and understanding
programmes  Less staff in revenue section
 Cooperation of MLAs, MPs,  No updating of DRs and ADRs
Councilors and people taking to aBTumulation of arrears
representatives without collection.
 Partial computerization of revenue  No proper information on
section assessments
 Major part of the town oBTupaid  No proper records on municipal
industries assets
 Manor revenue generated industries  Improper tax collection systems
like Zinc, BHPV, Steel Plant, VEPZ  Enhancing the taxes at irregular
etc., with in the Municipal limits. intervals causing incontinence
 Scope of getting major vehicle among the public
parking fee due to heavy vehicles  Lack of modern technical
from industries equipment in various sections
 Major revenue improvement due to  No exposure to staff in modern
detailed survey on D&O Trades technical and scientific methods
 Revenue improvement due to  Dissatisfaction among public due to
implementation of vacant land tax problems in water supply
 Service delivery
 Partial privatisation of various
services like sanitation water
system etc.,
45
Chapter – IV
4. Municipal Infrastructure
4.1. INFRASTRUCTURE
The City of Visakhapatnam is one of the largest Municipal Corporations in India and delivers
services to about 1.5 million residents spread across a huge geographical area of 515 Sq.km.
There has been a significant migration into the city owing to continuing rapid industrialization
and urbanization. Over 500 poor settlements have come into existence and under a policy of
promotion of social Justice, the civic administration has taken steps to upgrade them with a
provision of water supply, street lighting paved roads, drainage and sewerage. This level of
growth will not only open new opportunities for the city and its residents, but will also bring
enormous change and new challenges in improving public health and sanitation.
The following is the status in brief in respect of Infrastructure in the GVMC covering Water
Supply, Transportation network, Underground Drainage, Storm water drains, and Municipal
Solid Waste disposal.
Table 4.1: State of the Infrastructure

Drinking Water
Water Availability Installed capacity 37 mgd
Released/daily 37 mgd
Source of water supply 50-100 sq.km.
Water coverage Population covered by public water supply 30 %
per capita supply : 62 lpcd
Supply of duration : 0.45 hrs
Wastewater Disposal Wastewater generated daily: 67.5 mld
Disposal (underground sewerage) Capacity: 25 mld
Present operating capacity: 10 mld
Households connected to underground sewerage: 6 %
Solid waste Waste generation daily : 650 tones/day
Collection daily: 650 tones/day
Stormwater Drainage Annual rainfall 1080 cm
Length of stormwater drains 1400 km
Roads and Road Municipal Roads – 1120 km
Transport  C.C.Roads – 150 km
 B.T.Roads – 750 km
 Kutcha Roads – 220 km
State-level roads - 100 km
Public transport
Buses – 1500
Bus capacity/passengers :
A capacity of 60,000 seats with moving 3.9 lakh people daily
@ 6032 trips/day covering 1.37 lakh km daily
Private registered vehicles – 3,50,000
 2 wheelers - 2,40,000
 4 wheelers - 60,000
 Others - 50,000
Street lighting Number : 46,000
Area Coverage: 80 %
46
Table 4.2: Cost Recovery in Urban Infrastructure
Cost incurred in service (Rs. in Crores) Direct recoveries (Rs. in Crores)

Infrastructure
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05
Water Supply 17.67 23.00 24.00 46.58 47.00 51.36

Sewerage 1.93 2.87 6.27 1.41 1.66 1.55
(Waste Water)
Solid Waste 18.60 22.61 25.88 0.66 2.11 2.10
Public bus services 70.53 81.12 93.96 73.77 84.84 97.08
Table 4.3: Level of Agreegate Investment in Urban Infrastructure, 2001/02 to 2004/05

Infrastructure Public investment Private investment
(Rs. Crore) (Rs. Crore)
Water Supply 100 -
Sewerage and drainage 25 -
Solid waste 10 -
Roads (municipal) 90 -
Street lighting 3 -
Storm water drainage 5 -
Total 233 -
Urban growth both spatially and population wise puts heavy pressure on infrastructure,
particularly water supply, sewerage, solid waste, sanitation, road network, traffic and
transportation etc., unless infrastructure in improved, quality of life suffers. Most importantly,
it impacts economic development of the city and investment climate. This chapter presents
current status of infrastructure, gaps and future requirements strategies and investment
requirements in the areas of water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, traffic and
transportation.
4.2. WATER SUPPLY

The GVMC is responsible for supply of potable water including planning, design, construction,
implementation, maintenance, operation & management of water supply and sewerage
system. The existing facilities have been critically assessed. Some have been found to be
designed an / or constructed that they have to be replaced and following deficiencies have
been arrived at based on the SWOT analysis.
 Insufficient distribution network
 Insufficient infrastructure
 Lack of water audits
 Lack of energy Audits
 Lack of reuse facilities
 Storm water drains and utilization.
4.2.1. Sources of Water

The main surface sources of water for the city of Visakhapatnam are;
 Mudasaralova Reservoir
 Gambheeram Gedda Reservoir
 Gosthani River
 Thatipudi Reservoir
 Mehadri Gedda Reservoir
 Raiwada Link Canal
 Yeleru Left Bank Canal
47
The City was initially receiving 0.4 mgd of water from the Mudasarlova reservoir with
subsequent additions of 3.60 mgd from Gosthani, 9.00 mgd from Thatipudi, 9.00 mgd from
Mehadrigedda reservoir and 15.0 mgd from Raiwada and Yeleru systems totaling 37.00 mgd
of water. The other sources of supply are the reservoirs built on minor streams like
Gambheeram and others All these sources are rain fed reservoirs. The failure of monsoon
makes the water supply position in the City very critical forcing the Corporation to regulate
the water supply so as to conserve and supply the available water for longer durations and to
all sections of the society. The brief details of water supply at a glance in given in annexure
The total quantity of water that can be drawn from the above sources is 40.25 Mgd. In
addition to the above 7.5 Mgd of ground water is also drawn through bore wells. Around 16
Mgd water is supplied to slums and industries. The Godavari Drinking Water Supply Project
designed to supply 33 MGD of water taken up in 2003, is ready for commissioning. All above
sources are not perennial and due to considerable reduction in the inflows to impoundments
and rapid growth in the population, the city is experiencing shortage crisis in the summer
seasons.
Table 4.4: Details of Water Supply Sources

Distance
Drawl Min. from the
Max. Water
SN Source quantity Water Town
Level
(in MGD) Level Service
Reservoir
Mudasaralova
1 0.40 168 Ft 152Ft 5 Km
Reservoir
Gambheeram Gedda
2 1.80 126 Ft 107 Ft 30 Km
Reservoir
3 Gosthani 3.60 36 Ft 21.5 Ft 35 Km
Mehadri Gedda
4 9.00 61 Ft 44 Ft 25 Km
Reservoir
5 Thatipudi Reservoir 9.00 297 Ft 251 Ft 65 Km
6 Raiwada Reservoir 15.00 114Mt 99Mt 75 Km
7 MGR Infiltration Wells 1.00 16 Km
8 K.B.R. 2 MGD Scheme 2.00 30 Km
Total: 41.80
4.2.2. Service Area

The present water supply service area of GVMC is 515 Sq.Kms which includes Gajuwaka and
adjoining peripheral areas. The average per capita consumption is 63 llpcd on an average
whereas the Manual on Water Supply and Treatment recommends a minimum of 150 to 200
Lpcd for all residences. For higher and higher middle income level houses, the per capita
supply is fairly low, which is around 75 litres. This is far below what is usually encountered
elsewhere. In case of poor households, the consumption is fairly high (51 lpcd) when
compared to averages registered elsewhere in similar social conditions. This high level
consumption comes from the fact that the water is supplied mostly free of charge for most of
these people or at very low price. However most of them have affordability to pay marginal
tariff rates.
48
Figure 4.1: Sources of Water Supply
4.2.3. Existing Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities

The transmission mains carry water from the source to the water treatment plants and
subsequently towards the Master balanced reservoirs, subsequently to the reservoirs in the
city by means of trunk disribution mains.The total length of the transmission mains is about
244 Km comprising of CI, RCC, and PSC pipes.
The water distribution system for the GVMC area is divided into zonesand sub zonesdue to
inadequate inflow as well as inadequate storage capacity. The sub zones are operated using
control valves thereby making the operation of the system very complicated.
The total storage capacity available within GVMC is about 17.45 MG (79.5 ML) comprising of
ground level reservoirs and elevated reservoirs. There are 161 reservoirs in total, both ground
and elevated, supplying water to all the localities in the City. The total length of the
distribution system is 1035 Km, comprising of pipes with diameter ranging from 75 mm to 700
mm of different materials.
4.2.4. Service Coverage

As per the GVMC, over 85 % of population are covered with potable water supply in the core
area and very low coverage in the extended areas. Thus, the overall supply would be around
30% of the total GVMC area. The city has over 50,825 water connections. Percentage
access to piped water supply in GVMC core area is around 80% and is much lower in
surrounding extended areas. In addition to that, the city has 12,019 public stand posts (PSP)
for water supply to the weaker sections of society, who cannot have individual house
connections. GVMC has started fixing meters and about 363 Nos. of house connections are
metered on trail basis. However all the commercial connections are metered. The frequency
of water supply is around 45 minutes every day. In addition water supply is provided through
22 Nos. of tankers of capacity 5 KL to 10 KL and they make 192 trips per aday nd deliver
49
1390 KL of Water for Public,Sulabh complexes, Mid-day Meal Programme and Government
Organizations.
4.2.5. Water Demand and Deficit

GVMC’s current estimated demand stands at 87 Mgd. However, its installed capacity is
merely 40.25 Mgd, and this is made worse by draught conditions that constrict supply even
further. The estimated ground water extraction that supplements water supply is 7.25 Mgd.
As shown in table 4.5 a huge gap is indicated between current supply and demand, and this
is likely to widen by 2021.
The status of the demand in the year 2005 and the projected demand for the year 2020 is
presented. The supply provided to domestic sector is 21.0 mgd showing a deficit of 21.69
mgd as the standard norm of supply is 42.69 mgd. The supply to the bulk consumers is 16.0
mgd while the demand requirement is around 22.31 mgd indicating a deficit of 6.31
mgd.The total deficit in water supply in respect of both the categories is 28.0 mgd.
Table 4.5: Deficit in Supply for Different horizon years

Projected Water Present Water
Deficit (in
Year Population Demand Availability (in
Mgd)
(in Millions) (in Mgd) Mgd)
2006 19.25 87 40 46.75
2010 22.8 97.7 40 57.45
2020 26.7 124 40 83.75
4.2.6. Drinking Water quality (distribution system / Borewells)
The Municipal Corporation is supplying chlorinated water to the entire city. Chlorination is
being done at the major reservoirs for maintaining the residual chlorine of 0.20 ppm at all the
tail end points. Sodium Hypo Chloride solution is also being added at the respective
reservoirs so as to maintai n the residual chlorine of 0.2 ppm wherever necessary.
Around 700 water samples are taken and tested at Public Fountains, House Service
Connections and metered connections per day. In addition analyes of water samples is also
outsourced to a private agency who test around 500 samples per day. The water samples
collected from the distribution system on a random basis have been compared with the
required drinking water standards.
The pH values vary from 7.65 to 8.79 in public fountain water samples, and 7.64 to 8.5 in bore
well water samples indicating that the waters are neutral and alkaline. The recorded values
of specific conductance vary from 73.4 to 4,470 Micro mhos/cm in public fountain water
samples, and 66.3 to 11,934 Micro Mhos’ cm in bore water samples. The values of chlorides
vary from 9.9 mg/1 to 215.2 mg/ 1 in public fountain water samples and 30.0 mg/1 to 4,757
mg/1 in bore water samples.
4.2.7. Tariff Structure and Consumer Mix

The main source of funding for urban water supplies should be tariffs. The average cost
of production of water is estimated to be Rs. 2/kl. The cost of realisation from the domestic
sector is not reaching to the production cost as all residential connections are un-metered and
flat rate supply. Hence, GVMC cross subsidizing the residential supplies with the revenue
50
that is realized through industrial and commercial connections. The water supply sector is a
profit making sector in the GVMC with surplus revenues.
During 2003, GVMC revised its water and sewerage tariffs and indexed them to
internalise inflation. This measure was enacted through a consensus driven approach where
al the stakeholders were involved in the decision making processes and is considered to be
one of the most progressive steps taken by GVMC.
Table 4.6: Tariff Structure Water Supply

Consumption of water in Rates in Rs.
Category
kL per month Per kilo Litres
1. All water supply connections other than covered by category below
Where the monthly consumption is 500 kl or Upto 30 6.00
less Above 30 upto 200 10.00
Above 200 25.00
(B) Where the monthly consumption
Entire consumption 25.00
exceeds 500 kl
2. Group Housing
Municipalities, panchayats, local Authorities, Upto the agreed quantity 6.00
cantonment and housing colonies Above the agreed quantity 25.00
The water needs of the poor settlements would be specially addressed and the present
rate of 50% of the normal rate would be followed and they would receive the added
advantage of receipt of the increased quantities for the same rate.
The connection rate, i.e., the percentage of households supplied with water from a
network (either public or private) is 45%. However due to water scarcity, 40% of the
connected households use also some other mode of supply, which is mostly a private well or
a bore well. Around 10%of households are supplied with private sources mainly in colonies
created by industrial or transport organizations.
The total number of connections including the bulk water supply connections is more
than 74,000 approximately. Of the total, 73% constitute domestic connections. The industrial
connections and commercial metered connections is about 12%. The Public Stand Posts
through which the water supply will be made at free of cost works out to around 17%.
Table 4.7: Connection Details

Category Connections %
Domestic 50,825 77.38
Slums 17,000 19.71
Commercial 598 2.69
Industrial 64 0.19
Semi-bulk 727 0.04
Others 4786
Total 74,000 100.00
51
4.2.8. Non Revenue Water

Non revenue water due to commercial losses and physical losses in the system, lead
to loss of revenue. The water system has high leakage levels of around 40%. There are no
studies conducted so far to find out the exact percentage of non-revenue water.
Table 4.8: Performance Indicators

Indicators GVMC
Total Population 15.00 lakhs
Slum Population (appr.) 6.00 lakhs
Network Coverage 30% (GVMC)
85% (Core)
% Access to Piped Water Supply NA (GVMC)
60% (Core)
Average Per Capita Supply 65 lpcd
Unaccounted for water ~ 40% (est.)
Duration of Supply 45 minutes everyday
% metered Residential – nil
% metered Commercial & Industries – 100%
Average volume of water produced 40.25 Mgd
Unit Production Cost Rs.2/- per KL
No. of PSPs 12,019
Water Tariffs
Residential Flat Rate Rs.60/- per Tap
Commercial Rs. 20 / KL
Industrial Rs. 25/- KL
Basis of billing Flat rate monthly
Residential Free of cost
PSPs Metered
- Commercial/Industrial
Mode of Payment Cash, Cheques, DDs, Credit cards
Private sector involvement Operation, Maintenance, Leak repair,
Bore Well maintenance
Computerization/automation Billing, accounting, complaint
handling
Management Information System To be developed
Key Issues and Challenges
• Huge deficit between the demand and supply.

• Huge demand supply gap which is likely to widen drastically in future.
• High non revenue water resulting in wastage of precious and scarce source
• High amounts of physical loses due to old transmission and distribution network
• Public stand posts leads to inadequate measurement, and free (authorized) use.
• Inaccurate or absence of customer meters
• Lack of effective communication strategy
• Lack of efficient energy conservation measures
• Unregulated abstractions of ground water leading to falling of ground water levels
• Lack of commercialisation and cost recovery approaches
• Need for tariff balancing
• Even lower slabs are below the threshold-paying limit of the poor.
• No regulatory mechanism to oversee the functioning of the sector and to fix service
standards as well as tariff to meet capital and operating expenditure.
• No management mechanism to regular the supply.
52
4.3. SEWERAGE SYSTEM
4.3.1. Current Scenario

The Visakhapatnam City is divided in to 14 drainage blocks according to
topographical conditions. The Drainage Block 1 was executed in the year 1980 and
commissioned in the year 1981, serving a population of 50,000 of Old City covering an extent
of 141 hectares. The length of sewer lines provided is 18 km. One No of pumping station and
One Sewage Treatment Plant of 7 MLD capacity were constructed. No of house hold
connections are 1500.
Under phase-II, sewerage system was provided in ward Nos: 21, 22,23p 24p, 25 &
26p in the year 2001. The area covered is 9.43 sq.km and population benefited is 2,03,100
(2001). The length of sewer lines provided is 96.32 km. Two No of pumping stations and One
Sewage Treatment Plant of 25 MLD capacity were constructed. No of house hold connection
are 13,000
Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) has taken up an initiative to
strengthen sewerage system through private sector participation. The objective of this
initiative is to improve the operation, maintenance and management of the existing systems
and subsequently invest on system strengthening and augmentation to achieve complete
coverage of the services in GVMC area and to meet the further demands. Sewerage facilities
have been developed and are in use in the old parts of Visakhapatnam city. Phase I of the
facility was completed in year 1980, while Phase II- Sub-phase I works have been recently
completed in year 2002. Works under sub-phase II are being constructed and likely to be
commissioned in totality shortly. A comprehensive plan of providing sewerage to the whole
city has been prepared and forms the basis of sewerage schemes implemented so far and
contemplated in future. This plan divides the whole city in 13 drainage blocks.
st
Table 4.9: Progress of Implementation (1 August 2005)
Sl Phase No. Zone Target Applications Connections
No. No. Received given
1 I I 1500 1572 1234
2 II (Sub Phase – I) II 13,000 10,335 6238
Total 14,500 11,907 7472
4.3.1.1. Network Coverage

The existing sewerage system covers only 10.5% of the GVMC area. Most of the
core area of the city and Northern part of the city are not at all covered so far with the
Sewerage system. Due to lack of well established Sewerage system in about 90% of the city,
the GVMC is facing lot of problems concerning to the Health & Sanitation. Against 15.00
lakh population, only 2.50 lakh population are so far covered with total connections of 15,000.
Table 4.10 Performance Indicators
S.No. Components GVMC Area
1 Network Coverage 10.5%
2 Access to Sewerage NA
3 Total Quantity Generated 135 MLD
4 Capacity of Treatment Plants 32 MLD
5 Treatment & Disposal 20 MLD
6 Recycling / Reuse 10%
53
4.3.1.2. Sewerage Distribution Network

A network of length 104 km consisting of local and branch/main sewers are existing in
the city in the Block - I, VI & VII against 14 Drainage Blocks. With mere sewerage distribution
network as stated above, infers that the City lacks safe sanitation facilities to a majority of the
population. The treatment capacities are not utilized to the optimum as 90% of city is not
covered with the sewerage system.
4.3.1.3. Sewage Treatment Plants

A primary sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 7 MLD is in operation at Old
Sewage Farm since 1982. Another STP near Kailasha Giri with a capacity of 25 MLD
receives the flows from the MVP Colony, Pandurangapuram, Seethammadhara etc., and is
not able to be utilized completely due to insufficient sewerage network. About 10% of the
treated Sewage Water is recycled and reused for Horticulture and other purposes.
Key Issues and Challenges:

 Low sewerage network coverage in the whole GVMC area including core area.
 Non-existence of comprehensive master plan for sewerage
 Data on access to sewerage connections is not available.
 No comprehensive sewerage quality studies
 Lack of effective communication strategy
 Lack of efficient energy conservation measures .
 Inadequate sewerage treatment facilities resulting in discharge of untreated
sewage into water bodies.
 Very low recycling and reuse of wastewater.
4.4. STORM WATER DRAINAGE

The Topography of the city is like a saucer surrounded by hillocks on 3 sides and sea
on the other side. As the city is a coastal city, situated on East Coast of Bay-of-Bengal, it
experiences heavy rains particularly between ‘Aug-Dec’ every year, under the influence of
south west monsoon and also due to cyclones. Due
to the terrain & Topographical conditions, the rain
water collected from the hills and catchments flow at
much higher velocity and gushes through the un-
trained Major Drains, before reaching to the Sea.
In the course of its Journey to the Sea, the

rain water during heavy cyclonic rains flows at much
higher velocity through this un-trained water course and devastate the life of public and their
properties situated all along the water course / stream. The population living along the banks
of the stream courses essentially belong to the weaker sections of the society are prone to
flooding and their houses are getting damaged or inundated.
Annual rain fall : 1080 mm

Length of storm water : 1400 Km Coverage
20%
drains
Flooding : 10%
Coverage : 20%
54
And moreover, due to the rapid urbanization & un-precedent growth of the city in the
past 2 decades, most of these Storm Water Drains were encroached upon by the public,
‘narrowing’ of the original stream. Further, most of the ‘slum-dwellers’ and people of weaker
sections, occupy and reside on the banks of the drains and causing obstructions to the free
flow of stream and narrow-down the width furthermore. It is observed that at many places,
even the cleaning / De-silting of the drains during pre-monsoon season is not found to be
feasible due to the inaccessibility.
Lack of proper Demarcation & fencing of Storm Water Drains, the near by residents /
Slum dwellers, are habituated to throw the debris & other wastages in the Drains, which one
causing obstruction to the free flow of rain water and finally over flows on the roads.
4.4.1. Major Water Bodies & Drains

There are 55 major water streams in the City. The most important tanks are
Mudasarlova, Nerella Koneru and tank at Surya Bagh etc., There are about 3 tanks in the
peripheral area of the city.
Primary Drains
Nearly all the major drains following through the city flows and drains in to the sea.
There are in all 22 major Geddas and 20 primary drains passing through the GVMC.. These
primary drains or nallahs carry the storm water finally draining into either in to the sea or near
by water bodies. The length of the primary drains is around 110 Km.
Tertiary Storm Water Drains
The tertiary drains are roadside drains discharging storm water into the primary
drains and water bodies. The total length of tertiary drains In GVMC area is about 750 Km,
comprising 450 Km of pucca drains (lined with brick or stone masonry and pre-cast RCC
sections) and about 300 Km of kutcha drains (un-lined).
4.4.2. Flood Prone Areas in GVMC

The major flood prone areas in twin cities are the low lying areas in the catchment
areas of Velemapeta, Poorna Market, Kota Veedhi etc., in the Old City comprising of wards 1
to 20 and some parts in the 30 to 40 divisions. The Air Port area is a complete Flood Prone
area and affects the city normal life tremendously in the Floods. The areas in the 45 to 50
divisions and the Gajuwaka are commonly affected with the flash floods which occurs during
the cyclonic rains.
4.4.3. Improvements to Storm Water Drainage

The GVMC is proposing to undertake a study to prepare a storm water drainage
master plan to alleviate the problems of flooding by providing adequate measures. The study
is basically aimed to know the geddas / nallahs which needs to be widened and deepened
and to free the banks from the encroachments. The study also reveals the critical sections for
further improvement and a broad cost to carry out the improvements. The improvements
proposed include:
 Deepening
 Widening
 Provision of retaining walls at critical sections
 Modification to cross drainage works and in addition suggested some soft
measures such as prevention of dumping of waste into the nalllah to prevent
clogging.
55
 Inadequate drainage system, with no proper design of drainage.

 Excessive concentration of flood due to breaching of tanks.
 Disappearance of flood absorbing tanks.
 Dumping of debris and garbage into the open Nallahs.
 Illegal encroachment of natural water courses
 Patta lands in the natural watercourses.
 Springing up of housing colonies in the foreshores of the tanks.
 Sanctioning of layouts without reference in the ground levels.
 Indiscriminate laying of service lines all along and across natural courses.
 Collection of building materials on the road sides resulting in excessive silting
of drains.
 Diversion of natural water courses to accommodate habitations.
 Increased run off due to increase in impervious areas.
 Low Coverage
 Low Capacity
 Lack of integrated drainage plan
 Encroachments resulting in flooding and inundation
4.5. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
4.5.1. Current Situation

The city’s importance and ranking interms of economic development, industrialisation,
specifically of port activities, steel plant with large scale imports and exports signifies the inter
city/ inter national connectivity of the city through roadways, railways, water ways and road
ways. The vast area under the city limits of Greater Visakhapatnam emphasises the
importance of intra city transportation and regular commuting facilities. Due to the rapid
Industrialisation in the last two decades, It is striving to manage the growing transportation
requirements. The transportation network in the city area is dominated by three major
arteries, one along beachfront, another along the Northern Hill flank and the third which runs
through the city. Visakhapatnam is ideally situated to become the national and international
logistics hub. The city is linked through roads, ports and airports to the key economic centers.
To leverage this geographic advantage, the city will have to create the link infrastructure
required for providing smooth connections and ensure timely completion of ongoing
infrastructure projects such as the airport up gradation project and the Gangavaram port
project and more particularly in the Greater Visakha.
NH- 5 and NH – 43 of the National Highway (NH) network and the State Highways
connect the city area to the vast hinterland. Around 7.88 % of the total area is covered by
roads, 2.13% by railways and 0.85% by the Port authorities. More than 125.77 tones of goods
are moved in a year, 76.57% is by rail, 23.4% by road. Public transport comprises buses,
which are used by 20% of the total commuters in the city. Only 0.25% of the population use
auto rickshaws.
A special effort has been undertaken to provide interconnecting between major
arteries of the city. Development of this programme would ease congestion along the major
roads and facilitate traffic to by pass crowded segments of the major roads within the city. The
traffic moves faster and the roads also would help in cordoning or areas in case of fire and
56
other disasters. The interconnectivity through a programme of new roads as well as widening
and strengthening of existing new roads has 'been taken up to connect the national highway
passing through the city and the beach road, National Highway and the Station Road and
National Highway and the Industrial.The NH-5 and NH-43 pass through the city and connect
the city area to the vast hinterland.
The city’s transportation requirement is met by the following modes of transport
 Bus transport is the major public transport with modal share of 20%
 Three seated autos acting as the Para transit contributing to nearly 15% of the
transport demand.
 Private vehicles comprising two and four wheelers.
Many agencies are involved in supporting and facilitating traffic and transportation
mechanism in Visakhapatnam. Provision of road infrastructure is done by GVMC and VUDA
will take care of the roads that are to be developed in the outer periphery of the city. The
public transport is taken care by APSRTC. The traffic regulation has been the responsibility of
the police department. The NHAI, R&B, AP Transco. Etc, are the other agencies that
contribute to the facilitation of transport system. No single agency is solely responsible and
accountable for traffic and transport management. This is giving rise to functions and spatial
and functional fragmentation.
4.5.2. Traffic Flows and Travel Demand

Multiwheeled transport vehicles with heavy cargo plying between the important
corridors (steel city, visakhapatnam port trust, HPCL and other industrial corridors) of the city
and the national high ways are contributing to traffic problems and increased accidents. They
run between the steel city and the port causing huge environmental degradation. There is an
urgent necessity to regularise and stremline the transport cargo so that it doesnot crete
problems to the non transport/ commuting traffic.
In addition the non transport vehicles specifically private vehicles multiplied during the
last decade. The two wheelers have multiplied by 11.2%, Four wheelers by 8.1%. Explosive
growth of the surrounding areas and the concentration of substantial economic activity within
the GVMC area has resulted in heavy radial flows being pumped into the central core which
has limited road capacity leading to traffic bottle necks. In absence of conveneient by pass
roads, these flows are being funnelled through existing travel corridors of GVMC area, thus
accentuating the problem.
Peak hour flows on major travel corridors carry heavy and high traffic volumes. The
mixed traffic conditions present additional problems in maintaining lane discipline and hence
the lane capacities are far less than those observed in car traffic flows. This has resulted in
the reduction of average speeds of the vehicles over a period of time. The present average
speed is just 15 km per hour and it is still likely to reduce if there is no improvement in the
situation.
57
Figure 4.2: Vehicular Average Speed
Average Speed
30
25
20
Km per hour
15
10
0
1981 19991 2001 2006
Average Speed (Km/Hr.)
4.5.3. Per Capita Trip Rate (PCTR)

The growing population and increase in the spending power of the residents has
resulted in greater demand for travel. This is very well indicated by the increasing per-capita
trip rate (PCTR) projections shown in table 4.11. The ever-increasing size of the city is also
expected to result in longer trip lengths, which means that the total travel miles will increase
faster than the PCTR and the population growth rates.
Table 4.11: Per Capita Growth Rate (PCTR)

Year Per capita trip rate (PCTR)
2001 0.69
2006 0.82
2011 0.98
4.5.4. Visakhapatnam Road Network

The city has radial form of road network development. The major road network in the
city area extends over a length of 126 Km. The total road length is 1007 kms. In addition to
these major roads, the reaches of three major R & B roads, which are state highways passing
through have also been taken up for development in addition to this network, nine new roads
have been opened and nine master plan roads have been taken up for widening.
The recent growth trend is more in the North / south and west directions of the city.
Two National Highways, NH5 (connecting Chennai on south and Kolkatta on East, and NH43
connecting Raipur. There are state highways also start from the city and diverge radially
connecting several towns and district head quarters within the State in all three directions.
58
The road network of Visakhapatnam is very dense and congested due to narrow carriage
ways , high pedestrian traffic and slow moving vehicle concentration. As per the existing land
use plan, the area under road and railways is about 6% only and inadequate as a whole with
insufficient pedestrians and other road infrastructure.
4.5.5. Vehicular Growth and Composition

As per the Regional Transport Authority statistics, the total number of non transport
vehicles registered in Visakhapatnam city is about 2.85 lakhs in the year 2005. Of which
about 2.43 lakhs (85.00%) are 2-wheelers, 0.27 lakh motor cars (9.4%), 0.14 lakh 3- wheelers
(5.1%), 0.05 lakh (0.18%) buses vehicles. Commensurate with the growth in population, the
number of vehicles also grew at a rapid pace within the urban area. The private
transportation has also become the preferred mode of transportation in Visakhapatnam like
any other cities in India. The growth of cars/jeeps has grown up at an annual growth rate of
8% and that of two wheelers 10.5% over the last decade. The deficiency in frequency of
APSRTC buses and non-coverage of suburban train services is one of the reasons for the
growth of private vehicles. Overall, there is an attitudinal shift of people to use private vehicle
rather than public transport.
Table 4.12: Annual Vehicular composition

Category 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Motor Cycles 15,948 1,78,143 1,97,534 2,19,158 2,43,033
(2Wheelers)
Motor Cars & 15285 17757 20360 23511 27065
Jeeps (4
Wheelers)
Autos 8531 9993 11718 13212 14771
APSRTC 508 503 491 495 521
Source : AP Transport and APSRTC, Visakhapatnam
All these vehicles are plying on a near static road length of 420 km in GVMC area
resulting enormous strain on the road network and leading a situation of endless
transportation gridlocks.
4.5.6. Public Transport System

Public Transport System (PTS) in Visakhapatnam is primarily road-based bus
transport. APSRTC buses capture about 85% of all the trips made by public transport
whereas para transit services share the balance 15% in commuting passengers. The total
share of public transport is less than 20% against the minimum desired 50% share for
Visakhapatnam, as per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Development, GoI.
Table 4.13: Share of Public Transport

Sl.No. City with Population in Millions Desired Share of Public Transport (%)
1 0.1 – 0.5 30-40
2 0.5 – 1.0 40 – 50
3 1.0 – 2.0 50 – 60
4 2.0 – 5.0 60 - 70
5 5.0 plus 70 – 85
Source: “Traffic and Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban areas in India”, Ministry of Urban
Development, GoI - 1998
Aware of this situation, the National Policy of Urban Transport (NUTP) recommends to
“encourage and support investments in facilities that would wewan people away from the use
of personal vehicles rather than build facilities that would encourage greater use of personal
59
motor vehicles” in order to promote sustainable development of the urban areas. The existing
PTS may not be able to keep its present mode share under the current scenario unless pro-
active policy changes in favour of public transport are implemented and complementing them
with improved the PTS infrastructure. The NUTP document also further states that “the
Central Government would, therefore, recommend the adoption of measures that restrain the
use of motor vehicles through market mechanisms such as higher fuel taxes, higher parking
fee, reduced availability of parking space, longer time taken in travelling by personal vehicles
vis-à-vis public transport, etc.”
4.5.6.1. Bus Transport

Currently, the city division of APSRTC is operating its services in about 17 sectors in
between Scindia-Anakapalli, Maddipalem to Kurmannapalem, Old Gajuwaka to Collectors
Office, arilova to OHPO, RK Beach to Simhachalam, OHPO to Madhurwada etc. The total
number of passengers travelled in APSRTC services are about 2.9 lakh passengers per day.
At present, there are about 600 buses that are operating in the above routes of the city and
likely to increase to 850 nos in the next 5 to 10 years. All the buses ply on the same
carriageway as that of other private vehicles and thus the level-of-service offered by the bus
system is severely limited by the heavily congested road-network. This manifests in a
situation where the bus system is unable to cater to the peak hour passenger demand,
resulting in over-crowded buses, longer waiting times and slower speeds.
It is to mention that observed that the patronage of buses has remained stable over the
years while population is increasing each year. The important reason for this could be
deteriorating service especially in the peak hours and a concomitant proliferation of seven
seated Para transit modes providing convenient accessibility.
Figure 4.3: Modal Split
Actual Modal Share

public transport Benchmark
20%
private
45%
public
paratransit
private 15%
55%
65%
4.5.6.2. Para Transit

The para-transit operators, mainly in the form of auto-rickshaws (3-seater and 7-seater)
have mushroomed in the recent years to capture the peak hour demand and are emerging as
unhealthy competitors to the APSRTC buses. A total of 15,000 auto-rickshaws ply on the city
roads and cater to an estimated 10% of the 71 lakh person trips each day. While a proper
integration of para-transit can actually complement the bus system, this has not happened
due to the very unorganised nature of the sector with too many independent owners of auto-
rickshaws. The high degree of maneuverability of the auto rickshaws and frequent stopping
on the carriageway to serve the passengers has resulted in severe problems to the free flow
of road traffic in the city.
60
4.5.7. Traffic and Transport Safety

The transport safety is the important component of traffic and transportation
mechanism. About 10% of the accidents were fatal and remaining 90% were injurious. It was
observed that about 40% of the accidents occurring in the city involve pedestrians as the
victims. This can be attributed to the poor pedestrian facilities in city road network The fatal
accidents involving pedestrians were observed to occur during the road crossings. It was
observed that the maximum accidents occurred. The number of accidents that occurred in the
Accidents in Visakhapatnam
1600 1397
1342 1370
Number of Accidents
1400 1203 1223

1139 1158 1149
1200 1022 1055
1000
800
600
400 203 239 221
181 168
200
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
fatal injured Total
last decade is given below.

Table 4.14: Number of Accidents in Visakhapatnam
Accident Type 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Fatal 181 168 203 239 221

percentage 15.04% 13.7% 15.1% 17.1% 16.13%
Injured 1022 1055 1139 1158 1149
percentage 84.96% 86.3% 84.9% 82.9% 83.87%
No. of accidents 1054 1106 1079 912 994
Source : AP Transport and APSRTC, Visakhapatnam
 Streamlining the heavy cargo transport.

 Institutional accountability
 Declining Share of Public Transport resulting in traffic menace and
environmental degradation.
 Integration of landuse plan and transportation planning.
 Inadequate Road Infrastructure – narrow carriageways, junctions,
signage, traffic management, etc.
 Safety
 Lack of awareness and non-compliance of the commuters to traffic
regulations.
61
4.6. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The GVMC generates around 750 tons of solid waste every day with a collection
efficiency of over 91%. The major sources of solid waste generation in GVMC are household
domestic waste, commercial establishments, markets, hotels and restaurants, etc. The
sources and quantity of solid waste generated in GVMC is presented in table 4.15.
Table 4.15 Details of Solid Waste Generation In Greater Visakha Municipal Corporation
GVMC
S. No
Source of Generation Quantity/
% to Total
day in tons
1 House Hold – Domestic 480.75 64.1
2 Street Sweepings & Drain Cleanings 54.75 7.4
3 Hotels and Restaurants 25.96 3.46
4 Markets 29.25 3.90
5 Shops, Commercial Establishments 112.50 15.00
6 Hospitals, clinics 11.25 1.50
7 Industries & others 34.24 4.32
Total 750 100
4.6.1. Characteristics and Composition of Solid Waste

On an average the domestic solid waste in Visakhapatnam contains 10.56% of paper,
7.39% of plastics, and 8% glass. Similarly, the waste was found to have a low moisture
content of 13.36 and an average calorific value of 1223.33 cal /gm just suitable for thermal
chemical conversion and associated energy generation processes.Composition of waste is a
major determinant in evaluating the disposal options.
Table 4.16 Composition of Solid Waste in GVMC

Constituent Average
Physical Characteristics (%)
Paper 10.56
Plastic 7.39
Metals 5.65
Glass 7.9
Sa+Gr+St 42.66
Miscellaneous 4.00
Moisture Content 13.36
3
Av. Bulk Density, kg/m * 369.00
Chemical Characteristics
pH 8.16
Electical Conductivity 138.53
Organic Carbon 2.19
Organics 3.94
Total Nitrogen 0.40
C/N Ratio 21.33
Compostable Matter 31.33
Calorific Value , cal / gm 1223.33
62
4.6.2. Present Practices of Solid Waste Management
Waste Storage & Segregation

The Urban local body is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of Solid
Waste except untreated bio-medical waste and hazardous industrial waste. Storage and
segregation of waste at source is not very prominent in GVMC.
Primary Collection
GVMC presently have a network of 1500 primary collection points for collecting waste
from various generation points. The waste is collected through dumper bins and RCC bins. In
addition to Corporation has provided tricycles to the members of rag picker community for
door-to-door collection of waste.
Similarly around 360 commercial units under Door Step Solid Waste Collection
(DSSWC) deliver the waste to the municipal vehicles directly for agreed amount and the
waste is directly disposed off in the disposal site. 40% of the city is covered under door- to-
door collection.
Secondary Collection
The waste from the primary collection points are transported by the conservancy
workers (ULBs or private) to the secondary collection points and dumper placers through
wheel borrows and hand carts. There are 100 collection vehicles and 40 dumper placers for
collection and transportation.
The waste is transported to the transfer station at Old Sewage Farm and then to
Dumping yard which is about 25 Km from the city. The responsibility of collection and
transport of waste to transfer stations has been entrusted to private contractors.
Processing and Disposal
There is no engineered landfill site in GVMC area. However, the current disposal
facility is located at Kapuluppada having extent of 100 acers, which is about 25 km from the
City. Since the modern practice is processing of Solid Waste rather than distancing and
disposal, GVMC is encouraging enterprises to setup processing plants and land fill sites and
land fill facility.
The biomedical waste generated in Hospitals and Nursing homes is covered under a
special arrangement where the private agencies approved by the AP Pollution Control Board
collect and transport the bio-medical waste to their Hydroclaving/ Autoclaving plants. The
biomedical waste is treated and finally disposed off at the plant sites. The firms collect the
charges directly from the hospitals and Nursing Homes.
Table 4.17: Current Status
Parameter Details
Quantity of garbage collected and transported 750T
Door to door collection covered 40%
Number of Rickshaws 300
Capacity of each Rickshaw 250Kgs
Amount collected from house hold Rs.10/- per month
Number of Iron Dumper Bins 500
Capacity of Dumper Bins 1.2MT
Lifting of dumper bins 50% every 24hrs and remaining
50% in 2 to 3 days
Total area of the city covered 65%
Transfer Stations (area and wards covered under this) 20% of the old Vizag city.
63
4.6.3. MSW 2000 rules – Overview

In October 2000, the Ministry of Environment and Forests notified the Municipal Solid
Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, which lay down the procedures/guidelines
for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing, and disposal of municipal solid
waste. The rules require that all cities should set up suitable waste treatment and disposal
facilities by 31December 2003. A comprehensive manual on Municipal Solid Waste
Management has been brought out by CPHEEO for the guidance of ULBs
• An effective waste management system includes the following:

• Waste collection and transportation
• Resource recovery through sorting and recycling of materials
• Resource recovery through waste processing by using composting or waste to
energy approaches
• Waste minimization by reducing volume, toxicity or other physical/chemical properties
of waste to make it safe for final disposal
• Disposal of waste in an environmentally safe and sustainable manner through land
filling
Components GMCV ( %)
The secretaries to the
government urban Collection Efficiency 91
development department Segregation NA
and the district magistrates
Door to Door 40
are made responsible to
ensure the implementation Vehicle Capacity 50
of these rules in the Processing of Waste NA
corporations and municipal Disposal- SLF No Engineering Landfill Site
areas respectively and the
state pollution control board is made responsible to monitor the implementation of the rules
and adherence to the standards prescribed. This time limit is over and the cities and towns in
the country have failed to implement the rules. The following chart clearly shows the
negligence of the ULB’s to comply with the MSWM 2000 rules
Key Issues
The analysis of existing solid waste management practices of GVMC indicates that
the city has structured primary and secondary collection arrangements. However, the
disposal arrangements of the city need substantial improvement. Integrated solid waste
management requires the use of various instruments for improved service delivery. The
range of issues that needs to be addressed are listed below.
 Effective public participation in segregation of recyclable waste and storage of
waste at source.
 Effectiveness of awareness building or direct community involvement
 User Charges
 Waste Minimisation, Recycling
 Integrated Waste Treatment
 Regional Sanitary Landfill Facility
 Scientific Closure of the abandoned dump sites
 Institutional strengthening and human resources development
64
Chapter - V
5. Basic Services to the Urban Poor

5.1. INTRODUCTION
In this chapter an overview of the urban poverty in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation is presented. More than one-fifth of Greater Visakhapatnam Minicipal
Corporation's population reside in slums, squatters and other poor settlements. Their
contribution to city’s economy has been also been growing over the period. In the absence of
developed land and clear policy to address their problems, the poor suffer from many
inadequacies in terms of access to basic services, socio- economic needs. It is necessary,
therefore, to articulate policies and programmes to mainstream the slum communities with the
city, both in terms of infrastructure provision and social and economic development.
5.2. GROWTH OF SLUMS AND SLUM POPULATION

Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is characterized by a very significant
presence of the urban poor, with a growing poverty profile. Slum settlements have multiplied
over decades and the living conditions of the poor have not improved. Environmental decline,
vehicular pollution, inadequate basic services and infrastructure in the poor settlements hit the
poor hardest. Slums are scattered across the city and surrounding areas, with high population
densities and the number of people inhabiting them estimated to be around 342658. It is
estimated that more than half of these slums are on GVMC and Govt lands , and the rest on
lands belonging to various public entities. Poverty has a visible gender dimension too. The
incidence of poverty among women is higher and female-headed households constitute the
poorest of poor. The poor, not only habitat in slums of GVMC area but are spread in squatter
and informal settlements in small groups deprived of basic services. This makes them more
vulnerable to vagaries of nature and threat of eviction. At present there are 472 slums and the
slum population is over 6 lakhs. A major problem is the incorporation of 32 villages around
Visakhapatnam in the GVMC. Almost all these villages are inhabited by poor and the
infrastructure is very low. These areas should be taken as ‘poor areas’ and special
programmes need to be initiated to develop them on par with the city.
5.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
5.3.1. Communities
Slum population in GVMC is heterogeneous in character - with Hindus, Muslims and
Christians having migrated from different neighbouring villages, Languages predominantly
spoken in slums in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation are Telugu and Oriya,.
5.3.2. Literacy
As per the census 2001, the literacy rate of slum population was found to vary
between _______ in the urban agglomeration. Female literacy in slums varied from
____________.
5.3.3. Land Holdings

Slums in GVMC are located on GVMC, Govt lands, Railway, Port, Endowment, Wakf
and private lands as given in figure 5.1. Government of Andhra Pradesh classified all the
slums on government land into objectionable and unobjectionable. Categorisation as
65
"objectionable" was based on location and land use - location on riverbeds, low lying areas,
drains, road margins, etc. In case of surrounding areas, they were the small and scattered
villages inhabited by the poor; particularly the labour from the industrial areas. They suffer
from worse deprivations in terms of physical and social amenities as well as sustainable
livelihoods.
Figure 5.1: Land Status of Slums in Gvmc
Land status of Slums in GVMC
Greater Visakhapatnam
20% Municipal Corporation
Govt Department
5% 45% Railways and Port
10% Endowment / wakf
Private owners
20%
5.3.4. Environmental Conditions and Health Status

The environmental conditions in slums are very poor and lack basic civic amenities
like proper roads, drainage, protected water supply, street lights and adequate number of
community toilets. Earlier studies have recorded that the common diseases prevalent in
slums in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation are gastro-enteritis, dysentery, liver
enlargement, malnutrition, ringworm, scabies and other skin diseases. To overcome these
hazards health infrastructure was developed and 15 urban primary health centres were
established. Most of the slum communities and the poor access the services from these
centres. However, in the newly incorporated villages, health facilities are totally inadequate –
and at many places donot exist.
5.3.5. Basic Infrastructure

Access of slum population to basic services is a key indicator of the quality of life in
slums in particular and the city in general. The infrastructure provided during the
Visakhapatnam Slum Improvement Project between 1988 - 96 is shown as below (table 5.1)
Table 5.1: Basic Infrastructure in Slums
Services Units
Road Network 258734 Sq.Mts.
Community Halls 115 Nos
CC Drains 133461 Rmts.,
SW Drains 20930 Rmts.,
Public and Individual Toilets 64,056 Nos
Street lights and poles 4,512 Nos
66
About one third of the slums have individual service connections and the rest depend
upon public taps. Basic infrastructure facilities in the slum indicates that they are minimal and
inadequate and need to be strengthened.
5.3.6. Community Facilities

The community facilities in the slums comprise of schools, community halls, etc. No
other amenities are available in the slum areas. The existing community infrastructure
facilities in slums of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation are as follows (table 5.2):
Table 5.2 : Existing Position Of Community Facilities Available In Slums Of GVMC:

Community Hall (No`s)
S.No.
Balwadi Government Schools Community Halls
1. 106 120 115
5.3.7. Unorganised and Informal Sector Employment

The contribution of informal sector absorbing more than 30% of the industrial
workforce, to the city's overall economy is considerable. The informal sector contributes to
more than 30% of the total income generation of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation. Studies conducted by Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation in
2001 indicate that informal sector accounts to 50-60% in a majority of the cities of the country
and their share in the urban employment is increasing. The salient features are:
• The sector derives its importance due to the scale and nature of operations;
• The activities are concentrated in the important road network in the city.
• They occupy the road margins, footpaths etc. and are spread all over the GVMC and
surrounding areas;
• The major areas of concentration of informal activities are noticed in Suryabagh,
Poorna Market Area, Jagadamba Centre, Railway New Colony, and Maddilapalem
Area in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation and surrounding areas.
• The people involved in the informal sector constitute a major portion of urban poor as
these units have a low labour income though the entire family might be involved.
5.4. POVERTY REDUCTION INITIATIVES

The urban poverty reduction programmes in city started with the Urban Community
Development (UCD) Programme in MCV in 1979. This is one of the internationally acclaimed
programmes of poverty reduction. After its initial success, the UNICEF and the British
Government supported the poverty reduction programmes during 1982-96. Now the Urban
Community Development deparment implements several programmes sponsored by both
central and state governments. They are given in the table 5.3
67
Table 5.3: List of Poverty Alleviation Programs

Nature
Central sponsored  Swarna Jayanthi Sahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
 National Slum Development Program (NSDP)
 Balika Samruddi Yojana (BSY)
 Adarsha Basthi Program (ABP)
 Individual Letrines (ILCS)
 VAMBAY
State Sponsored  Rajeev Yuvasakthi
 Rajeev Gruhakalpa
 Indiramma
 Welfare Programmes Sponsored by women, SC, ST,
Minorities and other Corporations
Training  Fashion Technology
Programmes  Neati Mahila
 Fisher Women Training
 Trainig through Labs
 Wax Flower Making
 Packaging
These apart, the GVMC is allocating 40 percent of the net municipal resources on providing
services to the poor and in slum locations. Another important initiative is to extend water
supply house connections to the poor at Rs. 1200/-. The amount can be paid in 12 equal
instalments. These two initiatives are being implemented as part of state policy.
5.5. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Urban Community Development Department (UCDD) of Greater Visakhapatnam
Municipal Corporation (GVMC) is the lead agency in the implementation of slum improvement
projects and is responsible for the coordination of different inputs. The main focus is
community mobilisation, and organising the community to implement community development
activities through their involvement. Currently, the Department coordinates the direct provision
of services to the slums. An intrinsic feature is of the urban community development program
is mobilizing the community and involving them from the beginning through Neighbourhood
Committees, Resident Welfare Organisations, Mahila Mandals and Youth Clubs. Under the
urban poverty reduction programs, community structures were established with the
community having a major say in the provision of infrastructure and other services. In
addition, the socio-economic programmes, especially those aiming at empowerment of
women and weaker sections by generating self-employment through skill improvement, are
under implementation through SHGs and other community structures.In addition there are a
large number of agencies responsible for implementing programmes aimed at poverty
reduction. They include the revenue, education, health, housing and SC, ST, BC, Physically
Handicapped, Women and Minority welfare departments and their organisations, urban
development authorities, CBOs, NGOs and academic institutions.
A serious problem in this arrangement is the overlapping jurisdiction and absence of
coordination and convergence of programmes and activities. There is need for integrated and
unified arrangements for addressing the problems of poverty reduction comprehensively. This
will facilitate better targeting of programmes, effective identification of beneficiaries, facilitates
participation of community based organizations, better institutional coordination, etc.
68
Linkages should be established between the UCD and civil society and their role in poverty
reduction should be clearly understood.
Table 5.4 Indicative List of Institutions and Programmes

S.
Institutions Programmes
No.
1 GVMC Implementation of poverty programmes
Notification and denotification
UCD
Health and Sanitation
Town Planning
Infrastructure
2 District Collector Issue of Pattas
3 Scheduled Caste Corporation Provision of loans and subsidy for
livelihoods
4 Minorities Development Provision of loans and subsidy for
Corporation livelihoods
5 Physically handicapped Provision of loans and subsidy for
development corporation livelihoods.
6 Women Welfare Development Provision of loans and subsidy for
Corporation livelihoods
7 Housing Corporation/Board House Development
8 Education Department School education
9 Health Department Health care and ICDS
10 Social Welfare Department Welfare of backward sections
11 VUDA Planning and development
12 Urban Health Centres Primary health care
13 NGOs Livelihoods and services
14 Research and Training Studies and surveys
Institutions Training
Impact assessment
Policy advice and support
15 CBOs Articulating needs and priorities
Planning and implementation
In the urban agglomeration area effective coordination between the Corporation and
other Government Departments will benefit both. Similarly, urban health centre in GVMC
should become the focal point for implementing the programmes. There is also need for
convergence of programmes and coordination between UCD and government agencies, for
effective targeting and better impact. In addition to ensuring better coordination across the
public agencies, private sector and the civil society, it is recommended that a high level Task
Force at the city level should be set up with representatives of public sector, private sector
and the civil society as the members. The Task Force should provide support for
implementation of the action plans.
5.6. HOUSING
The Visakhapatnam is one of the fastest growing cities with population of over 1.4
million. Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is committed to bring enormous changes in the
socio-economic policies in extending its services to the citizen of city.
Most of the Visakhapatnam urban poor live in overcrowded and unsanitary slums and
squatter settlements and often do not have accesses to basic infrastructure and services.
They are forced to live in illegal and informal settlements because they cannot enter formal
land and housing markets. The reasons for the formation of slums and squatter settlements
69
are numerous and have been discussed extensively in the development literature. It suffices
to say here that, because of the way formal markets are regulated and structured; the poor
are unable to afford the choices offered to them in these markers. In contrast, the informal
and illegal housing markets of slums and squatter settlements are specifically geared to meet
their shelter needs.
Need for housing the poor:
In slum areas the houses are very small and look congested. Many people are living
under one roof due to in adequate space. They are not able to construct pucca individual
houses due to poverty. Therefore, it is identified and planned to construct a pucca Housing
colony to the people who are living in slum areas with nominal contribution from beneficiaries
and with contribution of other Government sectors.
5.6.1. Rajiv Gruhakalpa

To meet the existing and growing needs, Government formulated “Rajiv Gruhakalpa”
scheme to construct a large number of houses in urban areas and to increase the availability
of housing stock for poor and lower income groups. The scheme is expected to be demand
and need driven. The Collectors are further requested to identify and reserve suitable
Government lands out of the domain of the proposed state Land Bank Scheme for ‘Rajiv
Gruhakalpa Scheme” on a priority basis.
Thus the Urban Community Development department of Greater Visakhapatnam
Municipal Corporation has always been ahead in creation and providing of Pucca Dwelling
Units to the Urban Poor residing in slums ever since its inception. The providing of Pucca
Dwelling Units has been taken place in a phased manner from time to time during the last
three decades in association with various funding agencies. Consequent on formation of
Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation into the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
there is enormous increase of slums due to the merger of the near by villages and Gajuwaka
Municipality. Hence it is necessary on part of the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation to provide Pucca Housing Units and infrastructure to the increased in number of
beneficiaries with reference to slum population is given in table 5.5.
Table 5.5
No.of Slums existing in GVMC 472
Total population living in urban slums including 32 6.00 Lakhs
Merged Villages and Gajuwaka Municipality
No. of pucca houses required with reference to 1.20 Lakhs
population living in slums
No.of houses so far provided 0.52 Lakhs
No.of pucca houses still required to accommodate all the 0.68 Lakhs
slum dwellers
No.of dwelling units proposed to be taken up after 50,000 units
considering all factors including land tenure
Proposed cost of each dwelling unit Rs.1,00,000
Estimated value of 50,000 required units Rs.500 Crores
70
Key Challenges
Inspite of several initiatives towards poverty alleviation there are several critical
issues and challenges that need to be addressed. They Include:
 Lack of Dependable Data: Lack of dependable data on various aspects of
poverty including number of slums, slum population, access to services like water
and sanitation, livelihood, etc.
 Land Tenure: Land tenure continues to be a daunting issue in addressing the
problems of the poor. People living in non-notified slums are most vulnerable, as
they are not officially recognised. They are most vulnerable with no regular
incomes, access to basic services absence of tenure rights, etc
 Infrastructure Deficiency: Deterioration of infrastructure created by investments
under various slum improvement programs due to inadequate maintenance,
finance and direction in the post-project phase resulting in poor quality of service
availability to the linked to the citywide networks. With funds constraints, service
provision for the poor becomes a sporadic activity rather than a regular service
delivery system of local government.
 Informal Settlement: Programs arte targeted mostly for notified and developed
Slums. Lack of awareness of non-notified slums and de-notification policy for
developed slums.
 Weak Municipal Resource Base: Poor resource base for creating and constantly
maintaining infrastructure is a critical issue. As they depend on adhoc grants, the
service provision for the poor becomes a sporadic activity rather than a regular
service delivery system of local government institutions.
 Lack of co-ordination and convergence: Lack of co-ordination among various
programs and institutions to address the problems in an integrated and meaningful
way.
 Vulnerability: Programs for the poor need also to focus on vulnerable groups
among them, like women and children, disabled and destitute, aged and children,
etc.
 Problem of the poor living in the villages incorporated into the GVMC recently.
They lack basic infrastructure, livelihoods, proper housing etc.
 The major challenge is the formation of slums on hillocks and hill slopes where
provision of basic services like water, sanitation is very difficult.
 There are several slums located on the central government lands like railways,
defence establishments etc. the protracted correspondence is a major problem in
extending basic services to the poor in these areas.
 Reluctance of the poor to cooperate with multistoried constructions to provide
housing is another problem. They demand individual house sites as in the past.
 The two communities – fishermen and relli – require special attention for
development due to their cultural and other practices. Special programmes need
to be articulated keeping their needs.

71
Chapter-VI
6. Physical and Environmental Aspects of City
6.1. PHYSICAL SETTING

The physiographic setting of various types of landforms, structural features, climate,
hydrological, hydro geological setting, the litho logical framework, top soil cover, geographical
distribution of various types of rocks occurring in the city area are described.
6.2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING

Physiographically, the city’s area extent can be divided into four physiographic
divisions
 Hill ranges
 Hill slopes
 Central Plain area
 Coastal Zone
The Kailasa Hill range on the north extends east west with a length of 14.5 kms and
has heights ranging 425m to 504 m above mean sea level (MSL). The Yarada Hill range
(Dolphin Nose) on the south extends about 8 kms, almost parallel to the Kailasa hill range
and has heights of about 355 m above MSL. There are a few detached hillocks along the
foothills of these ranges towards the central part of the area. Narava hill range on the western
side of the area extends north south for a length of 6.5 kms. It reaches heights of about 320
m above MSL. The southern hill slope of Kailasa hill range is flanked by a series of piedmont
fans whereas the northern hill slope of the Yarada hill range has only one piedmont fan.
In the interface areas and along the rest of the hill slopes are colluvium. The southern
slope of the Kailasa hill slope, it is all colluvium. The southern slope of the Kailasa hill range
has steeper gradients than the northern hill slopes of the Yarada hill range. The eastern part
of the Narava hill range has a gentle gradient. The width of the piedmont zones along
Kaisasa and Yarada hill ranges towards the central plain area varies from 0.25 to 0.5 kms.
This zone is important from the groundwater point of view. The central plain area is occupied
by a marsh. The plain zone is connected to sea through Naravagedda flowing from above till
it touches the marshy zone. The elevations in the marshy area vary between 1mt and 4 mts
above MSL. The coastal zone of Visakhapatnam is very narrow with widths varying from 30 –
100 m and rises to 5 m – 10 m above MSL. The coastal plain extends landward upto 0.25 km
at Lawsons Bay, south of the Kailasa Hills. Sudden rise of elevation in the coastal zone due
to hill locks resulted in the sea view colonies and sky scrapers. The hill slopes are classified
o o o
as steep and cliffy (>55 ) and deflectional slope (35 -55 ). The extent of debris slope is more
when compared to the deflectional slope facilitating the extensive natural recharge potential of
the minor watershed. The colluvial plain with gentle slope is extensively covered by peidmont
fans. The material of the peidmont fans is mostly of colluvium. The river-built plain of the
watershed is also very extensive with alluvium which is the common feature of the coastal
area of the city
6.3. GEOLOGICAL SETTING

The principal rock type in the area belongs to the Khondalites group and occurrence of
Charnockites and Quartzites can not be ruled out.
72
Environment: A City Prone to Pollution

This city has several areas with air and water quality falling below norms. As for noise
pollution, it is common occurrence in most public places and roads with fairly heavy traffic.
Air pollution is largely attributed to automobile emissions and hence it is important to regulate
traffic at various junctions and see that it is not stagnated for long durations. This can be
achieved by measures such as (a) regulating traffic with more number of one-way traffic
streets, (b) providing bus bays for city bus halts and proper parking places for all vehicles, (c)
having pedestrian malls or squares with traffic moving around them (Jagadamba Junction and
RTC complex area are important candidates to begin with) and (d) providing flyovers where
necessary and feasible
Climate
According to Thronthwait’s scheme of climatic classification the city area falls under
semi-arid type of climate.
Climatic setting in brief
Ambient air temperature:
Absolute maximum 44.4 degrees C - Absolute minimum 12.8 degrees C
Sea surface temperature Min 20.2 degrees C, Max 32.3 degrees C,
Monthly mean relative humidity
Absolute maximum : 100%
Absolute minimum : 4%
Monthly Wind Speed

Mean value : 10-16 kmph
Prevailing Direction South West
Frequency Distribution : 44.5%
Highest monthly mean wind speed for 24 hours : 21.4 kmph.
Extreme wind velocity : 131 kmph.
Monthly sea level pressure:
Mean value : 1009 mb
Maximum observed : 1014 mb
Monthly Visibility
Less than ½ N mile, Less than 1 mile, Less than 2 N miles, Less than 10 N miles. Fog is
infrequent at sea in all seasons. Reduction in visibility is mostly due to heavy rains, which
during the southwest monsoon can reduce visibility below fog levels.
Rainfall
Average Annual : 973.6 mm
Annual Min : 654.0 mm
Annual Max : 1308.6 mm
Maximum recorded in a day : 375.2
Highest annual : 1,314
Highest monthly : 606 mm
Highest daily : 2, 93.3 mm
Fog: Months : December to February
Coastal and Oceanographic Data

The cyclonic activity and the coastal and offshore data are presented to appreciate the
various factors that affect the recreational aspects along the beaches.
Monsoons and Cyclones
In the Bay of Bengal, depressions are likely to be encountered in all seasons of the
year with a gradual fall in pressure. On an average 4 to 5 cyclones per year occur. However,
at particular locations the average frequencies may be lower. Hind casting studies indicated
73
that the Coast is mainly affected by waves generated by Cyclones from the South East to
South East direction. The highest waves are experienced in the period April September when
the winds are more intense and consistent. The deep sea waves with the highest and lowest
period frequent from the South West quadrant. Waves of over 1.5 mtrs in the height may be
expected approximately 14% of the time. The daily record of tidal levels shows two highs and
two lows. There is published evidence to indicate that strong tides as much as 60 cms in
excess of the predicted tides may occur during the cyclones.
Coastline and the beaches

The city has a long coastline with the beach front providing for recreation and relief to
the city populations for summer heat and high humidity. There are vast recreational areas
like parks, amusement parks, hotels and commercial complexes. A number of high raised
buildings have come up on landward side of the road on the beachfront. There are two
prominent locales along the coastline. One is at Jodugullapalem towards the northern
extremity and the other is at Lawsons Bay. Both these areas are ideal for swimming in the
sea and offer recreational avenues. There is a minor estuary where Hanumanthawaka
stream joins the sea at Lawsons Bay area with a deltaic phase represented by MVP Colony
area.
Sea Level Rise

The sea level rise is affected by geological and climatic factors. Any changes take a
long time and are slow in impact. But there were also instances of rapid changes, which
caused great loss of life and damage in the geological past. Sea level rise by 7.5 meters in
the next150 years is envisaged. Solutions to these have thus to be attempted and included in
all the strategies that are being conceptualised for Coastal areas in the context of present and
future trends in the scenario in respect of depletion of natural resources, growing population,
growing industrialization, growing high energy consumerism, growing urbanization and in
general growing degradation of the environment. A 30 cm rise in the sea level would push
saline incursion in marsh and MVP deltaic facies area particularly in regard to sea water-
fresh water interface .
Coastal Regulation Zone

The GOI has formulated guidelines for the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) with regard
to various developmental activities to be undertaken in the zone both permissible and
otherwise. The Zone is defined by Low Tide Line (LTL), the High Tide Line (HTL) and by 500
mts landward from HTL. The notification was issued in 1991and minor amendments have
been issued by the ministry from time-to-time. As per the CRZ regulations the Beach Road is
taken as the boundary limitation and constructions are permitted towards the landwards side
of the Beach road except those which are specifically permitted under those guidelines.
Vulnerability and Risk
The natural hazards like cyclones promoting local floods in the city droughts and
earthquakes are not rare or unusual phenomenon for the city particularly in view of the unique
geo climatic conditions .The vulnerability varies from location to location.
Seismicity
Earlier the city fell under the seismic zone of Category II, where earthquakes of
magnitude 5.6 and above do not occur. But in recent revised seismic map by National
Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad the zone has been elevated to Category III which
74
suggests that earthquakes of magnitude greater than 5.6 are possible. In the recent times
earth tremors are being increasingly felt particularly along the foot hills of Kailasa Hill and
Yarada hills. Major fracture lineaments are noted in the structural history of the area. The
small tremors and shocks experienced in the recent times as a sequel to structural
movements which is indeed a rare phenomenon. The strongest earthquake recorded had a
magnitude of 6.5.
Tidal Waves / Tsunami and Flooding

The coast is exposed to tidal waves. Some areas are flooding prone particularly the
low lying area of old city. The impact of tidal waves is limited to marsh area. The Tsunami
effects are not visible.
Drought and Drought Management
Mitigating the effects of drought could be broadly divided into (i) steps to be taken in
anticipation of drought and (ii) steps to be taken when a drought actually occurs. The State
Government has a policy to initiate several administrative steps in areas that are declared as
‘drought affected’. These are given in the ‘drought manual’ formulated by the Government.
The drought essentially affects the water supply system.
Land Use
The land use pattern of the city area is enclosed. The topography, the transport
network and accessibility to the port are the three structural elements that contributed towards
the evaluation of the land use pattern in the city area in the present form. The land use
pattern in the city has been delineated into following categories:
 Residential – 25%
 Industrial – 10%
 Port area – 37%
 Institutional – 9%
 Road and Railways – 5%
 Hills and Forests – 4%
 Vacant – 10%
Visakhapatnam is endowed with a Beach which provides relief, recreation and
tourism avenues.
Table 6.1: Environment Services

Environmental services Quality
Current Status
3
SO2 (mg/m ) 15
3
NOX (mg/m ) 39
Air
RSPM 1.26
TSPM 222
Water (Residual Chlorine) 0.2 ppm
Waste Water (BOD) 350
Solid waste Conventional dumping
75
Table 6.2: Land Supply (Hectares)

Undeveloped and under
Developed land
Year developed land under use
(hectares)
(hectares)
2001/02 8880 2220
2002/03 9213 1887
2003/04 9657 1443
2004/05 9990 1110
Table 6.3: Land Use Break-Up

Category % Area (2001)
Residential 22.55%
Commercial 1.15%
Industrial 8.31%
Public semi-public 6.62%
Recreational 1.03%
Transportation 44.65%
Agricultural and water bodies 0.94%
Special area* 14.75%
Total area 100%
* Specify details of which areas have been defined as special areas viz. urban villages, slums etc.
Table 6.4: Estimating Renewal of Housing and Infrastructure Stock, 2005

City Stock Area (hectare)
Housing 1121 Acres of old housing / slum
area
Infrastructure
 Storm water drains 1400 KM
 Road and streets 1120 KM
 Water distribution network* 3000 KM
 Sewerage and drainage* (Sewerage) 48.90 Sq.Km/ 141 km
Industry
 Obsolete, technological and physical 510 Acres of old industrial area
 Incompatibility with other uses All 510Acres under industrial zones
Business districts
 Obsolete 290 Acres in old city
 Incompatibility with other uses Entire 290 acres can be
regenerated as heritage area
* use appropriate unit of measurement such as km. for distribution network.
Environmental Attributes
The environmental quality varies from region to region within the city area depending
upon the assimilative capacity of a region, population density and the quantity of pollutants
causing social damage, the level of valuation and appreciation of the surrounding
environment by people in a region etc. All these factors together accord different values
regarding the environmental quality to different region within the city. Environmental policy
coupled with regional and zonal planning which is presently underway by the APPCB takes
into account the long term as well as short term orientation. Major environmental variables
characteristic of the city which are responsible for the degradation of the quality of the
environment in the city area are considered for describing the environmental scenario of
Visakhapatnam - the point and non-point sources of pollution of air, noise, water, land, soil,
regimes s well as coastal and marine sectors have been taken into consideration.
The point sources are mostly concentrated in a limited area along the northern flank
and in the Steel plant-Parawada area located on the south western flank of the Yarada Hill
76
range. The major industries are concentrated in pockets. The map of the city gives a fair
idea of the industrial and residential areas. The other industrial areas are of minor
consequence.
Air Pollution
The air pollution in the city area has been mainly determined by the presence and
levels of sulphur oxides, nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide and SPM. The air pollution is
contained to the northern flank of the Yarada hill range and nearby environs like Steel Plant
area and Paravada mandal where a Pharmacity is proposed and near Agnampudi where
manufacturing industry is proposed. The standards adopted are as follows.
Table 6.5: Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Area-A Area-B Area-C
TSP 500 200 100
SO 2 120 80 30
CO 5000 2000 1000
NOX 120 80 30
A = Industrial and mixed use area

B = Residential and rural
C = Sensitive
Diurnal variations
The recorded emissions of So 2, No 2 and CO in Visakhapatnam and environs at the
ground level have been studied. The concentration of So 2 was found to be high during the
day. The peak period coincides with the peak hour of traffic flow i.e., around 1030 hrs. The
concentration is higher in summer than in winter. It was also found that the So concentration
has a positive correlation to the air temperature values So 2 concentrations were high during
the day due to the low humidity and were low during the high humidity conditions as So 2 is
oxidized to So 3 during the nights. The No 2 level was found to be maximum during the nights.
The CO concentration tended to be high during the peak hours of the traffic movement in the
city. If the data from the city area are compared with the Indian Ambient Air Quality
Standards, it becomes evident that the city area is well on its way to crossing the threshold
level of safety. The CO levels in the area defined by the APSED Office, Jagadamba, Poorna
3 3
Market and KG Hospital, in 1986 itself, were between 18,750 ug/m and 25,000 ug/m
respectively which are well above the required amount, even given the fact that the area is
mainly commercial.
The highest So 2 levels recorded were at Akkayyapalem (residential area) and
3 3
Chavulamadum (mixed area) i.e., 100.1 ug/m and 251 ug/m respectively. In 1992, the
highest recorded So 2 levels were at the Circuit House (residential area) and near the APSEB
3
Office area (commercial area), i.e., 68 and 53 ug/m respectively showing a drop in the
values. The highest No 2 levels at the commercial area defined the APSEB Office,
3
Jagadamba, Poorna Market and KG Hospital; over a time frame were 95 to 141 ug/m . The
3
highest No 2 levels recorded 95 ug/m at the same area as 90 at Gajuwaka (mixed area). The
No 2 level in the commercial area exceeds the ambient air quality level while in the mixed area
it is within the limits. The highest SPM values recorded in the city were near the Iron Ore Belt
3
which runs through the residential area, i.e., 380.95 ug/m and at Chavulamadum (mixed
3
area) i.e., 493.8 ug/m . The values were highest at the HPCL area (Indus trial area) i.e., 288
3 3
ug/m , at the Circuit House (residential area) i.e., 234 ug/m and the commercial area
3
mentioned afore i.e., 211 ug/m . The SPM value is surprisingly high in the residential area
77
and crosses the ambient air quality level while the value is low at the ambient air quality level
while the value is low at the industrial and commercial areas. Construction, operation,
maintenance and repair work, transportation and industrial activities generate particulates.
The respirable dust standard recommended by the Central Pollution Control Board is a 10
micron cut-off size of respirational dust measurements. The levels of Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb have
been found to be very high in the Mindi industrial area . The highest recording of the elements
-3
concentration in ugM are Fe-18.39, Zn-12,83, CCL-0.43 an Pb-17.70. zinc in the presence
of lead and cadmium creates, a highly toxic effect and tends to produce synergism. At the
Hindustan Zinc Ltd, the Zn and Pb levels have been found to be abnormally high especially at
the lead and zinc oxide plant. The high concentrations of Zn along with S, Fe, Mn, Co and Ni
pose a positive danger to the health of the workers and nearby residents. Zinc especially is
liable to cause lung and liver damage in humans besides affecting the surrounding foliage.
At Bharat heavy Plates and Vessels (BHPV), the high levels of Zn and Pb indicate
synergism. The wind direction is such that the pollutants are carried away from the zinc plant.
Trace element analysis of iron in the blood samples of 200 residents in the surrounding area
reveals that 150 of these have very low iron levels leading to an anaemic state. Hindustan
Shipyard reveals a high concentration of K and Mn, the latter being a likely causal agent of
nervous disorders.
Vehicular emissions
One of the sources of urban air pollution is vehicular emission. Carbon monoxide
emissions are attributed to petrol driven that is almost 85%. Two and three wheelers are the
highest contributors of hydrocarbons. Diesel driven vehicles contribute more than 90% to
nitrogen oxides. The data indicates that in general the Poorna Market to RTC complex area is
comparatively more polluted from the traffic sector than other areas. The RTC complex area
records the highest value of pollutants.
Cargo Load at Port
The Visakhapatnam port operations release a considerable amount of particulate
matter into the environment of the city area. This contribution is essentially from the iron ore
conveyor belt and due to cargo transportation.
Conveyor Belt
The iron ore conveyor belt run in the west-east and north-south directions from the
stock pile. The ore comes by rail to the city in the form of lumps from Kirundal and Bailadilla in
Madhya Pradesh and is exported to Japan by ship. If the ships are not available the ore is
stored in stockpiles. The ships are loaded by way of the conveyor belt having a carrying
capacity of 4,000 tonnes/hour. The total length of the belt is 5.876 kms and is located 16
mtrs. above the ground level. The belt runs at a speed of 190 m/sec while receiving ore and
at 210 m/sec during loading. Of the total length only 0.825 kms of the belt is covered. The
belt runs through one of he most densely populated parts of the area is mostly residential and
even schools are located here. The levels of Ca and Pb are found to be high near the belt
and at the Jagadamba traffic junction. This is probably due to he large amounts of dust
generated by the traffic and due to the burning of gasoline by the automobiles. The high
levels of Zn and Pb in the industrial zones have been attributed to the long range
transportation of pollutants.
Lead from traffic at busy junctions like Jagadamba was found negligible though
relatively high near residential areas like Dabagardens and the Judges Court. This is
accounted for by the prevailing meteorological conditions.
78
Poisonous Gases and Material Storage

The list of poisonous materials stored by industries and which are hazardous by nature
by was of causing explosions and fire and releasing toxic gases is as follows (Shivaji Rao and
Venkata Rao, 1990). The HPCL has storage of thousands of tonnes of Naptha and Godavari
Fertilizers has a stock pile of ammonia.
Control Measures
Various major and medium industries in the city area have adopted various control
measures for air pollution.
Noise
One of the most pervasive environmental problems is noise. Yet, it is seldom protested
against or its ill effects recognized. Hearing loss primarily due to noise is now being
understood as an occupational disability. Noise being a by product of industrialization and
technology could also cause devaluation of property, damage to physical objects and bring
about “land use incompatibility.” The risk of noise induced hearing loss is to a large extent
individual based. Some people are more prone to hearing loss than others when exposed to
noise only for a short period.
The localities registering various noise levels, within the city are given as follows :
Table 6.6: Noise Levels In Localities

No. of localities Noise range in Leg. DBA Classification
8 < 70 Calm
22 70 – 75 Noisy
18 75 – 83 Intolerably
Noisy
Of the 48 localities measured for noise levels only 8 are below the 70 dBA . By
comparing the noise levels of the city area with the Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect
of noise levels in the city area, it was found that the maximum limit for residential areas is 55
dBA commercial areas 65 dBA and industrial areas 75 dBA whereas maximum number of
localities in the city inclusive of residential areas are over 70 dBA. Noise is one as pet of
pollution that has to be taken very seriously in Visakhapatnam if permanent hearing
impairment is to be avoided.
Emissions in the Domestic Sector
Various bio-fuels used for cooking also contribute to indoor pollution. Though LPG,
electricity, kerosene and coal are considered as preferred urban cooking fuels, dung cakes
and fuel wood are also used in the city especially by slum dwellers. The most common types
of fuel used are LPG, coal, wood, kerosene and sawdust. Barring LPG which is used by the
middle and higher income groups (1.1 cylinder per month), kerosene is the most widely used
fuel both for cooking and providing light. It is followed by wood, charcoal and sawdust. The
lower income groups use open-hearths and chulahs for cooking and account for maximum
indoor pollution in the slums. The smoke escapes from the huts into the atmosphere early in
the morning and at twilight hours. Considering the fact that there are fairly large number of
poor settlements in the City, the amount of smoke emitted can be pictured in the mind’s eye.
The pollutants from indoor sources are basically CO, HCX, TSP and NOX in the case of coal.
Smoking contributes its share of pollutants.
79
Table 6.7: Indoor Sources of Domestic Air Pollution

Fuel Devices Pollutants
Cow dung Cooking stoves, cooker, milk heaters CO, TSP, HC x
Wood Cooking stoves, open hearths, space CO, TSP, HC x
heaters
Tobacco Cigarettes, beedies etc. CO, TSP, HC x
Charcoal Chulas, space heaters CO, TSP, HC x
Kerosene Cooking stoves, lamps CO
Coal Cooking stoves NOX
Water Pollution
The hydrological environment comprises the interrelated components, i.e., ground
water and surface water. Pollution at one point in the system can eventually affect the other.
The attributes common to both are physical, chemical and biological in nature. Man’s
activities can have a bearing on all three.
Hazardous Wastes
Effective control of the generation, storage, treatment, recycling and reuse, transport,
recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes is of paramount importance for proper health,
environmental protection / natural resource management and sustainable development. The
information obtained through a questionnaire canvassed in person at various industries was
utilized in the assessment of the waste quantification. The available information indicates that
Visakhapatnam accounts for about two thirds of the total Hazardous solid waste generated in
the region. The date base has indicated that Visakhapatnam district accounts for 6,100
tonnes.
Characterization Of Hazardous Wastes

Quantification the solid wastes generated are categorized into different groups based
on the classification given
Group Visakhapatnam
1A Nil
1B 1354
A
2 Nil
2B 1616
3A 3047, 879
5A Nil
6A 15
7A Nil
7B 1
Nonpoint Source
Nonpoint source discharges pollute the environment in a diffuse manner and at
intermittent intervals. The pollutants cannot be measured or monitored at the place of origin
for the exact source is normally untraceable. Nonpoint pollution is said to be related to
uncontrollable climatic events and geographic and geologic conditions. However, urban
nonpoint pollution varies from street litter, abrasion of road surfaces due to road traffic,
construction activities, tire wear of vehicles, pet population or strays etc. The major
contaminants from urban pollution are zinc, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), oil, lead,
grease, asbestos etc. Impervious urban roads, areas having a high water table and tight soils
are sources of nonpoint pollution. Storm water overflow creates pollution when it carries the
rubbish and deposits them on the surface of the roads. High intensity storms generate the
highest pollution, which is a factor to be contented with in the study area which is prone to
80
cyclones, depressions and recurring storms. While pollution abatement regarding point
sources can be carried out by say, controlling sewage and waste water discharges or
secondary tertiary treatment with nonpoint sources the most effective controls are land
management techniques, conservation and architectural control.
Soil and Land Pollution
A depleted soil mantle sets off a chain reaction leading to deforestation, siltation of
rivers, erosion and deterrence of agriculture and vegetative cover. In coastal areas
especially, shelterbelts of trees are necessary to combat the force of storms. Most of the
reservoirs and tanks have degraded catchments in the city
Effect of Climatic Setting on Air Pollution
The atmosphere is the originating strata for sever point/nonpoint pollution problems.
Particulate aerosols contain toxic and trace metals, sulphur, pesticides, fungi, pollen,
nutrients, etc., besides chemical compounds like nitrites, chlorides, ozone, fluoride, oxides
etc.
Topographic bearing
Topography produces – “mountain valley effects” preventing the dispersion of air
pollutants. While the coast line of Visakhapatnam by virtue of its SW-NE direction is said to
be congenial for the dilution and diffusion of pollutants, the stagnation pockets at the land-sea
interface lead to the build up of air pollutants over the city for short periods. The undulating
terrain and hills ranging to around 200 m, encourage the formation of micro eddies which
contribute to the erratic trend of the stack emission plumes. This results in the drifting of
emissions towards residential areas,
Some of the major industries whose emissions pollute the air of Visakhapatnam and
its environs are Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Hindustan Zinc, Coramandal
Fertilizers, Duncan Cements, Visakhapatnam Port Trust, LG Polymers, Visakhapatnam Steel
Plant.
The major industries responsible for pollution of water sources in the city area are
Hindustan Polymers Limited, Coramandal Fertilizers Ltd., Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
Ltd (HPCL), Hindustan Zinc Ltd., Visakha Dairy, Aluminium factory, Pragati Fertilizers Ltd.,
Coastal Chemicals, Hindustan Shipyard, Fish Processing Units, Bharath heavy Plates &
Vessels, Visakhapatnam Steel Plant.
81
Chapter-VII
7. Vision Formulation
VISION
To become an economically vibrant, safe and inclusive city providing the
best social and physical infrastructure facilities for its residents,
businesses and visitors.
7.1. CITY VISION
The over all city vision of the GVMC is as follows
 Boosting the Economic Development in the City by 2030 by ensuring Best Business
Environment & Good Governance Optimum Mix of Industrial & Service Sector Best
Labour force in the Country to Develop Industrial / Business / Residential Areas as
per the Master Plan.
 To Provide 24 Hours Water Supply to each & every House with metering along with
Sewerage Connection by 2015 and to put a modern Solid Waste Service in place by
the above period.
 To Provide Best Civic Infrastructure to make the best Transport System in India by
2030 along with total up gradation of Poor Settlements with proper Drainage.
 To create a social infrastructure with premier Health & Educations facilities by 2021
with safety & security. With the above Vision in mind, the GVMC has formulated an
Agenda to reach the above Goals with in the specified time.
Prioritisation
The prioritisation of projects is done sector wise as Short-Term(2005-08), and
Medium-Term(2008-2012) and indicated in the CIP matrices. This is done during the
discussions held with the stakeholders in the working group meetings assisted by the
technical experts. The consolidated CIP matrix for Visakhapatnam also has projects
prioritised as short/medium term. All the short term projects are being taken up on top
priority, followed by medium term projects.
The CDP process of Vizag has undergone extensive consultative process with its key
stakeholders in prioritizing the key sectors for investments and reform initiatives. The priorities
of the national and state governments including the international developmental trends and
Millennium development goals have been considered in prioritizing these critical sectors,
presented below.
 Water Supply
 Sewerage
 Solid Waste Management
 Traffic and Transportation
 Storm Water Drainage
 Urban Poverty
The overall vision for the city and the prioritisation of the key sectors paved the way to
formulate sector specific vision and strategies. This sector specific approach with year wise
strategies and corresponding year wise investments will be instrumental in framing the action
plan/ implementation plan. The sector specific reforms and investments are an integral part of
the year wise strategies.
82
7.2. WATER SUPPLY
7.2.1. Key Challenges

Based on the review of the current water supply scenario, the following key challenges
are identified. There is huge decline in water supply sources due to considerable reduction in
the inflows to impoundments. The GVMC is in shortage of adequate water supply network
and access to piped water supply. There is a huge demand supply gap which is likely to
widen drastically in future. Frequency of water supply is 45 minutes every day in city core and
1 hr every day in surrounding areas. Lack of metering, a number of illegal connections, and
public Stand Posts are some of the major causes leading to high non revenue water. No
regulatory mechanism to oversee the functioning of the sector and to fix service standards as
well as tariff to meet capital and operating expenditure is another problem.
VISION
Our vision is to provide wholesome water round the clock to every house at affordable
cost even to the poor.
7.2.2. Goals and Service Outcomes

Considering the above challenges, the following goals for different horizon years have
been identified (table 7.1). The water supply coverage and access to piped water supply in
GVMC needs to be enhanced to 100% by the year 2016. around 120 lpcdof water should be
supplied to the GVMC citizens by 2011 and met 165 lpcd by the year 2021. Non revenue
water should be considerably reduced to 38% by 2011, 25% by 2016 and 21%by 2021. the
83
metering of customer connections and bill collection efficiency should be enhanced to 95%
by year 2011.
Table 7.1: Goals & Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years
Current
VISION
Reality
Objective Vision Outcome
2006 2011 2016 2021
Consumer Water supply 30% 70% 100% 100%
Satisfaction coverage
24-hour water 0 40% 100% 100%
availability
Consumption 62 120 lpd 150 lpd 165 LPD
Water Resource Non Revenue 45% 38% 25% 21%
Management Water
Consumer metering 7.7% 95% 100% 100%
Financial Working Ratio 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3
Management
Revenue collection 80% 95% 95% 99%
efficiency
Human Staff Ratio 8 4 4 3
Resource
Management
7.2.3. Strategies and Action Plan

Considering the current challenges and identified goals, a robust strategy for water
supply is adopted. Detailed strategy is furnished below which covers policy level planning,
reforms, institutional strengthening, source augmentation and service delivery aspects.
The following is the brief outline of the projects proposed to be taken up immediately.
Comprehensive Water Sector Development Plan
To meet the future projected water demand for GVMC, it is proposed to carry out
studies and prepare a comprehensive water sector development plan.
Unaccounted for water
th
The water supply pipelines have been laid in the city from early 20 century onwards.
Though the city took up replacement of pipelines from time to time, due to financial
constraints, it has not been possible to fully replace all the old pipelines. GVMC proposes to
implement UFW reduction measures in all parts of the city as an immediate measure by
conducting leak detection studies, metering, rehabilitation of old pipe lines etc.
Removal of public taps and legitimizing illegal connections
By removing public stand posts and legitimising illegal connections, GVMC can achieve
a reduction in revenue loss to the extent of 5 – 10 percent in a short term. Taking this into
consideration, GVMC made a proposal to remove public stand posts and legitimise illegal
connections within 7 years.
Energy Audit Studies
GVMC proposes to carry out a detailed energy audit of all the water supply pumping
and distribution system to address the problems associated with high energy costs.
84
Design and Implementation of Communication Strategy

An effective communication strategy among key stakeholders is proposed that will
draw upon a range of communication channels, from interpersonal and group communication
to mass media and electronic forms.
Human Resources Development
Recognizing the urgent need for capacity building at different levels in water supply
sector, GVMC proposed to develop human resources in their organization bby making
considerable investments in that sector.
Modernizing Financial Management and MIS
GVMC proposes to modernize financial management by developing key performance
indicators and identifying best practices to improve finances, organizations, and human
capital practices. It is also proposed to make efforts on revising accounting, auditing, and
internal control standards and computerizing customer databases.
The Strategy of the Water Supply Sector is as follows
 To make the consumer feel satisfied with 24 hours water supply by ensuring
supply as per the standards.
 To manage the resources and system efficiently though metering & MIS.
 To minimize the un-accounted water.
 To manage the Human Resources effectively by reducing the staff ratio.
The Growth Path to meet the above strategies is shown below
Growth Path
Vision Flow Diagram
85
86
Table 7.2 Water Supply strategy

Table 7.2: Water Supply Sector - Strategy (2005-2012)
Year Year Year Year Year Year Year

Component Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Comprehensive Water Sector Development
Master Plan √ √ √
Energy Audit Studies √ √ √
Water Quality Studies and Monitoring √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Design and Implementation of Communication
Strategy √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Planning, Reforms Baseline Survey √
and Institutional
Human Resources Development √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Strengthening
Establishment of Regulatory Authority √ √ √ √ √ √
GIS Mapping of Water and Sewerage Utility
Mapping √ √ √ √ √
Community Initiatives Support √ √ √ √
Modernising Financial Management and MIS √ √ √ √
E-Governance √ √ √ √ √ √
Laying of Transmission main to Maduravada
Region √ √
Development of Distribution network for

peripharal (32) areas √ √ √ √
Laying of Transmission mains from Thatipudi to

Visakhapatnam √ √ √ √
Water Resource
Management
Construction of 33 mgd Water Treatment plant at
Narava √ √
Gajuwaka Water Supply Project √ √
Refurbishment of Distribution Network in Old City √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Upgradation and Improvement of Distribution

System in Central Vizag √ √ √ √
a) Providing Pipeline from Raiwada canal to
Narava √ √ √ √
b) Providing Pipeline from Yeleru reserveior to
KBR √ √ √ √ √ √
Augmentation of
Water Supply c) Construction of 2 Storage reservoirs on the
upsteam of Airport √ √ √ √ √ √
d) Construction of summer storage tank at Yeleru
canal √ √ √ √ √ √
e) Source Augmentation / Desalitation Plant √ √ √ √ √ √
a) SCADA Project √ √ √ √ √ √
Service Delivery b) UFW Reduction Project √ √ √ √ √ √
c) 24 Hr. Water Supply Project √ √ √ √ √ √
1. O & M of Water Supply system
Governance a) Motor & Electrical repairs and upgradation √
b) Distribution network reforms rationalization √ √ √ √ √
Citizens Relations Citizen fedback mechanisms to be established √ √ √ √
Management Complaint redressal made robust √ √ √
87
7.3. SEWERAGE SECTOR:

Analysis from the sewerage sector reveals that sewerage network coverage and
access in GVMC area is very low. The poor and slum dwellers lack safe sanitation facilities
and hence are prone to health related diseases. An enormous shortfall is noticed in the
treatment of sewerage resulting in discharge of untreated sewage into natural streams thus
polluting water bodies. In addition to that, wastewater recycling and reuse is quite negligible.

been identified. The sewerage coverage in GVMC needs to be enhanced to 45% by the year
2011, 90% by the year 2016 and 95% by the year 2021. By the year 2021, 95% of the
wastewater should be treated and disposed and 70% of the wastewater should be recycled
and reused. In addition to that, 100% O&M cost recovery is achieved by the year 2011.
VISION
Our vision is to provide safe and reliable collection, treatment and reuse/disposal of waste
water towards an eco-friendly city inclusive of poor settlements.
To enhance the coverage of safe sanitation facilities, following goals (table 4.3) have been
identified for different horizon years.
Table 7.3: Current Status and Vision

Current Reality VISION
Objective Vision Outcome
2006 2011 2016 2021
Consumer Sewerage
Satisfaction network 7% 45% 100% 100%
coverage
Household
8% 45% 100% 100%
connectivity
Sewerage Treatment Ratio
Treatment And 10% 60% 100% 100%
Management
Reuse Ratio 5% 30% 50% 70%
Financial Sewerage
0 0.4 0.4 0.4
Management Working Ratio
7.3.3. Strategies and Action plan

Considering the current challenges and identified goals, a robust strategy for sewerage
is adopted to achieve 100% sewerage system. Detailed strategy is enclosed in the Annexure,
which covers design and implementation of communication strategy and service delivery
aspects.
The following are brief outline of the activities to be taken up immediately:
 Comprehensive Sewerage Master Plan: To meet the current gap and future
requirements for GVMC, it is proposed to carry out studies and prepare a
comprehensive Sewerage Master Plan.
 Energy Audit Studies
 Sewerage Quality Studies and Monitoring
88
 Design and Implementation of Communication strategy

 Human Resources Development
The sectoral strategy for the sewerage sector is

 To cover the entire city with Sewerage network and to provide sewer
connections to all including poor for improving the health conditions.
 To treat the sewerage water efficiently by optimum utilization of treatment
plants.
 To manage the human resources efficiently.
The growth part to attain the above strategies is as follows:
Growth Path
89
Vision Flow Diagram
Table 7.4: Sewerage Sector strategy

Sewerage Sector - Strategy (2005-2012)
Component Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Comprehensive Sewerage Master Plan √ √
Energy Audit √
Design &
Implementation of Sewerage Quality Studies and Monitoring √ √ √ √ √ √
Communication Design & Communication Strategy
Strategy √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Human Resources Development √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Community Initiative Support √ √ √ √ √ √
Service Delivery 1. Household Coverage √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Development of Sewerage System for old City √ √
Providing Swerage Sysem in Central

Visakhapatnam √ √ √ √ √ √
Provding Sewerage System in Gajuwaka √ √ √ √ √
Providing Swerage System to North
Visakhapatnam City √ √ √ √ √
Sewerage Network System to Madhurawada
Sewarage Treatment Region √ √ √ √ √
& Management Sewerage Network System to Pendurthi
Region √ √ √ √ √
Provding Sewerage System in Gajuwaka

Periphery Areas √ √ √ √ √ √
Development of Waste wate re-use system √ √ √ √
Development of Sewerage Master Plan √ √ √
Recycling Plant & Reuse √ √ √ √ √ √
90
7.4. STORM WATER DRAINAGE:

The Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam is facing lot of hard-ship in day-to-day &
periodic maintenance of Drains as well. Due to the rapid urbanization & un-precedent growth
of the city in the past 2 decades, most of these Storm Water Drains were encroached upon by
the public, ‘narrowing’ of the original stream. Further, most of the ‘slum-dwellers’ and people
of weaker sections, occupy and reside on the banks of the drains and causing obstructions to
the free flow of stream and narrow-down the width furthermore. Lack of proper Demarcation
& fencing of Storm Water Drains, the near by residents / Slum dwellers, are habituated to
throw the debris & other wastages in the Drains, which one causing obstruction to the free
flow of rain water and finally over flows on the roads.

been identified. There should be drastic reduction in flooding of the city and increase the
safety.The flooding is to be eliminated completely by 2016. The natural system should be
streamlined effectively for safe disposal. Storm water drains coverage should be enhanced to
50% by 2011 and 100% by 2016. In addition to that, atleast 50% of the storm water should be
recharged by the year 2016.
To enhance the coverage of safe sanitation facilities, following goals (table 7.5) have been
identified for different horizon years.
Table 7.5: Current Status and Vision

Current
Vision vision
Objective Reality
Outcome
2006 2011 2016 2021
Consumer Satisfaction Flooding 10% 5% 0% 0%
Increasing 24 12 2 2
safety
Storm Water Drainage Network 20% 50% 100% 100%
(Swd) System coverage
Management 20% 90% 100% 100%
of natural
system
Environmental Recharge/ 30% 40% 50% 50%
Friendliness reuse of storm
water
Safe disposal 70% 90% 100% 100%
7.4.3. Strategies and Action plan

Considering the current challenges and identified goals, a robust strategy for sanitation
is adopted. Detailed strategy is enclosed in the Annexure, which covers design and
implementation of communication strategy and service delivery aspects.
The following are brief outline of the activities to be taken up immediately:
Primary Drain Rehabilitation and Improvement Program

The primary drains are inadequate to handle the flash floods as they are not
systematically designed and are not fully constructed in some sections. Moreover, significant
91
reduction in depth and width are noticed due to siltation and encroachment of drain bunds. To
alleviate these, a rehabilitation and improvement program is recommended.
Drainage Rehabilitation Program

The flood prone areas identified are to be relieved of the problem in future by
undertaking a drainage rehabilitation program. As a part of this program, the
leading/connections between secondary and tertiary drains to primary drains have to be
improved and strengthened. In addition, control of weed growth, limiting the dumping of solid
and construction waste and controlling the growth of encroachments would be given top
priority.
City would desilt the primary drains and tertiary drains on a regular basis before the
onset of the monsoon. The construction of new drains and connecting links would be taken up
as a priority, along with strengthening of the existing drains with lining and side walls.
Improvement Works and Construction of Tertiary Drains
Construction of tertiary drains would be taken up on a priority basis as the city
comprises of only 740 Km. of tertiary drains covering only 40% of the road length against a
norm of 130%. It is proposed to construct tertiary drains to all the major arterials and
important roads to increase the coverage and also to convert the kutcha drains to pucca
drains to facilitate proper draining of storm water into natural drains.
Conservation of Water Bodies
As discussed, conservation of water bodies is an immediate priority for the City.
Though initiatives are being undertaken, a large-scale program is pertinent to restore the
water bodies to their original shape and conserve them as recharge structures.
Protection of Environmental Resources
The first and foremost intervention is the protection of environmental resources.
Protection of water bodies, waterways and open spaces from further encroachments would
be carried out in a co-ordinated way.
Rehabilitation of ecosystems
Efforts would be made to develop an integrated catchment management plan suitably
connecting all the existing water bodies. Further, hydraulic capacity of the nalas and water
bodies would be improved through widening and deepening and construction of side walls
thereby limiting the risk of floods. Desilting would be carried out to increase the water holding
capacity and to remove the toxic and hazardous materials stored in the tank beds.
Monitoring and Quality Control
Monitoring of water quality parameters would be conducted on a regular basis. City
would take up the responsibility of monitoring the parameters in the water bodies within its
jurisdiction and would take preventive measures, if the results are above the permissible
limits. The horticulture division of city would devise pro-active strategies to limit pollution to
water bodies within its limits and would co-ordinate with other agencies for monitoring the
parameters in the other water bodies.
Regulatory Framework
Efforts would be directed at enforcing appropriate water pollution- related laws,
ordinances, regulations, and corresponding enforcement responsibilities and procedures at
the local level. In addition the conservation measures would include
92
 Dredging and desilting

 Widening & strengthening of lake bunds
 Setting up sewage treatment plants
 Bund formation
 Regulation of inlet and outlet channels
The objectives of the storm water sector are ;

 To reduce the flooding of the City and to increase the safety.
 Stream lining the natural system effectively with 100% coverage.
 Safe disposal.
Growth Path
93
Vision Flow Diagram
94
Table 7.6. : Storm water strategy

Storm Water Drainage - Strategy (2006-21)
Component Activity Year Year Year Year Year Year Year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Identification of Problem Areas

√ √ √
R& R Planning
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
Capacity Comprehensive Drainage Master Plan
Building √ √
Regularazation of S.L. Canel
√ √ √
Improvement of Yerrigedda
√ √ √ √ √
Improvement to the Gongulagedda
√ √ √
Rehabilitation of 39 Natural Storm Water
channel system in the central Vizag Region
√ √ √ √ √
Rehabilitation of Storm Water Drains in
Gajuwaka Region
√ √ √ √
Rehabilitation of storm water Drains in
Madurawada Region
√ √ √
Drains Rehabilitation of storm water drains in
Rehabilitation Pendurthy Region √ √ √
Development storm water system near
Gangawara Port Area √ √
Development storm water system along
Beach Road √ √ √
Construction of Treatment and re-use of storm water
Drains √ √ √ √ √
7.5. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
7.5.1. Vision
95
Growth Path
Table 7.7: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years

Time Frame
Vision Indicators
2005-06 2011 2016 2021
Road Network as % of Total
6% 13% 16% 17%
Area
This factor This factor
Accessability to the dis
Pilot projects included in included in all
advantaged/ physically --------
completed all new T&T new T&T
challenged
projects projects
Share of Public Transport 20% 25% 40% 55%
Rail transport as share of
total public transport / 0% 3% 10% 25%
MRTS
Average Speed -km/h 15 20 25 25
Sidewalks length to Total 40% of the 70% of the 90% of the
3%
road length requirement requirement requirement
Reduced by Reduced by Reduced by
Road accidents 994
25% 50% 70%
Pilot
Usage of alternative fuels 15% 25% 40%
initiated
Within Within
Environmental Upgradation Within
----- acceptable acceptable
(SO X , NO x , TSPM levels) acceptable limits
limits limits
7.5.2. Strategies
Strategies for Planning, Reforms and Institutional Strengthening
Constitution of Greater Visakhapatnam Transport Authority (GVTA)

The issue of institutional accountability can be addressed by formulating an apex
authority “ Greater Visakhaptnam Transport authority”. It establishes coordination between
the line departments in providng efficient transport services. This acts as the single most
autority that has budgetoary control of the transport sector.
96
Comprehensive Traffic and Transport Study for the entire GVMC Region
This strategy is aimed to come out with sustained solutions for the entire GVMC as a
unit that has financial and environmental viability. This also includes the current institutional
analysis, policy, and financial and service delivery issues
Traffic and Transportation Management using G.I.S. and GPS Technologies

Use of Global Positioning System (GPS), a satellite based positioning and navigation
technology, will help track the position of the public transport vehicles from a central location.
This data is very useful in assessing the performance of the services offered. The same data
can be beamed back to the electronic information boards at bus stops that will display
information on the location of the busses and the expected arrival time. Use of such service
has additional benefits in tracking the traffic conditions on the roadways, delays at
intersections, passenger demand, as well as immediate notification to the control centre in
case of accidents, all without any involvement of the driver or conductor. This strategy will
also improve the share of public transport.
Disincentivising the private transport during peak hours

Disincentivicing the use of private vehicles during peak hours and in the CBDs is one of
the key strategies to address the problems of traffic congestions and delayed journeys and
improve the public transport as well. Congestion pricing during peak hours, differential parking
fee, pedestrianisation, and surcharge on vehicles belonging to other cities/ regions, etc. are
some of the strategic disincentives.
Strategy for Finance
Urban Transportation Development Fund

Infrastructure development for efficient functioning of transport system is a capital-
intensive process and a substantial financial burden would have to be shouldered by the
government. The state government or the local bodies do not have the required resources for
financing such developments, thus delaying the projects indefinitely. The Central Government
in the National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) has recommended levy of direct taxes that
would be credited to the account of the ‘Urban Transport Fund’ and used exclusively to meet
the urban transportation needs. NUTP has further specified that such direct taxes could be in
the form of a supplement to the petrol and diesel taxes, betterment charges on landowners or
even in the form of employment tax on employers. Such provisions will also result in making
private vehicular transport more expensive and result in a shift towards use of public transport
systems. A similar approach is recommended for implementation in GVMC.
Improve the Share of Public Transport
Increasing the Fleet of Bus

As per the standards of GoI, a city should have at least 100 buses per lakh of
population. It is also mentioned that by 2020, this should go up to 250 buses per lakh
population. This is also supported by the prevailing over crowded buses specifically in peak
hours. Hence a fleet of 200 buses per annum for the three consecutive years will be
introduced.
Dedicated Bus corridors, Bus bays and Terminals:
97
150 bus bays have been identified for provision of convenient stoppages for buses so
that they donot cause inconvenience to the traffic following them. Further, dedicated bus
corridors and construction of bus terminals at major hubs will ease the traffic flow, significantly
increase the share of public transport and will also improve the comfort of the passengers
through the development of ‘hub and spoke’ system of transport.
Introduction of MRTS:
It is proposed to study and introduce MRTS (Mass Road Transport System) in selected
corridors of the City to ease the congestion.
Better Transport Infrastructure
Streamlining, regularising the heavy cargo transport

Specific dedicated corriodors along the important routes will be developed extensively
for the cargo transport along the important routes where such cargo transport traffic is
predominant. This traffic will be regularised in the all the regular network by introducing
differential timings. Adequate number of Truck terminals will be provided to discourage the
onroad parking of heavy cargo.
Junctions and Traffic Signal improvements
Visakhapatnam has about 270 intersections, out of which 125 are manned and 150
unmanned. Both of these intersections shall be provided with better LED controlled signal
system.
SCOOT area traffic control
There are more than 55 signalised intersections in the GVMC area alone. Unless all
these signals are linked with suitable area traffic management system, the overall delays may
not come down. Optimisations of signals as an integrated network will be able to give better
results pertain to the core area. Hence the SCOOT system with traffic detectors on the
approaches, assisted by Video Cameras for incidence detection and management shall be
installed.
Traffic Signs and Markings
The traffic in Visakhapatnam city being mixed in nature and carriage way being a non-
standard format, the carriageways need extensive traffic signs and road markings to provide
guidance for disciplined and safe driving. It is observed that on many important corridors
traffic guidance in the form traffic signs and lane markings are not up to the standards. It is
necessary to standardize the lane markings, edge markings, median markings, pedestrian
crossings, parking zones etc; and locations for installing traffic delineators, and traffic signs
and implemented on all important travel corridors extending over a length of 120 Km.
Parking management
It is proposed to demarcate parking stalls and design the parking fee structure to
improve parking turnover. A proper parking policy, which looks at users–pay principle, is
imperative. Off street parking complexes for private vehicles at 20 important nodal points in
the city are required to ease traffic congestion by releasing precious carriage way. Besides
there is urgent need to stream line the para-transit vehicles at major trip attraction centres by
provision of suitably designed para-transit hubs. As many as 25 locations have been identified
to implement this scheme. Similarly there is a need for providing parking spaces for private
bus operators. 10 such locations, on all major arterial roads are identified for this purpose.
Parallel roads
98
There are situations when alternative roads have to be developed to reduce the load
on overburdened links. Finding space for such development is difficult in densely built up
areas of the Urban Area. Only possible open areas for such purpose can be created from the
vacant space available in the city and peripheral areas. Such a plan will have dual benefits
of providing alternate routes and also help in non-encroachment of important lands.
Road widening
Given that the percentage area covered by roads in the city is a mere 10 % of the total
area, road-widening programme improves channel capacity by adding more area to the
circulation channels. Visakhapatnam is one of the cities, which has been able to implement
road-widening programme with the participation of building owners, successfully. 25
congested links have been identified for widening with 7 of them being already implemented.
99
Table 7.8: Traffic and Transportation strategy

Traffic and Transportation Sector - Strategic Action Plan (2005-2012)
Insti
Component Activity Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
tution
ULB Comprehensive Traffic & Transportation • •

Study for entire GVMC.
Constitution and Operationalisation of
GoAP Greater Visakhapatnam Transport • • • • • •
Authority (GVTA)
State Govt Ring fencing APSRTC, Railways • • • • • •
ULB Transport Assets and utilities mapping • • • • •

using G.I.S. Technology
ULB, Police
Planning, • •
dept. Traffic and Transportation Management
Reforms and using G.I.S. and G.P.S. technology
Institutional
Strengthening ULB, Police
Design and Implementation of IEC • • • • • •
dept.
campaign for improved traffic awareness
Capacity building initiatives for better • • • • • •

traffic management
Introduce congestion pricing for private • • • • • •

sector during peak hours
ULB
Differential parking fee • • • • • •
Auto restricted zones/ pedestrianisation • • • • • •
Surcharge for other state/ city vehicles • • • • • •

imposed
APSRTC Increasing the bus fleet • • •
Provision of bus bays in identified • •

locations including signage
ULB, Signage improvement at bus bays to 30% 70% 80% 95% 95% 95%
APSRTC streamline bus and passenger mobility
Development of bus terminals • • • • • •
Better Service Dedicated line for bus carriage way (arterial and sub arterial roads)
Delivery through
improved share Survey, Land acquisition and provision
of Public of bus bays in feasible locations • •
Transport (Bus, (Approx. 150)
MMTS & MRTS)
Development of required infrastructure • • •
(signage, signal system, separators,
etc.)
Formulation and Operationalisa-tion of 25% 50% 75% 100%

the dedicated lines (% completed of the
total corridor planned)
ULB Provision of MRTS (length in km) 15
Dedicated corridors for heavy cargo • • • • • • •

Improved Safety, transport / streamlining transport traffic
Service delivery
and Customer Strengthening existing roads by - 1320 • • • • • • •
Satisfaction by km
providing better GVMC
infrastructure up gradation of important roads • • • • • •
Junction Improvements – 95 locations • • •
Signals - 55 locations • •
100
Traffic and Transportation Sector - Strategic Action Plan (2005-2012)

Insti
tution
Flyovers - 9 nos. • • • • • •
Signage and markings •
Street Lighting • • • • • •
Parking Lots/ complexes – 15 Nos. • • • •
Upgradation of major link roads • • •
Parallel Roads, slip roads, • • •

new links – 20 km
Truck, Private Bus, Para Transit, • • • •

Parking Lots- 20 Nos
Truck Terminals – 2 Nos. • • •
ROBs & RUBs -2 Nos. • • •
Accessibility to the disadvantaged • • • • • •

Improved
Pedestrian Pedestrianisation • • •
ULB
Facilities, comfort • • • •
Subways/ FoBs - 5 Nos.
and safety
Pedestrian crossings • • • •
• • • • • •
RTA
Phasing out 15 year old vehicles
APPCB, • • • • • •
Environemntal
upgradation RTA Effective monitoring and pollution check
RTA, • • • •
Traffic Impose ban the use of air horns causing •
Police noise pollution
Constitution of Urban Transport •

ULB, state Development Fund
Finance
govtt Loans/Bonds • • • • • • •
Annuity Based arrangements • • • • • •
7.6.1. Key Challenges:
• Awareness building and community involvement in segregation of recyclable waste

and storage of waste at source
• Effective waste minimisation
• Integrated Waste Treatment
• Creating a Regional sanitary Landfill Facility
VISION
Our vision is to create a healthy community by establishing an efficient Integrated Solid Waste
Management system complying with the MSW 2000 rules
101
7.6.2. VISION
The major objectives of this sector are:
• To put an effective Solid Waste Management System complying with the rules of
2000.
• To ensure effective processing of waste through composting or energy projects.
• To secure and develop the landfill site for disposing the processed waste.
To provide more transfer stations.
7.6.3. Strategies - Integrated Solid Waste Management

The local governments should effectively involve the private sector in delivering the
solid waste management service. The rationale for private sector participation includes
attracting project funding, new technology, cost savings and service delivery improvements.
A Comprehensive Solid waste management Strategic Plan has been evolved which
outlines the vision, goals and strategies to achieve the same. The vision of GVMC is to
“Provide its citizens an environmentally friendly and sustainable waste management system
with safe disposal facilities by putting in place waste reduction and recovery mechanisms”.
Table 7.9: Goals, Service Outcomes for Different Horizon Years

Goal Time Frame
2005 2010 2015 2025
Door to Door Collection 20% 50% 100% 100%
Source Segregation 20% 50% 100% 100%
Collection Efficiency 90% 100% 100% 100%
Treatment & Disposal 0% 100% 100% 100%
Cost Recovery of O & M 0% 30% 100% 100%
Private Sector Modest Complete in Complete in Complete in
Participation protocols in the Disposal the Disposal the
place Disposal
In order to achieve above outcomes, issues and deficiencies in each of the solid waste
management component have been identified and the strategies for improvement both in
physical and financial terms are elaborated in the following sections.
7.6.3.1. Source Segregation
Deficiencies
Storage of waste at source is one of the important recommendations of MoEF. It is

however, observed that storage and segregation at source is generally absent in Vizag and
people in general are not aware of the benefits of developing such a practice. However, some
households (say around 10 to 15%) store the un-segregated waste in open containers and
dispose off the same at the community collection points. Waste generated from the major
markets in the city lack adequate storage facilities.
Strategies for Improvement

Highest priority has to be accorded for Segregation & Storage at source irrespective of
the area of generation so as to facilitate an organized and environmentally acceptable waste
collection, processing and disposal. Source segregation of Recyclables and biodegradable
(organic waste) will not only provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also
substantially reduce the pressure and pollution in Landfill sites.
102
In order to achieve the above objective, ‘Two Bin system of Solid Waste Storage’ at
source is being recommended. As per this system, each of the households would be directed
to keep separate Bins/containers for Biodegradable and non-bio degradable waste generated
within their premises.
7.6.3.2. Collection Deficiencies

Households generally deposit the waste at community facilities except in areas where
community manages the primary collection of waste.
The following measures have been recommended for improving the primary collection
practices of Vizag.
 Phased implementation of ‘Door to Door collection System’ through community
organisations and GVMC by mobilising, facilitating, organising and supporting
community activities with the help of local NGOs.
 Installation of ‘Community Storage Bins’ in areas where house-house collection
cannot be implemented.
 Expanding the ‘Voluntary Garbage Disposal Scheme’ for more number of
restaurants/hotels and commercial establishments and collecting user charges
 Placement of dumper containers sufficient in number at markets for ensuring that all
the vendors places the waste in the containers.
 Persuading the hospitals to be part of the existing bio-medical waste management
facility in the suburbs of the city.
It is recommended to collect Non-bio degradable waste separately from premises
where door-to-door / kerb side collections are organised. Present system of primary collection
should be phased out by introducing Multi-bin carts (Push carts / Tricycles), semi mechanized
systems like refuse collectors. Separate collection vehicles should collect the non-
biodegradable waste stored in separate bin. The details of proposed primary collection
system are summarised in Table 7.10.
Requirements of the Proposed Primary Collection System
Presently the city has 500 dumper bins spaced at 250 m. Similarly, the city has over
300 open dumping (serving as the secondary collection centres) places where the community
/ sanitary workers deposit the waste.
Table 7.10. : Proposed Primary Collection System
Mode of Primary Collection
Area of collection Secondary storage
collection Vehicle
1.Bio-degradable in
1.Residential Multi-bin cart/Tricycle-with
Skips/wheel containers
colonies of High & 6 of 40 lit capacity bins-4
2. Non-biodegradable-
middle income for Biodegradable waste,
Door to Door Sell or hand over to
group 2 for recyclables
waste collector
Closed vehicle to collect Direct transport to
2.Hotels/restaurants
biodegradable Disposal site
Combination of
Mixed Residential, Tri-cycle- with Six bins of Bins emptied to skips
Kerb-side &bell
Commercial Areas 40 litre kept for the waste.
system
Fruit & Vegetable
Large Community Carrying bins to transfer
Market/ transfer Skip / Dumper Placer
bin system point
stations
Transfer contents of
Small community Slums/urban poor Carrying bins to Transfer
biodegradable to
bin system colonies point
community bins
103
7.6.3.3. Collection & Transportation
Deficiencies
Current transportation system in Vizag is only able to address 50% of the total waste.
There is only one modern transfer station for the city, which is not sufficient.
Key information on vehicle movement and deployment is critical. It is recommended
that a standard register at the disposal site and transfer station be maintained. The register
should contain information on each of the vehicle trips at both the locations and the origin of
waste collection. A summary of this information would be prepared at the end of the day, to
be verified by the health officer.
In order to address the collection gap, it is recommended procuring new vehicles of 5.5 tons.
7.6.3.4. Processing & Disposal
Deficiencies
The major issues of processing and disposal in Vizag are crude dumping of waste and
its impacts on the neighbourhood.
The characteristics and quantity of solid waste generated in the city primarily influence
the disposal options. A review of the available solid waste sample analysis results indicates
that nearly 30% of the waste generated in the city is organic nature.
Considering these aspects, it is recommended to develop a landfill site for safe
disposal of solid waste of Vizag. The treatment and disposal strategies for Vizag will be to:
 Compost the organic fraction of the waste
 Sanitary land filling of inorganic fraction of waste and the compost rejects
 Encouraging local level aerobic vermi composting and
 Educating the community on 4R strategy (Reduce, Reuse. Recycle and Recover)
The capital investment for the proposed interventions is presented in the investment
plan. The immediate objective is to establish landfill site with public private partnership for
effective solid waste management by 2008.
Table 7.11 : Solid Waste Management Strategy

Solid Waste Management Sector - Strategy to achieve Vision and Goal (2005-2012)
Insti
tution
Comprehensive Solid Waste
Management Plan • •
Training of functionaries
• • • • • • •
Service Communication Strategy
Improvement Development ULB • •
Communication Campaigns
• • • • • •
Support for Community
Initiatives • • • • • • •
Source Segregation
Primary • • • • • • •
104
Collection Door to Door Collection

• • • • • • •
Installation of Storage Bins
• • • • • • •
Vehicle tracking system
• • •
Secondary
Vehicle Fleet
Collection & • • • •
Transportation Transfer Stations
Modernisation • • •
Waste Minimisation, Recycling
• • • •
Integrated Waste Treatment
• • •
Regional Sanitary Landfill
Disposal &
Facility • • •
Treatment
Scientific Closure of the
abandoned dump sites • • • •
Project Development
Assistance (5% of the total) • • • • • • •
105
7.7. POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIC PLAN
With about one third of the population living in slums, urban poverty is a major issue
confronting the GVMC area. “The vision of Vizag is to become a city without slums by
2021”.
The goals formulated to achieve the vision are:

 All poor will have access to qualitative and affordable basic services;
 100 % literacy;
 Universal access to primary health care and no one should die of preventable
diseases;
 Livelihood to all urban poor.
 Security of tenure and Affordable Housing
The strategy formulated for reducing poverty in GVMC is:
 Provision of land tenure security

 Community empowerment
 Linking livelihoods to city’s economy
 Development of housing through partnerships - PPP
 Formulation of Notification and Denotification Policy
 Relocation of slums located in hazardous and vulnerable Areas
 Provision of basic infrastructure - both physical (water, roads, sanitation and
sewerage) and social infrastructure (clinics, schools, training facilities, etc).
7.7.1. Housing & Infrastructure Action Plan

Provision of infrastructure in poor settlements is one of the key objectives of City
Development Plan. Infrastructure improvement in poor settlements would continue to cover
roads, drains, water supply, solid waste management and sanitation.
Poor settlements were identified from the matrix prepared during the consultation with
the inhabitants of the slums and action plan will be prepared for provision of basic
infrastructure. The sub-project proposals were carefully appraised to exclude non-poor areas
within the notified poor settlements. Emphasis will also be laid for rehabilitation of
infrastructure linked with poor settlements and integration with citywide infrastructure facilities.
Slum Networking
Under this initiative, slum networking will be taken up for an integrated up gradation of
the slums. As there is a close correlation between the slum locations and the natural drainage
paths of a city they would be tapped and improved upon with the infrastructure services. This
approach would help in building low cost service trunks, particularly for gravity-based systems
of sewerage and storm drainage, together with environmental improvements such as cleaning
up of nallahs, development of green pedestrian spines and restoration of waterfront
structures.
Social & Economic Development Action Plan

The city administration has identified that for overall development of the slum areas the
development should concentrate on the social and economic issues and hence would focus
106
on strengthening community based organizations, enhanced role of the self-help groups

(SHGs), access to institutional finance to SHGs, etc. Accordingly the Social & Economic
Development Action Plan would focus on the following areas:
 Education
 Health
 Livelihoods
 Strengthening SHGs
Considering the deficiencies in infrastructure - physical and social - the cost of
estimated interventions is to the tune of Rs.2600 crores and is presented in Table ----.
7.7.2. Future Infrastructure Requirements

GVMC has been implementing a series of poverty reduction programmes over the last
three decades. But the need to prepare a comprehensive programme to address the
problems of the urban poor came out prominently during CDP consultations. This is being
attempted through the Visakhapatnam Slum Up gradation Action Plan which is under
preparation.
At present, GVMC is contributing 40% of its property tax revenues for slum
improvement facilities and aims to make basic services permanently available to all poor
residents of the city, irrespective of their place of residence or tenure status. The future
requirement of infrastructure and community facilities is presented in Table 7.7, 7.8 & 7.9
respectively.
Table 7.12 : Basic Infrastructure Requirement For Slums

Infrastructure GVMC
Roads (Mts) BT 2,00,500 mts.
CC 4,02,000 mts.
Metal Roads 2,00,000 mts.
Drains (Mts) Sewers 6,00,000 Mts.
SW Drains 9,50,000 Mts.
Toilets (Nos) 1450 (6 Seats)
Street lights 4589 Nos
Table 7.13: Community Facilities Available In Slums

Infrastructure GVMC
Schools (No.)
210
Comm Halls (Nos)
171
107
Table 7.14: Solid Waste Infrastructure Required

MSW Tricycles Dumper placer
No. of Dumper bins
Generation in required trucks required
slums required (no.)
MTPD (no.) (no.)
GVMC 418 933 1000 1000 75
In addition, the existing infrastructure in slums requires complete rehabilitation as a

majority of the assets are in dilapidated condition.
7.7.3. Housing Requirements

The earlier Slum Improvement Projects had a limited focus on the housing for poor.
Even the initiatives of Municipal Corporation are to create infrastructure facilities in slums. The
provision of housing for urban poor is the responsibility of Andhra Pradesh State Housing
Corporation. A survey carried out by APSHCL, estimates that about 25000 families need
housing as they fall under EWS category. It is proposed to construct group housing with G+3
structures with each house occupying an area of 286 sq.ft.
In addition, the infrastructure in existing housing colonies is very bad necessitating a
complete rehabilitation. More than 150 colonies in the city area require rehabilitation of basic
services. Accordingly, the requirements of housing and infrastructure facilities for GVMC are
estimated and presented in Table 7.11
Table 7.15. : Housing & Infrastructure Requirements

Details GVMC Cost
A. Housing for EWS –
Number 50,000 500 Crores
Cost (Rs In crores)
Water Supply 3.75 MLD 22.50 Crores
Sewerage System 45 Mts 15.00 Crores
Roads 38.00 MTS 104 Crores
Street Lighting & Electrification 1254 Nos 2.00 Crores
A. SUB Total 643.50 Crores
B. Infrastructure in existing colonies
0.40 Crores
@20,000
C. Other comm. facilities 6.00 Crores
Grand total (Rs. Crores) 649.90 Crores
108
Table 7.16. : Poverty Reduction

Poverty Reduction - Strategy to Achieve Vision And Goal (2005-2012)
Component Activities Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
Development of Comprehensive data base •
Conferring Tenural Rights • •
Evolving a policy on Notification and Denotification • •
Planning, Institutional Strenthening and Capacity Building • • •

Reforms and
Governance Providing Access to Social Infrastructure( Health and Education) • • • • • • •
Evolving a comprehensive Livelihood Policy
IEC • • • • • •
Strenthening CBOs • • • •
Relocations of Slums located in Hazardous and vulnerable Areas • • • •
Identification of Infrastructure and Housing Deficiencies • •
Improvement in Infrastructure
Development of Basic Services to the Poor • • • • • • •
Water Supply & Sewerage • • • • •
Roads • • • • • • •
Street Lights • • • • • • •
Service
delivery
Community Toilets • • • • • • •
Construction of Storm Water Drains including primary drains • • • • • • •
Environmental Improvement of Slums • • • • • • •
Solid Waste Management • • • • • • •
Civic Amenities, Community Halls, Child Care Centres • • • • • • •
Rehabilitation of existing assets • • • • • • •
Housing Infrastructure • • • • • • •
109
Chapter-VIII
8. City Investment Plan

The City Investment Plan gives an estimate of the level and quantum of investment
required to implement the strategic sectors in the City Development Plan over a specified
time-frame to attain the sustainable growth and to achieve the agenda goals.
The G.V.M.C. has summarized the recommendations of the working groups and
prepared a City Investment Plan for the entire City of 5 strategic sectors identified in the CDP
process. The City Investment Plan (CIP) is worked out duly considering the advises of
Technical Experts and the recommendations of Stakeholders. The sector-wise introduction
and description of the sub projects included in the CIP are as follows.
The mapping of the projects on the city map is indicated in the annexure
8.1. WATER SUPPLY
8.1.1. City investment plan- water supply

The Greater Visakhapatnam city extends over an area of 514 Sq. Kms including
Visakhapatnam city and its surrounding extended areas. It is supplying protected water to the
85 % of the Visakhapatnam city area and part of the area only in the extended areas. The
water drawl sources to the Visakhapatnam city and its surrounding areas are 60 KM to 150
KM away from the city . Therefore the GVMC requires more financial assistance not only for
providing infrastructure but also for the maintenance of its installations. More over Industries
such as Pharmacity , Brandix Apparel Park, Gangavaram Port , Soft ware companies have
already come up and a lot of Industries are likely to come up in the near future. The GVMC is
supplying 65 Lpcd of drinking water to the domestic consumers and only 60 % of the
agreement quantity to its Bulk consumers. There is a lot of pressure from the domestic
consumers and bulk consumers for the supply of water. In order to wipe of the deficit and to
meet the demands of both domestic and bulk consumers, the GVMC has proposed to take
the following water supply projects asgiven in the city investment plan (table no. 8.1)
8.2. SEWERAGE
The sewerage Master Plan will guide the sewerage system of Visakhapatnam over the next
two and a half decade as it strives to manage growing needs in improvement of sanitation.
The plan identifies the facilities and services that the city intends to put in place by 2020 to
meet the needs of the domestic and industrial sectors. It will also provide a basis for
developing projects for achieving the vision. This exercise does not focus on the design and
operational details but helps in evolving a strategy and policy guidelines in the sewerage
sector for the city of Visakhapatnam.
8.2.1. Project proposals – City Investment Plan

To cover the entire GVMC area with the sewerage system as recommended by the
working committee and to improve the efficiency and re-use of waste water, the following
proposals have been made as indicated in the city investment plan (table no. 8.2 ):
110
8.3. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION:
8.3.1. Project proposals – City Investment Plan

As evolved in the City Development process, the following proposals have been made
in the Transportation Sector with an objective to provide a safe, affordable, eco-friendly,
speedy transport system in the GVMC area. The city investment plan is given in table no. 8.4
Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS)
As already brought out above, creation of a reliable, comfortable, attractive, and
affordable Public Transport System is the long-term solution for solving the traffic problems of
a metropolis. Thus, construction of Metro Rail project (Mass Rapid Transit System – MRTS) is
envisaged on the busy traffic corridors to provide a high quality mass transit system.
Proposed to be built in PPP (Public-Private-Partnership) mode, under Phase-II and
proposed to cover the following traffic corridors in the city.
Table 8.0 : Proposed MRTS Corridor

Serial Proposed MRTS Corridor Length
No (in Km.)
1. Old Post Office to Hunumanthawaka 8.00
2. Asilmettta to Lankelapalem via Gajuwaka 15.00
3. Convent Junction to Pendurthy 20.00
It is an elevated rail system to be built on single piers with a minimum height of 5.5
meters in the central median of the road. With stations located at an average spacing of 1km,
the system can wan away the traveling public from personalized motor vehicles to it and will
thus give a breathing relief to the ever-increasing traffic congestion, as it is the case with the
metros world over. The cost of the project is estimated to be about Rs. 6240 crores and
proposed to be implemented over a period of 7 years starting from the year 2007.
Once the MRT system is in place, appropriate policy mechanism needs to be evolved
discourage and or impose restrictions on private vehicles, through peak hour pricing,
congestion pricing, restriction of car/motor cycle purchases by quota and auction methods,
restriction on entry of private vehicles, encouraging pooled cars, etc., as it is practised in most
of the metro cities.
111
8.4. STORM WATER DRAINAGE

The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is facing lot of hard-ship in day-to-
day & periodic maintenance of Drains as well, due to the cited reasons. Lot of loss &
Damages to the Public life & Properties are being encountered in every rainy season,
particularly during cyclonic storms. Thus giving scope to the Public & to the Media to
comment on the very existence and functioning of Local Administration.
8.4.1. Project Proposals – City investment plan

Realizing the severity of the problem as explained above, GVMC is forced to envisage
a Compressive Plan & Strategy of Regularisation of Storm Water Drains for deflooding to
minimise occurrences of damages to Public/Private properties and loss of public life, apart
from avoiding disruption of public life, especially during the periods of cyclonic storms & high
intensity rainfall. As a part of strategy about 27 Nos of both Major drains and their tributaries
are identified for immediate regularization and aim to achieve the following objectives.
The Technical features of regularisation consist of;
a) Construction of retaining walls on both sides wherever needed duly

demarcating the boundaries on either side.
b) Construction of Check dams/Drops wherever necessary to reduce the
velocity in stages and to ensure steady flow
c) Construction of cross culverts/Bridges wherever necessary.
d) Bed concrete in Vent portion to avoid erosion of bed.
e) Chain link fences to minimize dumping of garbage and litter.
f) De-silting / De-weeding to ensure full flow of water.
The city investment plan for storm water drainage is given in table no. 8.3.
City investment plan is given in table no. 8.5
8.6. BASIC SERVICES FOR THE POOR
City investment plan is given in table no. 8.6
112
Table 8.1. Water sector – City investment plan
Water Supply Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) Rupees in Crores

Component Activity Total JNNURM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GOI GOAP IR/IF Total
Comprehensive Water Sector Development Master
0.08 1.50 1.50 3.08 3.08 3.08
Plan
Energy Audit Studies 0.08 1.50 1.50 3.08 3.08 3.08
Water Quality Studies and Monitoring 0.08 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 4.08 4.08 4.08
Design and Implementation of Communication
0.10 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 4.60 4.6 4.6
Strategy
Planning, 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Baseline Survey
Reforms and
Institutional Human Resources Development 0.10 0.75 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 8.35 8.35 8.35
Strengthenin 0.10 0.75 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 6.85 6.85 6.85
Establishment of Regulatory Authority
g
GIS Mapping of Water and Sewerage Utility Mapping 1.00 2.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 4.50 4.5 4.5
Community Initiatives Support 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.00 2 2
Modernising Financial Management and MIS 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.75 3.75 3.75
E-Governance 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 3.00 3 3

Sub-Total 1.29 10.50 11.25 6.75 5.75 5.25 3.25 44.04 44.04 44.04
Laying of Transmission main to Maduravada Region 14.70 2.50 17.20 8.60 3.44 5.16 17.20
Development of Distribution network for peripharal 14.00 17.50 17.50 18.90 67.90 33.95 13.58 20.37 67.90
(32) areas
Laying of Transmission mains from Thatipudi to
0.00 19.90 16.90 8.70 45.50 22.75 9.10 13.65 45.50
Visakhapatnam
Water Construction of 33 mgd Water Treatment plant at
Resource 7.00 4.90 11.90 5.95 2.38 3.57 11.90
Narava
Management 17.10 10.90 28.00 14.00 5.60 8.40 28.00
Gajuwaka Water Supply Project
Refurbishment of Distribution Network in Old City 7.00 14.00 14.00 17.50 17.50 17.50 16.10 103.60 51.80 20.72 31.08 103.60
Upgradation and Improvement of Distribution System 14.00 14.00 14.00 25.20 67.20 33.60 13.44 20.16 67.20
in Central Vizag
Sub-Total 59.80 83.70 62.40 59.10 42.70 17.50 16.10 341.30 170.65 68.26 102.39 341.30
Augmentation a) Providing Pipeline from Raiwada canal to Narava 35.00 35.00 35.00 33.60 138.60 69.30 27.72 41.58 138.60
113
Water Supply Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) Rupees in Crores

Component Activity Total JNNURM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
of Water b) Providing Pipeline from Yeleru reserveior to KBR 105.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 161.00 70.00 861.00 430.50 172.20 258.30 861.00
Supply
c) Construction of 2 Storage reservoirs on the 7.00 7.00 10.50 17.50 17.50 11.90 71.40 35.70 14.28 21.42 71.40
upsteam of Airport
d) Construction of summer storage tank at Yeleru 17.50 17.50 24.50 25.20 28.00 28.00 140.70 70.35 28.14 42.21 140.70
canal
e) Source Augmentation / Desalination Plant 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 210.00 105.00 42.00 63.00 210.00
Sub-Total 52.50 199.50 276.50 280.70 289.10 241.50 81.90 1421.70 710.85 284.34 426.51 1421.70
a) SCADA Project 7.00 10.50 10.50 14.00 14.00 10.50 66.50 33.25 13.30 19.95 66.50
Service b) UFW Reduction Project 7.00 10.50 10.50 17.50 17.50 8.80 71.80 35.90 14.36 21.54 71.80
Delivery 7.00 10.50 10.50 14.00 14.00 17.50 73.50 36.75 14.70 22.05 73.50
c) 24 Hr. Water Supply Project
Sub-Total 0.00 21.00 31.50 31.50 45.50 45.50 36.80 211.80 105.90 42.36 63.54 211.80
1. O & M of Water Supply system
a) Motor & Electrical repairs and upgradation 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.09 0.04 0.05 0.18
Governance
b) Distribution network reforms rationalization 0.00 0.81 1.65 0.32 0.00 0.08 0.08 2.94 1.47 0.59 0.88 2.94
Sub-Total 0.18 0.81 1.65 0.32 0.00 0.08 0.08 3.122 1.561 0.624 0.9366 3.122
Citizens Citizen fedback mechanisms to be established 0.03 0.65 0.65 0.65 1.98 0.99 0.40 0.59 1.98
Relations Complaint redressal made robust 0.03 0.65 0.65 1.33 0.66 0.27 0.40 1.33
Management Sub-Total 0.052 1.3 1.3 0.65 0 0 0 3.302 1.65 0.66 0.99 3.30
Grand Total 113.82 316.81 384.60 379.02 383.05 309.83 138.13 2025.26 1034.65 396.24 594.37 2025.26
114
Table 8.2. Sewerage sector – City investment plan
Sewerage Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) - Rupees Crores

Year
Component Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total JNNURM
7
Comprehensive Sewerage Master Plan 1.00 0.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Energy Audit 0.30 0.30 0.3 0.3
Design & Sewerage Quality Studies and Monitoring 0.75 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 2.25 2.25 2.25
Implementation of
Design & Communication Strategy 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 2.10 2.1 2.1
Communication
Strategy Human Resources Development 0.30 0.30 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 4.35 4.35 4.35
Community Initiative Support 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 1.80 1.8 1.8
Sub-Total 0.60 2.95 2.40 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 12.55 12.55 12.55
Service Delivery 1. Household Coverage 1.60 2.20 2.20 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.20 10.40 5.20 2.08 3.12 10.40
Sub-Total 1.60 2.20 2.20 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.20 10.40 5.20 2.08 3.12 10.40
Development of Sewerage System for old City 14 2.8 16.80 8.40 3.36 5.04 16.80
Providing Swerage Sysem in Central Visakhapatnam 14 21 49 49 49 42 224.00 112.00 44.80 67.20 224.00
Provding Sewerage System in Gajuwaka 35 35 35 54.6 49 208.60 104.30 41.72 62.58 208.60
Providing Swerage System to North Visakhapatnam City 35 35 35 23.1 0 128.10 64.05 25.62 38.43 128.10
Sewerage Network System to Madhurawada Region 21 21 21 21 25.2 109.20 54.60 21.84 32.76 109.20
Sewarage
Treatment & Sewerage Network System to Pendurthi Region 21 21 21 21 28.7 112.70 56.35 22.54 33.81 112.70
Management
Provding Sewerage System in Gajuwaka Periphery Areas 7 21 35 35 35 29.4 162.40 81.20 32.48 48.72 162.40
Development of Waste wate re-use system 3.5 7 14 10.5 35.00 17.50 7.00 10.50 35.00
Development of Sewerage Master Plan 0.7 2.8 3.5 7.00 3.50 1.40 2.10 7.00
Recycling Plant & Reuse 5.00 3.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 3.00 24.00 12.00 4.80 7.20 24.00
Sub-Total 39.20 171.60 216.50 211.50 208.70 177.30 3.00 1027.80 513.90 205.56 308.34 1,027.80
Grand Total 41.40 176.75 221.10 214.15 211.35 179.45 4.85 1050.75 531.65 207.64 311.46 1050.75
115
Table 8.3. Storm water drainage sector – City investment plan
Storm Water Drainage - Investment Plan (in crores)

JNNURM
Component Activity Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Total GOI GOAP IR/IF Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Identification of Problem Areas 0.75 1.5 2 4.25 4.25 4.25

R& R Planning 0.75 3 3 3 1.5 1.5 1 13.75 13.75 13.75
Capacity Building
Comprehensive Drainage Master Plan 0 2 1 3 3 3
Sub-Total 1.5 6.5 6 3 1.5 1.5 1 21 21 21
Regularazation of S.L. Canel 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.4 0.56 0.84 2.8
Improvement of Yerrigedda 3.5 14 14 14 10.5 56 28 11.2 16.8 56
Improvement to the Gongulagedda 3.5 14 10.5 28 14 5.6 8.4 28
Rehabilitation of 39 Natural Storm Water channel
system in the central Vizag Region 14 17.5 17.5 17.5 3.5 70 35 14 21 70
Drains Rehabilitation Rehabilitation of Storm Water Drains in Gajuwaka

Region 2.8 14 14 18.2 49 24.5 9.8 14.7 49
Rehabilitation of storm water Drains in Madurawada

Region 14 14 7 35 17.5 7 10.5 35
Rehabilitation of storm water drains in Pendurthy Region 2.1 14 18.9 35 17.5 7 10.5 35
Sub-Total 13.3 85.4 88.9 56.7 28 3.5 0 275.8 137.9 55.16 82.74 275.8
Development storm water system near Gangawara Port
14 14 28 14 5.6 8.4 28
Area
Construction of Development storm water system along Beach Road 3.5 7 10.5 5.25 2.1 3.15 10.5
Drains Treatment and re-use of storm water 3.5 7 7 10.5 7 35 17.5 7 10.5 35
Sub-Total 3.5 24.5 21 7 10.5 7 0 73.5 36.75 14.7 22.05 73.5
Grand Total
18.3 116.4 115.9 66.7 40 12 1 370.3 195.7 69.86 104.8 370.3
116
Table 8.4. Traffic and transportation sector – City investment plan

Traffic and Transportation Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) - Rupees Crores
Component Activity/ Sub Projects Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 JNNURM
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 TOTAL GOI GoAP IF/IR TOTAL
Constitution and Operationalisation of
Greater Visakhapatnam Transport 5 5 5 0 0 5
Management Authority (GVTA)
Comprehensive Traffic &
Transportation Study for entire GVMC 3 3 6 6 0 0 6
region
Planning, Reforms and Transport Assets and utilities mapping
Institutional Strengthening using G.I.S. Technology 20 10 10 10 10 60 60 0 0 60
Design and Implementation of IEC
campaign for improved traffic 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 4 0 0 4
awareness
Capacity building initiatives for better
traffic management 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1 0 0 1
Dedicated corridors for heavy cargo

transport / streamlining transport traffic 5.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 12.5 6.25 2.50 3.75 12.50
Development of inner Circular Road

21 4.3 25.3 12.65 5.06 7.59 25.30
Development of Beach front from

Mahamatha Gandhi Statu to Kailasagiri 6.3 2.9 9.2 4.60 1.84 2.76 9.20
Widening and Strengthing of roads 37.2 53.9 17.5 0 0 0 0 108.6 54.30 21.72 32.58 108.60
Formation of New roads 9.5 112.8 202.7 86.8 25.2 0 0 437 218.50 87.40 131.10 437.00
Provision of Infrastructure Construction of Tunnel from
Visakhapatnam City to Mudassarlova 3.5 7 14 17.5 17.5 14.3 73.8 36.90 14.76 22.14 73.80
through Simhachalem Hill
Construction of Flyover at Asselimetta
Jn 3.5 9.5 14 16.8 43.8 21.90 8.76 13.14 43.80
Development of grade separators in the

City 17.5 17.5 17.5 35 35 21 143.5 71.75 28.70 43.05 143.50
Junction Improvements – 95 locations

1.00 0.50 0.35 0.54 0.77 0.58 0.35 4.09 2.05 0.82 1.23 4.09
117

Signals - 55 locations 0.50 0.18 0.20 0.18 0.30 0.20 0.10 1.655 0.83 0.33 0.50 1.66
Flyovers - 9 nos. 25.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 85 42.50 17.00 25.50 85.00
Signage and markings 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.35 0.18 0.07 0.11 0.35
Street Lighting 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 3.5 1.75 0.70 1.05 3.50
Parking Lots/ complexes – 15 Nos.
3.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 8 4.00 1.60 2.40 8.00
Truck, Private Bus, Para Transit,

Parking Lots- 20 Nos 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Truck Terminals – 2 Nos. 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 6.5 3.25 1.30 1.95 6.50
ROBs & RUBs -2 Nos. 2.00 2 1.00 0.40 0.60 2.00
Development of connectivity across
Harbour approach channel (Port Trust) 35 35 35 105 52.50 21.00 31.50 105.00
10 Works in Phase-I of 58.8 Km and

13 Works of Phase-II of 100.5 KM of 50 105 100 100 100 100 31.6 586.6 293.30 117.32 175.98 586.60
VUDA.
Provision of bus bays in all feasible
locations including signage 3.00 3.00 6 3.00 1.20 1.80 6.00
Development of bus terminals at CBDs

and growth centers 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 30 15.00 6.00 9.00 30.00
Dedicated line for bus carriage way

(arterial and sub arterial roads) 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Improved share of public
Transport
2.2 DEDICATED BUS CORRIDORS
Land acquisitions for providing
dedicated lines 5.00 5.00 10 5.00 2.00 3.00 10.00
Development of required infrastructure

(signage, signal system, separators,
etc.) 5.00 3.00 2.00 10 5.00 2.00 3.00 10.00
118

accessibility to the disadvantaged
3 2 1 1 1 1 1 10 5.00 2 3 10
pedestrianisation 0.52 0.87 1.17 1.81 2.56 1.92 1.15 10 5.00 2 3 10

Pedestrian Safety
Subways/ FoBs - 36 no.s 6.0 6.0 6.0 18 9.00 3.6 5.4 18
Infrastructure/ signage for Pedestrian
crossings 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 1.50 0.6 0.9 3
PART I SUB TOTAL 210.57 413.00 449.57 307.78 209.98 170.65 67.85 1829.40 952.70 350.68 526.02 1829.40
MRTS
1500 1500 1500 1740 6240
PART II
TOTAL*
8069.4
**Eight thousand sixty nine crores only (including MRTS)
119
Table 8.5. Solid Waste Management Sector – City investment plan
Solid Waste Management Sector - Urban Infrastructure - Investment Plan 2005-2012 - Rupees Crores
Inst JNNURM
Outcome Activity Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Total
itution GOI GOAP IR/IF Total
ULB
Comprehensive Solid Waste
0.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
Management Plan
Training of functionaries 0.1 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 5.3 5.3 5.3
Service
Improvement Communication Strategy Development 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8
Communication Campaigns 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.5 1.5
Support for Community Initiatives 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 3.2 3.2 3.2
Source Segregation 0.2 0.6 1 0.7 1 0.7 0.6 4.7 2.4 0.9 1.4 4.7
Primary
Door to Door Collection 0.7 1 1 0.8 1 0.8 0.8 6.1 3.1 1.2 1.8 6.1
Collection
Installation of Storage Bins 0.2 2 1 1 2 1 0.5 7.7 3.9 1.5 2.3 7.7
Vehicle tracking system 0.8 3 3 6.8 3.4 1.4 2.0 6.8
Secondary
Collection & Vehicle Fleet 1.3 10 8 8 27.3 13.7 5.5 8.2 27.3
Transportation
Transfer Stations Modernisation 0.0 0.0
Waste Minimization, Recycling 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.5
Integrated Waste Treatment 0.0 0.0
Disposal &
Regional Sanitary Landfill Facility 15 20 13 48.0 24.0 9.6 14.4 48.0
Treatment
Construction of Transmission Station 2 5 8 15.0 7.5 3.0 4.5 15.0
Project Development Assistance (5% of

0.2 1 2 0.2 0.5 2 0.5 6.4 6.4 6.4
the total)
Grand Total 6.4 40.8 46.2 25.9 6.3 6.3 4.1 135.7 77.1 23.4 35.1 135.7
120
Table 8.6. Basic Services for the poor – City investment plan
Poverty Sector - Investment Plan (2005-2012) - Rupees Crores
Year
Component Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Total JNNURM
7
Development of database 0.80 0.80 1.00 2.60 2.60 2.60
Planning, Design and Implementation of
0.10 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 4.60 4.6 4.6
Reforms and Communication Strategy
Institutional Baseline Survey 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
Strengthening Human Resources Development 0.10 0.75 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 8.35 8.35 8.35
Community Initiatives Support 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.00 2 2
Sub-Total 1.00 3.55 3.75 2.75 2.75 2.25 2.25 18.30 18.30 0.00 18.30
Water supply provision 48.45 130.64 159.03 159.44 162.00 130.50 57.75 847.81 423.91 423.91 0.00 847.81
Sewerage 17.10 71.70 91.80 88.80 87.60 74.70 431.70 215.85 215.85 431.70
Storm water drains 7.20 47.10 47.10 27.30 16.50 4.50 149.70 74.85 74.85 0.00 149.70
Traffic and Transportation 34.71 104.04 128.85 74.40 33.30 21.13 9.00 405.43 202.72 202.72 0.00 405.43
Housing and Infrastructure 150.00 600.00 580.00 125.00 1455.00 727.50 727.50 0.00 1455.00
Solid Waste Management 2.50 9.10 6.10 4.00 2.70 2.30 1.60 28.30 14.15 14.15 0.00 28.30
Sub-Total 259.96 962.58 1012.88 478.94 302.10 233.13 68.35 3317.94 1,658.97 1,658.97 0.00 3,317.94
Grand Total 260.96 966.13 1016.63 481.69 304.85 235.38 70.60 3336.24 1677.27 1658.97 0.00 3336.24
121
Table 8.7: Sector - Wise Investment Plan for 2005-2012

Year wise requirements ( Rs. in crores)
Sector
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
Water Supply 113.8 316.8 384.6 379 383 309.8 138.1 2025.3
Sewarage 41.4 176.8 229.1 214.2 211.4 179.5 4.9 1050.8
Traffic & Transporation (GVMC) 210.6 413 449.6 307.8 210 170.7 67.9 1829.4
Storm Water Drainage 18.3 116.4 116 66.8 40 12 1 370.3
Solid Waste Management 6.4 40.8 46.2 26.0 6.3 6.3 4.1 135.7
Basic services for the urban poor 261 966.1 1016.6 481.7 304.9 235.4 70.6 3336.2
Total Excluding MRTS

651.5 2029.9 2242.1 1449.5 1149.3 907.4 281.5 8747.7
MRTS 1500 1500 1500 1740 6240
Total Including MRTS

651.5 2029.9 2242.1 2949.5 2649.3 2407.4 2021.5 14987.7
Table 8.8: Financing Plan (Rs. In Crores)

GOI GoAP ULB
Sector Total
(50%) (20%) (30%)
Water Supply 1034.70 396.20 594.40 2025.30
Sewarage 531.70 207.60 311.50 1050.80
Traffic & Transporation 952.70 350.70 526.00 1829.40
Storm Water 195.70 69.90 104.80 370.30

Solid Waste
77.10 23.40 35.10 135.70
Management
Basic Services for the
1677.30 1659.00 0 3336.24
Urban poor**
4469.2 2706.8 1571.8 8747.74
MRTS 3120.00 1248.00 1872.00 6240.00

7589.2 3954.8 3443.8 14987.74
**In case of urban poor GoI and GoAP have 50% share each
122
Chapter-IX
9. Investment Finance Plan

9.1. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
This chapter details the municipal finances of the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation and the Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority involved in the provision of
services and outlines the receipts and expenditure over the last five years.
• Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation
• Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority
9.1.1. Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation

Municipal finances of GVMC have
been reviewed for the last five years,
commencing from the financial year
2000-01. For the purpose of analysis, the
items of account have been categorized
under the following major heads:
Revenue Account
All recurring items of income and
expenditure are included under this head.
These include taxes, charges, salaries,
maintenance expenditure, etc.
Capital Account
Income and expenditure items
under this account are primarily non-
recurring in nature. Income items include loans, contributions by GoAP, other agencies and
capital grants under various State and Central Government programmes. Expenditure items
include expenses booked under developmental works.
Financial status
Capital Account
Revenue income of Greater
Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation has
200
Amount in Rs. Crores
grown to a level of INR 168 crores in the

Expenditure
financial year 2004-05 from INR 83 crores in 150
financial year 2000-01, the revenue income Income
had registered an annual growth of 10.12 100

percent whereas the revenue expenditure
50
increased at an average annual rate of 9
percent. Thus indicating a surplus position, 0
during this period,GVMC consistently 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05
maintained a revenue surplus. Capital
income of GVMC comprises of loans, grants
and contribution in the form of sale proceeds of assets and contribution. A major share of
123
capital income is from the Bulk Water Supply and Other Revenue Recipts. It is observed that
capital expenditure has been inconsistent during the review period. During financial year
2004-05, capital expenditure had risen to INR 106.31 crores from INR 85.25 crores in the
financial year 2003-04. This rise was primarily attributed to higher allocation for road works,
and other capital expenditure as part of Visakhapatnam City improvement programme.
The following sections provide an in depth review of the revenue and capital account,
primarily aimed at assessing the municipal fiscal status and providing a base for determining
the financial capacity of GVMC to sustain additional capital investment.
Revenue account
The revenue account comprises of two components, revenue income and revenue
expenditure. Revenue income comprises of internal resources in the form of tax and non-tax
items. External resources are in the form of shared taxes/transfers and revenue grants from
the State Government.
Revenue income
The revenue sources of
Grants
GVMC can be broadly categorized Own source
under three categories viz., own Assints Revenue
sources, assigned revenues and
grants. The base and basis of each
income source has been further
elaborated in the following section.
Own Sources
Own-source income includes
income from resource mobilization
activities of GVMC in the form of
00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05
taxes, Bulk Water Charges, fee for
building permission, trade licenses,
etc. Own revenue sources are further classified as tax and non-tax sources that are
generated by various sections of the GVMC.
Tax Sources
The sections contributing tax income include Property Tax, Town Planning, Public
Health. The General Taxation section is the largest revenue generating section and collects
among other taxes, property tax and advertisement tax. Especially the water charges derived
through Bulk and Semi Bulk that form a larger component of Revenue is collected by the
Water Supply Department. Other sections collect charges and fees, as per the rules, towards
services rendered by GVMC.
Non-Tax Sources
Non-tax sources include all non-tax revenues such as fees and charges levied as per
the Municipal Act. Such revenue sources include income from special services, etc. The
major sections/departments contributing non-tax income include Revenue Section Income
from Town Planning Section, Dangerous & Offensive Trade Licence Fee, Births and Death
Certificate and Income from Remunerative Enterprises. The essential features of this head of
revenue income are listed below:
124
Income from own sources accounts for about 92 percent of revenue income, and has
increased at an average rate of 15.79 percent per annum. Major items of own-source income,
include property tax as follows:
PropertyTax = 21%.
Water Supply = 28% Source of Revenue Income (Average 2000-2005)
Civic Infra Structure = 5% 21
Town Planning = 5% 38.19
Public Health = 1.25%
Remunerative
Enterprises = 1.56%
Other Receipts = 38.19%. 1.56
Income through own-source heads that
28
contribute substantially towards revenue 1.25 5
income include: 5
P.T. W.S. C.I. T.P. P.H. R.E. O.R.
Other Administrative Receipts: Income

through other Receipts is in the form of magisterial fines, warrant & distrait fees, lapsed
deposits and other sundry income. It also includes income from interest on investments and
realization of past fixed deposits. These items together account for about 1 percent of
revenue income.
Property Tax/Water Charges: Income through property tax is based on the Annual Rental
Value (ARV) of Property. It contributes about 23% of the Corporation’s Revenue. Water
Charges contributes 30% of the Revenue income which is the largest and most elastic source
of revenue.
Town Planning: The income from the town planning section, excluding building
regularization fees, accounts for about 5.02 percent of revenue income.
Public Health: The Public Health section of GVMC generates income by way of dangerous
and offensive (D&O) trade licence fees, and birth & death certificates. Income under this head
contributes over 1.38 percent to revenue income.
Remunerative Enterprises: The income generated through remunerative assets on average
is about 1.71 percent of revenue income.
Assigned Revenues
Assigned revenues include revenues transferred to GVMC by the State Government
(GoAP) under specific acts. Transfers are in the form of GVMC share of taxes levied and
collected by GoAP from establishments/operations within the municipal limits. Surcharge on
transfer of immovable properties, entertainment tax, and professional taxes are items on
which these revenues are realised by GVMC. Transfers affected by GoAP during the last five
years are presented in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1: Assigned Revenue Income (Rs. in Crores)

Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Entertainment Tax 3.41 3.17 3.61 2.31 2.13
Professional Tax 5.66 6.61 19.00 5.96 16.14
Surcharge on Stamp
9.26 5.37 14.75 16.28 17.53
Duty
Total 18.33 15.15 37.42 24.55 35.80
Share in RI (%) 22.35 12.82 27.54 18.17 23.24
125
Income through assigned revenues contributes 24 percent of revenue income and has
increased at an average rate of 8 percent per annum. It is observed from the above table that
the inflow from this account head have been inconsistent due to delays in transfers and
deductions at source towards to any outstanding. Professional tax is a fixed transfer amount
per annum and other transfers are as per actual realization.
Income through assigned revenue heads that contribute substantially towards revenue
income include:
Entertainment Tax: The Commercial tax (CT) Department collects entertainment tax from all
cinema halls functioning within GVMC limits. The CT Department transfers 90 percent of the
total tax collection to GVMC, and retains 10 percent towards management charges.
Entertainment tax accounts for around 1.38 percent of total revenue income and has grown at
an average rate of 1.92 percent per annum.
Professional Tax: Professional tax is also collected by the Commercial Tax Department.
Profession Tax accounts for about 10.48 percent of municipal income
Stamp Duty: Surcharge on stamp duty is a major assigned revenue source, accounting for
20 percent of revenue income. It is levied in the form of a surcharge on stamp duty applicable
on all properties registered or transferred within GVMC limits. The Registration Department
collects this and 95 percent of the collections are transferred to GVMC. The proceeds from
this source have registered an average annual growth of about 7.56 percent.
Revenue Grants and Contribution
The Corporation receives revenue grants and compensations from the State
Government under various heads. The regular revenue grants are listed in Table 9.2, of
which some items are fixed and are transferred on a quarterly basis. Other grant heads are
for specific purposes; hence ad hoc in nature.
Table 9.2: Revenue Grants (Rs. in Lakhs)
2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004-
Items
01 02 03 04 05
Per Capita Grant 0.60 0.30 0.98 5.01 0.59
Road Maintenance Grant 0.00 0.00 3.42 0.00 0.00
Compensation in Lieu of Octroi
Compensation due to cont. to tax Payers
Other Grants 0.01 0.20 0.22 0.01 0.10
Total 0.61 0.50 4.62 5.02 0.69
Share in RI (%) 0.75 0.42 3.40 3.72 0.44
126
Revenue expenditure
Revenue Expenditure
60
Revenue expenditure of GVMC has 53.21 51.15
Items49.67
of Revenue Expenditure
been analysed based on expenditure 50
49.15
(Average of 2000-2005)
heads broadly classified under the
Rs. in Crores
40
following departments/sections of GVMC -
General Establishment, Civic Infra 30 26.01
Structure,Street Lighting, Revenue, 28.84 29.45 30.56
29.66 27.74
Education, Public Health, Pension 20
Contribution, Conservancy, Engineering Establishment

10 5.45
Remunerative Enterprises, and Town 1.92
Debt Servicing
0.67
Contingencies / O & M 0.62 5.35
Planning & Urban Community 0
Development (UCD). Revenue 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

expenditure is further classified under Establishment Contingencies/O&M
Debt Servicing
establishment and contingencies (O&M).
Besides the above items of expenditure and debt servicing constitute a substantial proportion
of revenue expenditure. Application of funds by each sector is presented in Diagram
Establishment expenditure accounts for 18 percent of revenue expenditure. Debt
servicing accounts for a major share of about 6.5 percent of the revenue expenditure.
Analysis of heads under revenue expenditure has been carried out with regard to
establishment, operation & maintenance, and debt servicing. The following sections detail the
same.
Establishment Expenditure
Establishment expenditure of all sections accounts for over 18 per cent of total revenue
expenditure (include debt servicing). The salary bill alone of GVMC, during financial year
2004-05, was INR 27.75 crores.
Operation and Maintenance Expenditure
Operation and maintenance expenditure of all section together accounts for 60 percent
of revenue expenditure. The total O&M expenditure during financial year 2004-05 was INR
50 crores.
Debt Services
1. GVMC had given a loan of Rs.60 Crores with the interest of 10% PA in the year 2003-
04 to APIIC Ltd. and had invested Rs.7.50 crores in VIWSCO during the year 2003-04.
2. GVMC had cleaned its loan with LIC in the year 2004-05.
3. During the year 2003-04 GVMC had issued Tax Free and Taxable Bonds to the tune of
Rs. 65 crores. The details of the payments is as follows:
Principal Amount : Rs.65.00 Crores

Interest : Rs.29.20 Crores
(upto the year 2010-11)
Total Repayment : Rs.94.20 Crores
Interest already paid : Rs.94.20 Crores
(upto the year 2010-11
Interest already paid : Rs. 7.18 Crores
th
(upto 30 Sep 2006)
127
Capital Income
Capital income comprises loans, grants and own contributions. During the year 2003-
04 the total Capital Receipts were Rs.91.73 Crores. The analysis indicates that 70.86% is
constituted by income from Bonds issued. 9.81% is from Water Supply 3.61% from land
grants and 15.72% from Other Receipts. During the year 2004-05 the total capital receipts
were Rs.313.92 Crores and the analysis indicates that 40% is constituted by income from
Water supply and 17.75% from Plan Grants. This indicates the increasing trend in Capital
Receipts from Water Supply and the Plan Grants are also in the same direction of increase
year by year.
Capital Expenditure
Capital Expenditure comprises of Expenditure towards Public Health, Remunerative
Enterprises, Water Supply, Drainage, Street Lighting, Interest on Bond Issue etc., During the
year 2004-05 an amount of Rs.4.79 Crores was paid towards interest on bonds.
Table 9.3 :Key Financial Indicators

Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Operating Ratio 0.69 0.69 0.57 0.36 0.49
Capital Utilization Ratio 0.24 0.25 0.13 0.51 0.56
Share of Establishment Cost 50 34.11 35.71 37.80 34.14
% Revenue Spent on
36 24.52 22.08 22.95 18
Establishment
Debt Servicing % of Income 2.36 4.61 0.49 0.46 3.47
Key Issues and Conclusions
The following issues emerge from the above analyses carried out on the municipal
finances of GVMC.
Revenue account status
There is Revenue surplus every year and it is increasing year by year. The Revenue
Surplus was increase to Rs. 71.67 Crores in the year 2004-05 from that of Rs.52.71 Crores in
the year 2003-04. The increase in this surplus is about 35.97% . the increasing trend of
Revenue surplus is a very healthy sign of the organisation and consider to be financially in
sound position.
Revenue income
GVMC is generating about 77% of total Receipts from its own sources which is a
healthy sign. Dependency on grants is as low as 0.44%, which is lesser than 1%. Remaining
22% revenue income is by of Assign Revenues i.e. from VLT,Stamp Duty, Road Cutting
Charges, P.S.Charges, Entertainment Charges etc.,. the percentages clearly shows that the
Corporation not dependent on others and its own sources are sufficient to meet its expenses
and is sailing smoothly.
The Property Tax Collection has increased to Rs. 35.01 Crores during the year 2004-
05 from that of Rs.28.30 Crores during the year 2003-04. There is 18.61% increase in
Property tax collection during the year 2003-04 when compared to its previous year i.e. 2002-
03.
128
During the year 204-05 there is an increase in assign Revenues and other Receipts to
the tune of Rs 6.78Crores i.e. about 0.17% Revenue Receipts when compared to the year
2003-04.
Decrease in Revenue Expenditure
Total Revenue Expenditure for the year 2004-05 as decrease by Rs.4.51 Crores when
compared to that of 2003-04. This indicates that there is a Decreased Trend in Revenue
Expenditure due to Cost Reduction Techniques.
Establishment Expenditure:
Establishment Expenditure compared with Revenue Receipts decreased from Rs.30.75

Crores (23%) of 2003-04 to Rs.27.75 Crores (18%) of 2004-05 that is about 5% decrease in
Establishment Expenditure.
Capital Expenditure:
The Capital Expenditure is on the increase in side that indicates that the Corporation is
investing more on Capital Assets which is a good sign. By invest in Capital Assets the
Corporation is incresing Assets base and in future the Capital Assets will have appreciation in
its values and the NetWork of the Corporation will increase.
Conclusion:
Reduction in some Expenditure by introducing Cost Reduction Techniques and

increase in Revenue Receipts and Surplus in Revenue Receipts clearly indicates that the
Corporation is Financially is very Strong and will become more stronger in future.
9.1.2. Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority

This section details the financial performance of Visakhapatnam Urban Development
Authority (VUDA) during the last five years. The VUDA generates its revenue through
development charges and other levies. In addition, capital income to VUDA is through
government grants and sale of lands under its possession. A brief summary of the income
and expenditure account of VUDA from financial year 2000-01 to 2004-2005. During the last
five years there has been substantial increase in the Development charges, rents, and
income from the recreational items etc. However, with the decrease in the interest &
miscellaneous receipts from Rs. 1014 lakh in 2002-03 to Rs. 393 lakh in 2004-05.
Income
Revenue income has increased substantially from Rs. 405.29 Lakhs to Rs.1285.43
Lakhs from 2000 to 2005, an increase of more than three times. The increase in the Revenue
income is due to interest, other miscellaneous, rent receipts and other general receipts
Expenditure
The expenditure of the VUDA increased from Revenue Account
Rs. 547.47 Lakhs in 2000-01 to Rs. 979.93
2500
lakhs in 2004-05, an increase of 100%. The Expenditur
Amount in Rs.Lakh
major expenditure items are salaries, 2000 e

contingencies and repairs & Maintenance. 1500
Incom e
Salaries, pension and other establishment
charges contribute 58% and other repairs & 1000
maintenance works contributes 22 %. 500
0
00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05
129
Capital Income
Capital income comprises sale of sites, houses and contribution from other agencies
and meager grants from the Government.VUDA is also getting income due to grounding of
certain major projects during 2004-05.
Capital Expenditure
Capital expenditure comprises expenditure on land acquisition, spill over works ,new
works. The expenditure has been increased from 1149.32 to 1646.78 Lakhs with an increase
of 25%. Major works are grounded in the year 2004-05 towards housing schemes,sites and
services , road widening etc.,
Capital Account
6000
Amount in Rs.Lakh
Expenditure
5000
Income
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05
9.2. INVESTMENT SUSTENANCE
9.2.1. GVMC
In order to assess the investment sustaining capacity of GVMC, the municipal fiscal
situation is simulated through a Financial Operating Plan (FOP). The FOP is essentially a
multi-year forecast of municipal finances for a term of 7 years (table 10.5). It is used to
forecast revenue income and operating expenditure (revenue expenditure) for the period
between financial year 2005-06 and financial year 2011-12. Following are important
assumptions towards simulating the municipal fiscal situation, and include both existing and
new resources. The CIP abstract is given in table 10.4
Base case scenario - Income considerations
In “do nothing “scenario following assumption was made;
No revision in taxation from financial year 06-07;
Maintaining the same collection efficiency over the forecast period;
Growth in other revenue income items based on past performance and/or likely growth;
An enhancement of property tax by 80Cr due to merges of Vizag Steel Plant into city
area is considered.
Base case scenario - Expenditure considerations
Establishment expenditure assumed to increase at rate of 9% per annum for GVMC
130
O& M to grow based on past performance and/or likely growth;

Additional O&M due to the new investment was considered;
Repayment commitments of all outstanding debt liabilities like bonds etc.
With Reforms scenario - Income considerations
Property tax revision (Rationalization) by 15% in financial year 2006-07 and Revision of
property tax current valuation method to Unit Area method from FINANCIAL YEAR 2006-07
and there on every year 15% increase is assumed;
Improving the tax collection efficiency from the current level to the minimum of 85 % of
current demand and 50% of arrear demand;
Growth in other revenue income items based on past performance and/or likely growth;
Introduction of conservancy fee in addition to the bulk garbage collection charges to
households to a minimum of Rs. 10 per month per households;
Identifying more areas for parking and increasing the parking fee
With Reforms scenario - Expenditure considerations
Establishment expenditure assumed to increase at rate of 9% per annum for GVMC
O& M to grow based on past performance and/or likely growth;
Repayment commitments of all outstanding debt liabilities like bonds etc.
An enhancement of property tax by 80Cr due to merges of Vizag Steel Plant into city
area is considered.
Table 9.4 City investment plan – Sector-wise investment plan for 2005-2012
Sector Year wise requirements ( Rs. in crores)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
Water Supply 113.8 316.8 384.6 379 383 309.8 138.1 2025.3
Sewarage 41.4 176.8 229.1 214.2 211.4 179.5 4.9 1050.8
Traffic & Transporation (GVMC) 210.6 413 449.6 307.8 210 170.7 67.9 1829.4
Storm Water Drainage 18.3 116.4 116 66.8 40 12 1 370.3
Solid Waste Management 6.4 40.8 46.2 26.0 6.3 6.3 4.1 135.7
Basic services for the urban poor 261 966.1 1016.6 481.7 304.9 235.4 70.6 3336.2

651.5 2029.9 2242.1 1449.5 1149.3 907.4 281.5 8747.7
MRTS 1500 1500 1500 1740 6240

651.5 2029.9 2242.1 2949.5 2649.3 2407.4 2021.5 14987.7
131
Table 9.5 : Investment SUSTENANCE
(Rs. In Crores)
2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011-
06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Without Reform
Revenue Income 172 198 227 262 301 346 399
Revenue Expenditure 78 98. 107 118 130 143 157
Investable Surplus 94 100 120 144 171 203 242
With Reforms
Revenue Income 172 282 308 336 401 439 490
Revenue Expenditure 78 98 107 115 125 135 145
FINANCIAL OPERATION PLAN (FOP)

The GVMC has taken into consideration the overall revenue sources and feasibility of
collection in all aspects while preparing its financial operation plan as a part of city
development strategy (CDS) estimated to reach its goal in near future.
The financial planning process in the present FOP of GVMC for over 7 years involves a
trade off between the financial situation and required levels of services and infrastructure.
This process is initiated by estimating the needs and the resources vice versa.
The sources of funding are identified for the additional capital expenditure required by
augmentation of internal resources as well as the expected level of funding assistance from
The Government of India.
The FOP of the GVMC is proposed with reference to requirements of funds after due
identification of potential sources and after arriving at the overall affordability in all respects.
Taking all the factors into consideration the following 6 years financial plan with
statistical information is arrived.
132
Table 9.6 : Annualised investment plan

(Rs. in crores)
Total 2005- 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 2010- 2011-
Financing Options Requirement 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
1. GVMC 2495 160 512 555 453 386 310 118
2. Governement of
Andhra Pradesh
3. Financing Institution
4. Capital Market
5. Off-Shore financing 1663 107 341 370 302 257 207 79
6. Government of India 4159 267 854 926 756 643 517 197
Total Excluding
8317 533 1707 1852 1511 1285 1035 394
MRTS
7. Government of India
1248 300 300 300 348
(MRTS) 20%
8. Private Funding
4992 1200 1200 1200 1392
(MRTS) 80%
MRTS 6240 1500 1500 1500 1740
Total 14557 533 1707 1852 4511 4285 4035 3874
In order to achieve an overall development of the city of Greater Visakhapatnam the

Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is estimated to be successful in extending its
financial share out of its own funds to a tune of Rs. 2,495 Crores through mobilization of its
internal resources in the coming 6 years plan.
It is also estimated that an amount of Rs. 1,663 Crores would be mobilized through the
financial institutions, off share financing and Capital marketing as a partial component of
financial resource for the development of the city of Visakhapatnam.
The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation solicits an extended funding
support from The Government of India to a tune of Rs. 4,159 Crores for the development of
all required infrastructure to achieve its goal to make the city destiny to be a world class city in
the Global contest.
The Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation also expects a financial support of
Rs. 1,248 crores for grounding and development of Multi Railway Transport System (MRTS)
in addition to an expected funding of Rs. 4,992 crores from the private sector.
The above Financial Operating Plan (FOP) of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal
Corporation with an expected out come of city development in all respects with a budget of
Rs. 14,557/- crores in coming seven years is submitted for kind consideration of Government
of India to make the dream of citizens of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation come
true in near future.
133
ANNEXURE – 1 : LIST OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN THE CITY
BRIEF PARTICULARS IN RESPECT OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES LOCATED WITHIN AND IN

CLOSE PROXIMITY OF THE CITY
Name Year of Products

Establishment
Heavy Industries
Visakha Steel Plant 1989 Steel
Hindustan Shipyard 1952 Shipbuilding
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation 1957 Crude oil refinery
Limited
Large Scale Industries
Coromondal Fertilizers 1967 Fertilizers.
Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels 1971 Pressure vessels, boilers,
heat exchange columns
Hindustan Polymers 1973 Ethyl alcohol, Styrene,
Polysterene
Hindustan Zinc 1977 Zinc, lead, silver cadmium,
sulphuric acid
Medium Industries
Union Carbide 1971 Shrimp processing
Coastal Chemicals 1970 Alum
Andhra Duncan Cement Company 1979 Slag cement
Pragati Fertilizers 1983 Super Phosphate
Andhra Oxygen Limited 1982 Oxygen, Acetylene
Aqua Marine Products 1982 Processed Fish
Andhra Drinking Limited 1983 Aerated Water, Soft drinks,
juices
134
ANNEXURE-2
LIST OF HERITAGE SITES IN THE CITY.
The various cultural and heritage sites which are available in the city and in close
proximity contributing to the tourism initiatives are given in the Annexure.
List of Heritage Sites in the City

 Town Hall (GVMC)
 Masenic Lodge
 St. Allosis School
 Victoria status
 KGH
 Callectorate
 District Court
 Hawa Mahal (old Visakha woman college)
 Old Bunglow (opp to swagruha flats) Mukherjee house
 Railway Guest House (near China Waltair)
 Rani Chandramathi Devi hospital
 Kurupam monuments
 Kali temple
 Kanakamahalakshmi temple
 Visakha museum
 Queen Mary's school
 Christian cemetery near Jagadamba
 Waltair Club Building
 Jaganadha Swamy temple
 Siva temple (Jagadamba junction)
 Circuit house
 Appikonda - Shnhachalam Temple
 Church on hill top
 Kottavadhi Dargah Church
 Kottavadhi church
 Venketeshwara temple
 Vikramadevi Varma College Building (AU campus)
135
ANNEXURE-3
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN THE CITY
Tourist attraction what is on offer

R k Beach Parks, an aquarium and war memorials
Three Hillocks A Roman Catholic Church, built in 1864, lies atop the Rose Hill; the
temple of the Hindu God Venkateshwara was built in 1886 on top of
the Venkatesh Konda; and on top of Dargakonda lies a mosque.
Kailasa Giri Park located on a hilltop gives a bird’s eye view of the city. Larger than
life idols of shiva and Parvati adorn the hill.
Submarine Museum The submarine built by Russia served for 31 years before it was
decommissioned and retired from Defence services.
Matsya Darshini Aquarium managed by a private firm; has fish from all over the world.
Indira Gandhi Zoological The zoo spread over 425 acres has a varied collection of wild species
Park and is home for over 400 varieties of animals.
th
Simhachalam Historic temple built in the 11 Century is the abode of Lord Varaha
Narasimha Swami. Located on hilltop at a height of 244 meters.
nd th
Thotlakonda Buddhist Dating back to 2 Century BC to 7 Century AD, situated 15 kms from
Complex the city, the complex has a number of Stupas, Chaityas, Viharas, a
congregation hall and a refectory belonging to the Hinayana School.
Bojjannakonda Located in Sankaram – 8 kms from Anakapalli. Has an array of
Buddhist constructions made of stone believed to be made during
Mahayana period.
Araku A haven for tourists with attractions like botanical gardens, tunnels,
coffee plantations, caves, water falls, natural rock formations and a
tribal museum.
Borra Caves Situated at around 90 Kms from the city, Borra caves were discovered
in 1807. The rocks at the caves date back to a million years. Deep in
the illuminated caves, there is a Shivalingam and an idol of
Kamadhenu.
Eco Tourism Jungle Bells is a nature camp launched in the eastern ghats (85
kilometres from Visakhapatnam). The attractions include bird
watching, rock climbing, trekking and archery.
Tribal Craft Village, Araku Crafts of the tribals of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh are displayed and sold.
136
ANNEXURE-4
PROFILE OF THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Public taps : 6759

House Service connections : 53935
General : 33703
NSDP. : 4780
Jeevandhara : 4641
Amrutharnm : 4670
Taps for BPLfamilies : 9163
Metered Residential Connections : 3834
Commercial Connections : 544
(Hotels, restaurants, Hospitals, etc.)
Semi Bulk connections : 597
(Apartments, Govt. Institutions & Group Housing)
Bulk : 63
Bore Wells : 3043
Pilot Water Supply schemes in the un-served areas : 62
No. of distribution reservoirs : 58
Total storage capacity of reservoirs (lack gallons) : 535.95
Rate of water supply to domestic sector by V.M.C. : 70.0Lpcd
Through private Bore Wells / Open Wells : 58.00Lpcd
Distribution network coverage : 85%
Distribution Pipe lines ranging from 100 mm to 600 mm : 940KM
Trunk Mains ranging from 300 mm to 1600 mm : 260KM
No. of Pumping Stations : 41
Hours of supply in the domestic sector : 45’
Tankersin use to meet unserved areas : 22
No of trips per day (on average) : 192
Quantumof water supplied through tankers : 1390 kl.
137
ANNEXURE - 5
PROPOSED HOUSING UNITS IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS
Sl.
Name of The Locations No.Of Units
No
1 Gvmc (Urban) 22920
2 Gajuwaka 7000
3 Madhuravada 2500
4 Paradesipalem 550
5 Kommadi 120
6 Pm Palem 400
7 Bakkanna Palem 210
8 Yendada 800
9 Gudlavani Palem 1000
10 Pendurthi 2000
11 Pulagani Palem 500
12 Chinnamushriwada 1000
13 Lakshmi Puram 300
14 Vepagunta 1500
15 Pursothapuram 100
16 Porlu Palem 200
17 Adivivaram 1500
18 Anganampudi 1000
19 A Marripalem 200
20 Manthri Palem 300
21 Duvvada 1000
22 Vedulla Narava 300
23 Nanginarapu Padu 100
24 Gangavaram 50
25 Lankela Palem 1000
26 Desipathruni Palem 100
27 Narava 500
28 Yallapuvani Palem 400
29 Sathivani Palem 800
30 Devada 200
31 Chinnipalem 150
32 Kt Naidu Palem 600
33 Appikonda 300
34 Palavalasa 400
Grand Total 50000
138
ANNEXURE 6 : FINANCIAL DETAILS OF GVMC
Table A-1 : Financial Status at a Glance (GVMC)

Rs.in Lakh
Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
A- Revenue Acount
Income 8119.98 11820.55 13585.33 13504.92 14979.16
Expenditure 5676.70 8457.49 8354.16 8233.39 7491.49
A-Surplus/Deficit 2443.28 3363.06 5231.17 5271.53 7487.67
B- Capital Account
Income 147.67 470.44 953.97 9173.44 1521.98
Expenditure 1830.25 3468.53 1239.45 8525.48 10632.51
B- Surplus(Deficit) (1,682.58) (2,998.09) (285.48) 647.96 (9,110.53)
C- Overall Status (A+B) 760.70 364.97 4,945.69 5,919.49 (1,622.86)
Net Surpuls-Exclusive
760.70 364.97 4945.69 5271.53 7487.67
Revenue Transfers.
Source: GVMC Annual Accouts, Figures in parenthesis indicate negative.
Table A-2 : Source- Wise Revenue Income (GVMC)

Rs.in Crores
Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Own Sources 54.17 93.34 85.14 94.85 104.55

Assigned Revenue 18.50 16.00 38.00 25.00 36.00
Grants 8.33 8.66 11.86 16.15 9.45
Total 81.00 118.00 135.00 136.00 150.00
Table A-3 : Revenue Income from Own Sources (Taxes and Non Taxes) (GVMC)
Rs.in Crores
Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
General Taxation 20.09 26.39 24.85 29.20 35.02
General Admin. 0.19 1.53 1.93 3.02 1.40
Civic Infrastructure 2.93 7.08 3.49 1.40 7.65
Water Supply & Drinages 25.77 47.00 44.03 45.73 45.85
Town Planning 2.91 4.84 4.40 8.05 7.73
PH & Sanitation 0.13 0.91 0.66 2.11 2.12
Remunerative enterprises 2.15 2.75 2.53 3.32 2.64
Other Receipts 0.00 2.79 3.07 1.83 1.86
UCD Section 0.00 0.05 0.18 0.19 0.28
Total 54.17 93.34 85.14 94.85 104.55
Share in RI (%) 66.88 79.10 63.07 70.25 69.67
Annual gr.rate (%) 12.22 (16.03) 7.18 (0.58)
139
Table A-4 : Sector Wise Application of Revenue Expenditure (GVMC) (Rs.in Crores)
Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Establishment 28.84 29.45 29.66 30.56 27.74
Contingencies/O & M 26.01 49.67 53.21 51.15 41.82
Debt Servicing 1.92 5.45 0.67 0.62 5.35
Total 56.77 84.57 83.54 82.33 74.91
Table A-5 : Section Wise Esablishment Expenditure (GVMC) (Rs. in Lakh)

Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
General Admin. 73.70 103.89 272.71 438.48 348.64
HW Mayors Office 6.30 1.73 14.67 11.73 0.42
Comm. -Engg. 838.52 851.95 791.20 889.50 802.76
Street Lighting 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Horticulture Section 27.81 27.94 29.67 30.01 35.22
Town Planning 62.32 68.75 49.60 65.94 74.26
Veterinary Section 18.49 20.42 21.72 23.61 22.48
Public Health 1294.32 1268.04 1306.99 1452.63 1364.84
UCD Pilot Project 81.79 81.62 86.15 90.06 79.97
Others 301.08 342.02 203.41 40.02 41.06
Pension
Total 2884.95 2945.00 2966.77 3056.91 2774.95
Share in RE (%) 50.82 34.82 35.51 37.12 33.74
Annual gr. Rate (%) (16.00) 0.69 1.61 (3.38)
Table A-6 : Section Wise O & M Expenditure (GVMC)( Rs.Lakh)

Items 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
General Admin. 336.40 168.61 110.48 147.66 166.78
HW Mayors Office 0.25 0.28 3.40 4.80 5.62
Comm. -Engg. 1361.40 2710.71 2572.31 2622.58 2742.61
Street Lighting 475.02 881.22 723.31 812.43 881.07
Horticulture Section 71.50 64.54 75.23 85.97 47.81
Town Planning 15.39 9.59 2.74 21.65 10.18
Veterinary Section 4.80 2.07 6.36 7.50 5.52
Public Health 307.39 213.99 193.38 39.64 107.68
Sports Section 22.49 3.27 7.14 18.23 17.38
UCD Pilot Project 5.78 14.57 41.84 47.64 108.00
Others 0.00 897.00 1581.00 1300.00 81.00
Total 2601.36 4967.05 5321.20 5115.98 4182.32
Share in RE (%) 45.82 58.66 63.94 62.13 55.83
Annual gr. Rate (%) 12.84 5.28 (1.81) (6.30)
140
Table A-7 : Capital Income Rs.Lakh (GVMC)

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Items
loans
Unsecured
6500.00
Loans/Bonds/Debentures
Grants From Government
NSDP and PVP 76.34
NRY and SJSRY 179.00
MP Grant 47.25 6.76 100.00
LCS 75.00 236.89
Road Grant 342.25
Others 147.65 423.19 604.96 2343.10 1185.09
Total Capital Income 147.65 470.44 953.97 9173.44 1521.98
Table A-8 : Capital Expenditure Rs Lakh (GVMC)

Application of Funds 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Total Capital Income 147.65 470.44 953.97 9173.44 1521.98
Purchase of Equipment 45.12 241.06 181.31 159.30 147.66
Roads and Bridges 545.76 1303.13 213.24 310.14 570.98
Godavari Water Supply
0.00 0.00 0.00 6301.10 7249.78
Project
PH Department 171.39 142.87 39.64 107.68 366.15
Others 1067.98 1781.47 805.26 1647.26 2297.94
Total Capital Expenses 1830.25 3468.53 1239.45 8525.48 10632.51
Capital A/c Status (1,682.60) (2,998.09) (285.48) 647.96 (9,110.53)
141
Table A-9 : Projected Revenue Surplus for GVMC (Rs.Crores)
Without Reform
Revenue Income 172 198 227 262 301 346 399
Revenue Expenditure 78 98. 107 118 130 143 157
With Reforms
Revenue Income 172 282 308 336 401 439 490
Revenue Expenditure 78 98 107 115 125 135 145
Table A-10 : Detailed Municipal Accounts (Rs.in lakh)
Head of Account 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Summary of Municipal Accounts Receipts

1. Revenue Account 8119.98 11820.55 13585.33 13504.92 14979.16
2. Capital Account 147.67 470.44 953.97 9173.44 1521.98
3. Advances and Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Grand Municipal Income 8267.65 12290.99 14539.30 22678.36 16501.14
Expenditure
1. Revenue Account 5676.70 8457.49 8354.16 8233.39 7491.49
2. Capital Account 1830.25 3468.53 1239.45 8525.48 10632.51
3. Advances and Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Grand Municipal Expenditure 7506.95 11926.02 9593.61 16758.87 18124.00
Municipal Account Status 760.70 364.97 4,945.69 5,919.49 (1,622.86)
142
Table A-11 : GVMC Financial Status - Expenditure
(Rs. In Lakhs)
S.
Details of Account 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
No.
I EXPENDITURE-REVENUE
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION
Office Staff 1018.19 917.05 2422.31 2904.27 2774.64
Hon. To Mayor/Councilors 2.74 1.72 14.68 117.34 0.42
Commissioner Est. 4.39 4.42 0.00 0.00 0.00
Collection Staff 208.44 206.59 190.66 14.97 5.3
Contributions toPF&other Conts. 1.40 3.73 90.55 0.00 0.00
T.A. all Est. 4.04 10.99 3.40 10.60 14.42
Study Tours 0.00 0.15 0.00 5.95 8.72
Election Exp. 70.44 6.14 0.00 0.13 3.99
CONTINGENCIES
Postage, Printing & Stationery 2.74 3.15 20.25 38.90 22.31
Stationery & Forms 3.60 64.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
Repairs to Build. F&F, Vehicle Etc. 300.94 55.83 0.00 40.25 107.6
Computer Exp. 0.70 14.83 23.72 19.96 27.36
Maint Tele, Cell, Wireless 0.00 0.00 39.83 52.52 63.52
Maint.of Roads,Bld.Traf.Sig.Parks Etc. 107.04 1174.75 797.48 627.45 861.75
NMR Wages 12.12 13.07 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investments 0.00 210.00 1350.00 633.12 165.7
Supply of Uniforms & St Charges 15.82 31.50 26.68 15.15 28.37
Rent for Sanitation Vehicles 0.00 0.00 204.00 283.96 328.64
Garbage Disp / Private Sanitation 232.19 552.90 199.45 126.97 236.31
Malaria / Fly Control Eqp. 11.19 14.22 0.00 0.00 9.26
Conservancy Materials 31.21 37.29 0.00 0.00 53.56
Other contingencies 1228.31 1695.39 624.19 680.88 334.7
Grand Total (General Exp) 3255.50 5017.86 6007.20 5572.42 5046.57
STREET LIGHTING
Staff 96.05 68.92 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lighting Charges 231.77 570.76 691.32 723.84 667.43
Maint. Of St. Lights 23.66 141.59 29.20 87.34 113.64
N.M.R Wages 13.67 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bild (CC Charges) 101.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Maintenance 7.89 98.95 2.79 1.25 0.00
Grand Total (St Lighting) 475.02 881.22 723.31 812.43 781.07
WATER SUPPLY
W.S Staff Salaries 389.07 409.92 863.10 727.92 0.00
Rep.& Mat(Buld,Pump,Etc.,) 327.64 548.46 400.72 718.81 510.65
CC Charges 974.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 902.23
NMR Wages 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
Repayment of Loan & Interest 0.00 0.00 67.40 0.00 0
Other contingencies 52.66 1036.38 42.00 10.70 0
1745.11 1994.76 1373.22 1457.43 1412.88
DRAINAGE
143
Drainage/UGDS Staff Salaries 13.50 3.72 0.00 0.00 0.00

R & M to Drains & Vehicles 29.44 92.69 70.09 165.82 201.55
NMR Wages 0.12 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other contingencies 3.94 0.00 0.00 0.00
43.06 100.40 70.09 165.82 201.55
Grand Total (W.S. & Drainage) 1788.17 2095.16 1443.31 1623.25 1614.43
TOWN PLANNING
Est & Other Staff Salaries 30.05 68.49 49.60 65.94 0
NMR Wages 32.80 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00
Law Charges 5.03 8.05 0.00 0.00 0.00
VUDA Charges 0.00 280.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Debris Removing Charges 8.08 5.51 2.74 21.65 10.18
Grand Total (Town Planning) 83.27 367.06 52.34 87.59 10.18
U.C.D.P A/C
Est Salaries 68.96 81.62 86.16 90.06 0
T.A. to Est. 0.10 0.21 0.00 0.00 0
Leave Salary Contribution 0.20 0.19 0.00 0.00 0
Print & Stan 0.87 0.09 0.38 7.29 0.15
Advertisement 2.18 0.85 0.00 0.00 0
Printing Press Mat 0.07 0.81 0.00 0.00 0
Health Activities 0.16 0.00 0.00 25.88 21.06
Economic Supp Prog 1.57 4.45 0.00 0.00 1.36
Grand Total (U.C.D.P) 74.74 96.19 128.00 137.70 39.24
Grand Total (Town Pl / UCDP) 158.01
Grand Total (Revenue Exp) 5676.70 8457.49 8354.16 8233.39 7491.49
II EXPENDITURE-CAPITAL
GENERAL A/C
Const of Buildings 8.72 19.97 26.30 40.03 123.97
Furniture & Equip 21.58 31.13 19.31 17.65 4.02
Computers 0.00 18.79 29.83 66.54 32.01
Purchase of Vehicles 9.54 0.00 1.82 0.00 105.21
39.84 69.89 77.26 124.22 265.21
Formation of Roads 228.07 247.47 191.25 236.26 408.86
Const of Bus Shelters 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.00 0
SC. ST. W & CHE MF 18.83 6.32 2.37 5.33 15.23
Traffic Signals 0.00 0.94 5.43 0.00 0
Erection of Statues 18.79 2.26 0.58 0.00 0
R.O.B 0.00 17.97 0.00 0.00 14.74
Bridges & Culverts 98.42 103.57 21.99 73.88 111.30
Road Widening Scheme 196.06 770.15 0.00 0.00 0
Beach Road Spl Works 0.05 33.54 0.00 0.00 0
Other Expenses 4.90 8.67 57.06 227.58 199.88
565.12 1191.38 278.68 543.05 750.01
EDN & ELE OTHER ED

Building 0.00 10.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
Furniture 0.00 18.12 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 28.20 0.00 0.00 0.00
144
PUBLIC HEALTH
Purchase of Mach & Plants&Eqp 0.92 0.70 0.00 0.00
Elec Crematorium / Burial Grounds 7.98 10.16 8.61 7.32
Latrines & Bathrooms 65.71 52.96 28.00 23.08 52.86
Dhobi Khanas 0.00 10.59 0.07 2.27 0.81
Purchase of Vehicles 27.99 26.50 0.00 0.00 0
Low Cost Sanitation 53.60 21.38 2.90 61.34 296.42
Other Purchases 0.03 8.03 0.06 0.00 1.73
Other Expenses 15.16 12.55 0.00 13.67 14.34
171.39 142.87 39.64 107.68 366.16
REMUNERATIVE ENTERPRISES
Com Halls / Compound Walls 18.05 10.98 2.95 47.69 11.98
Const of Shoprooms & Markets 35.75 104.06 34.29 5.06 51.71
Modern Slaughter House 0.00 1.55 0.09 0.20 0
Parks & Gardens / Museums 68.60 63.33 55.76 63.40 34.99
Tree Plantation 2.90 1.21 19.47 22.57 0.4
Kalyana Mandapam 12.25 36.41 4.15 9.18 0.79
Stadiums 2.34 18.00 2.78 0.62 0.12
M.P. Grant Works 3.08 0.00 44.67 63.30 6.92
Other Expenses 6.39 72.53 11.94 51.27 2.14
149.36 308.07 176.10 263.29 109.05
Grand Total (Gen Cap) 925.71 1740.41 571.68 1038.24 1490.43
STREET LIGHTING
Modern Lighting 75.79 50.41 94.47 47.88 46.00
Ordinary Lighting 0.00 42.57 0.00 0.00 0
Purchase of Transformers, Stores Etc. 2.58 0.00 20.92 67.02 3.98
Other Expenses 0.00 16.25 0.10 6.75 2.15
Grand Total (St Lighting) 78.37 109.23 115.49 121.65 52.13
ELE. EDUCATION
Buildings & F&F 0.00 71.21 0.00 0.00
Other Expenses 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Grand total (Ele.Edu) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
WATER SUPPLY
Bore & Ring Wells 21.94 133.08 75.68 92.72 47.67
Extension of Mains/Dist System 158.10 174.59 84.93 164.06 102.69
Other Civil Works 52.43 103.02 83.43 113.58 130.31
Purchase of Motors & Pumps 11.51 8.83 19.52 26.75 12.30
Repayment of Loans & Bonds Interest 39.58 68.91 0.00 62.06 296.09
New Water Supply Projects 100.44 49.77 1.42 49.06 0.95
Godavari W.S. Project 0.00 0.00 0.00 6301.10 7249.78
Public Fountains 7.70 29.91 0.00 0.00 0
SC. ST. W & CH EMF 0.00 0.00 29.91 0.18 33.72
Deposit Works &Other Expenses 8.86 70.52 99.11 45.23 509.61
400.56 638.63 394.00 6854.74 8383.12
DRAINAGE
Geddas & Comp SWD Scheme 81.31 95.25 0.00 0.00 0
Const. Of Street Drains 70.19 68.66 58.35 107.37 148.17
Comprehensive Sewage Scheme 95.66 223.98 0.00 0.00 0
SC. ST. W & CH EMF 0.25 2.32 0.00 0.77 0
U.G.D.S 0.00 0.00 64.61 13.06 476.80
145
Purchase of Vehicles & Plants

Repayment of Loans Interest 152.38 475.70 0.00 0.00 0.00
399.79 865.91 122.96 121.20 624.97
Grand Total (W.S. & DRAINAGE) 800.35 1504.54 516.96 6975.94 9008.09
TOWN PLANNING
Road Widening Scheme 23.21 100.65 0.00 0.00 0.00
Acquisition of Lands & Builds 0.23 12.35 19.99 9.00 0.00
Other Expenses 2.37 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.81 114.35 19.99 9.00 0.00
UCDP (ODA) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
UPA SCHEME 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Grand Total (Town Planning) 25.82 114.35 19.99 9.00 0.00
UCDP A/C
NSDP WORKS 0.00 0.00 0.00 115.07 16.08
NOAP 0.00 0.00 14.99 15.09 25.36
NGO/CBO Support 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.70 0.00
SJSRY/BSY 0.00 0.00 0.34 245.79 40.42
Grand Total (UCDP) 0.00 0.00 15.33 380.65 81.86
Grand Total of Capital Expenditure 1830.25 3468.53 1239.45 8525.48 10632.51
Grand Total of Revenue & Cap Exp 7506.95 11926.02 9593.61 16758.87 18124.00
ANNEXURE 7 : FINANCE STATUS OF GVMC
A) Revenue Receipts & Payments for the year 1999-2000 to 2004-2005
The Corporation is having a Revenue surplus of about Rs.71.67 Crores for the year ending
31.03.2005.
Compared to 2003-04 there is Increase in Revenue Receipts to the Tune of Rs. 18.87 Crores
during the year 2004-05 which is about 13% increase.
For the last Five years there is an increase in Revenue Receipts(this has been depicted in
the following Bar Chart)
146
GREATER VISAKHAPTNAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

REV. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE PERIOD
1999-00 TO 2004-05
18000
16000
14000
12000
AMOUNT (Rs. in Lakhs)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Rev. Rec 8930.02 8119.98 11820.55 13585.33 13504.92 15391.64
Rev. Exp 5856.14 5676.7 8457.49 8354.16 8233.39 8224.32
YEARS
B) Capital Receipts & Expenditure for the year 1999-2000 to 2004-2005:
There is increase in Capital Expenditure which means that the Corporation is

spending more on Capital Assets like Drinking Water Projects, Drainage, etc.,. Compared to
2003-04 there is an increase of about Rs.21.05 Crores in Capital Expenditure. The relevant
data for the last Five years is depicted in the following Bar Chart.
147

CAP. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FORTHE PERIOD
1999-00 TO 2004-05
12000
10000
8000
AMOUNT (RS in LAKHS)
6000
4000
2000
0
1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Cap.Rec 200.63 147.67 470.44 953.97 9173.44 1,392.20
Cap.Exp 4562.23 1830.25 2802.7 1239.45 8525.48 10631.43
YEARS
C) TOTAL RECEIPTS & EXPENDITURE (CAPITAL AND REVENUE):

For the last Five years there is Surplus of Receipts over Expenditure in the year
2003-04 there is a huge surplus of Rs.59.19 Crores due to Bonds Issue for Godavari Water
Project to the tune of Rs. 65.00 Crores and there is a deficit of Rs.20.71Crores during the
year 2004-05 due to Capital Expenditure on Godavari Water Project. The total Receipts &
Expenditure is depicted in the following Bar Chart.
148

REV.& CAP RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE PERIOD
1999-00 TO 2004-05
25000
20000
AMOUNT (Rs. in Lakhs)
15000
10000
5000
0
1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Tot Rec 9130.65 8267.65 12290.99 14539.3 22678.36 16783.84
Tot Exp 10418.37 7506.95 11260.19 9593.61 16758.87 18855.75
YEARS
The Revenues of the Corporation are on the increasing trend and in future there will be sharp
increase in the Revenues after the completion of Godavari Water Project. The Financial
Position of the Corporation is sound enough to take up New Projects.
D) Summary of Receipts & Expenditure:
The summary of Total Receipts & Expenditure (Revenue & Capital) for the last Five years is
given in the following Table.
149
GREATER VISAKHAPATNAM MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
RECEIPTS & PAYMENTS FOR THE PERIOD FROM 1999-2000 TO 2004-2005

(Rs. In Lakhs)
1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
REVENUE RECEIPTS 8930.02 8119.98 11820.55 13585.33 13504.92 15391.64
REVENUE EXPENDITURE 5856.14 5676.7 8457.49 8354.16 8233.39 8224.32
REVENUE SURPLUS/ 3073.88 2443.3 3363.06 5231.17 5271.53 7167.32

(DEFICIT)
**
Capital Receipts 200.63 147.67 470.44 953.97 9173.44 1,392.20
*
Capital Expenditure 4562.23 1830.25 2802.7 1239.45 8525.48 10631.43
CAPITAL SURPLUS/ -4361.6 -1682.6 -2332.3 -285.48 647.96 -9239.23

(DEFICIT)
TOTAL REV. & CAPITAL

RECEIPTS 9130.65 8267.7 12291 14539.3 22678.4 16783.84
TOTAL REV. & CAPITAL

EXPENDITURE 10418.4 7507 11260.2 9593.61 16758.9 18855.75
REV. & CAP.

SURPLUS / (DEFICIT) -1287.7 760.7 1030.8 4945.69 5919.49 -2071.91
** Includes amount received from Bonds Issue Rs.6500 lakhs for Godavari Water Project
* Includes payments to Godavari Water Project
150
ANNEXURE 8
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF WORKING GROUPS
The recommendations of Working Groups have been consolidated to evolve a vision

for the city. After the meetings held from time to time, each working group has come out with
various recommendations in their respective sectors. The summary of recommendations of
working groups are as follows.
Working group on Economic Development and Livelihoods
Current Status:
According to 2001 census, the work-force in Vizag city is about 2,18,695 of which
maximum proportion of workers (about 39.45 per cent) is found to be in tertiary services,
Trade and Commerce (17.51 per cent), Transport (16.75) and industrial workers (14.54 per
cent), while the lowest is found in cultivators (0.15 per cent) in 2001.
Fishing is one of the major activities in Vizag. The export value of the fishing products
in India is in crores of rupees 70% of which is from Andhra Pradesh and major portion of this
is from Visakhapatnam.
Tourism is one of the emerging areas in Visakhapatnam in terms of attracting national
and international tourists and bringing in foreign currency as well. The industrial activities are
one of the prime economic activities of the city. The total number of industrial units in the city
is about, 1,775, the total investment of this sector is about Rs. 8,021.77 crores. The total work
force engaged in industrial activities is about 44,275 persons
Owing to a high degree of industrial concentration, the complementary sectors such
as commercial, institutional and services sectors have also developed rapidly.

The liberalized policies have a thrust on economic development. This move has
redefined various sectors of growth, brought in the new business and employment
opportunities in Visakhapatnam there is limited financial and strategic support from Fisheries
department to the fisherman. Policies and programs to be well articulated to safeguard the
livelihoods of the poor. Established financial and market linkages is the need of the hour for
promoting self employment and entrepreneurship in the informal sector. While the city has
noticed good growth rate, the growth in the inner city has been declined and need to be
rejuvenated.
Recommendations:
 Economic Development Board
 District Training and Placement Institute
 Promoting Fishing Industry
 Rejuvenation of Inner City
 District Zonal Mapping
Working Group on Public Health and Sanitation
Current Status:
Drains/ Liquid Waste: The total length of open drains/ geddas in the municipal limits is about
950 km. From the total length of drains running across the GVMC area, the liquid waste is
estimated at 139.62 MLD, which is expected to increase to 169.46 MLD by 2021 according to
the Master Plan of VUDA.
Road Sweeping: The responsibility of road sweeping for long is being carried out by GVMC.
After taking into account the managerial and financial issues, GVMC has evolved a new
151
scheme titled Subram Scheme as a public private partnership for discharging its functions of
road sweeping.
Open Defecation: Open defecation is an age-old practice particularly for those people who
have migrated from the rural areas to the city for a living. Besides, there are already 275
identified slum areas, which have no adequate toilet facilities.

The key issue is the non-compliance of existing solid waste management system with
the 2000 rules. There is no mechanism for door to door collection of waste from households.
Segregation of waste at source is also absent. Secondary storage is mainly through open
RCC bins, which is unhygienic and needs to be completely replaced with closed dumper bins.
The practice of night sweeping is also absent.
The existing dumping site is prone to serious health hazard particularly for the people
living around it. WHO studies have indicated that 22 diseases are directly linked to improper
solid waste management practices in cities. A noted environmentalist, Sagar Dhara, recently
observed the presence of “cadmium” a very dangerous chemical in the air in Visakhapatnam
that had put about half the city’s population at cancer risk ranging from 50 to 500 times”.
Recommendations:
a. Improved Collection and disposal of Solid Waste and Management
System
b. Zero Open Defecation
Working Group on Water Supply:
Current Status:
The GVMC is supplying intermittent water supply to the domestic consumers for a
duration of 45 minutes in a day and the residents are mostly relying on ground water to meet
the demand. The piped water coverage is about 30% of GVMC area. The present supply is
daily in some areas and on alternate days in other parts.
The city has a population of around 15 lakhs with demand for 70 mgd (@140 LPCD).
Currently 37 mgd is being supplied through different sources covering the entire city with
protected water supply through the comprehensive distribution network at 65 LPCD. The un-
covered areas under this distribution network are being supplied with water thorough local
network i.e., through borewells and water tankers.
The Municipal Corporation Visakhapatnam supplies water to residential, commercial
and on bulk to various industries. The connection charges varied depending on the category
and size of connection whereas the tariff varied depending on the category and consumption.
Even though, around 57% of the supply of water from the corporation is catered to
domestic customers and 43% goes to Industries, around 86% of the revenue on water supply
is obtained from the industries.
Key issues and Challenges

 To upgrade the present system to ensure continuous water supply to all households
of the city through individual taps.
 Replacement/Remodelling Old Pipeline Distribution System
 Metering
 Mechanization
 Identification of New Sources:
 Depletion of Ground Water Level:
Recommendations:
 Meter all the connection to prevent wastage
 Ensure promotion of suitable cost effective and sustainable measures for water
152
conservation and utilisation in the city.

 Augment the water sources and prevent wastage of water
 Increase the number of connections to cover the entire city
 All the poor localities to be covered by piped water
 Keeping the under water levels analysis in view restriction to be imposed on
digging borewells which indirectly helps increase water level.
 Strategies for Water Conservation :
Massive watershed programme for development of all degraded and
wastelands. Degraded and wasteland has been treated by watershed
committees under Rural Development department.
Degraded forestland has been treated by Vana Samrakshana Samithis
(VSSs) under Forest department. The legislation should aim to regulate water
extraction and the types of crops grown in identified areas.
 Strategy for Ground Water Management
Complete treatment of Kailasa hill range within hill slots with different SMC
works. Mudasarlova reservoir to be protected and rejuvenated. The parks
along the northern portion of the city are to be provided with ponds.
Recharge well with 0.6m-1.0m dia and 6-8 m depth must be connected with
roof top collected rain water. Strict enforcement of APWALTA act for
apartments in ground water utilization. Artificial recharge through pits,
trenches, shafts and dried up wells.
Sewerage Sector
Current Status:
The city is divided into 14 drainage blocks according to the typographical conditions.
The first underground drainage system was executedin the year 1980 under Phase-I and
serving 60,000 population covering in an area of 114 Hectors. The Phase-II was divided into
two sub phases i.e., sub phase-1 and sub phase-2. In the year 2001, the sub phase-1 of the
phase-2 was commissioned serving a population of 3.2 lakhs in an area of 943 Hectors. By
extent wise, only 2% has been covered with the underground drainage system serving a
population of 3.8 lakhs in the total population of 15 lakhs. So far above, 14,000 connections
are existing.
Key Issues & Challenges:

The old traditional way of sewerage disposal is causing a great concern to the city in
view of the rapid urbanisation. Lack of infrastructure for the underground drainage system is
causing threat to the environment and mosquito meanance which inturn affecting the citizens
in many ways.
Recommendations:
 To cover the entire city with underground network in a phased manner to maintain
better environmental & health conditions.
 To improve the percentage of reuse of sewage treated water for other purposes.
Working Group on Poverty and Slum Upgradation
Current Status:
Visakhapatnam city is characterized by significant presence of urban poor, with a
growing poverty profile. Presently there are 275 notified and 123 non-notified slums with a
total slum population of 4,23,030 and BPL population of 3,43,349 as per 2001 census. The
total SC and ST population is 65,153. Because of the geographical profile of the city, the
slums are scattered across the city spread across 505 sq. km. Area.
153
The unhygienic living conditions, the stagnated drainages, garbage’s etc., lack of
awareness and illiteracy paves way to rampant diseases in the slums. The poor women and
children suffer from malnutrition and majority of women suffer from anemia. The mortality rate
of women is rather high. Inadequate number of government hospitals, inaccessibility of the
existing hospitals and poor infrastructure and staffing also contribute to the increasing health
concerns.
Recommendations:
 Clear backlog of providing housing for all
 Plan for housing for yearly migrant population
 Providing all infrastructure facilities in the poor localities at a level better than
those in the rich localities
 Strengthening and Capacity Building of Self Help Groups and NGOs
 Scaling up of Micro credit for poverty alleviation:
 Livelihoods and Employment
Working Group on Health and Education
Current Status:
Health: The estimated number of doctors in Visakhapatnam is 3,000. In the Government

hospitals a total of 2127 beds and 466 doctors are available. The KGH and VGH are the only
hospitals, which are considered to have adequate health care facilities. There are only twelve
municipal dispensaries, which provide general out patient facility, antenatal care and
immunisation services.
HIV/AIDS became a big health threat to the city population. In the State, Visakhapatnam
occupies second place in terms of HIV/AIDS population, which is rising every year.
Education: According to the 1991Census the literate population of Visakhapatnam
constitutes 65%. The data further indicates that 72% of the males and 58% of the females
are literate. Although the literacy rate is higher in Visakhapatnam than the national average, a
further analysis indicates that there is a wide gap between levels of literacy between males
and females.
Female children are not attending school in order to support mother in domestic work
looking after younger siblings. In the corporation area, out of 17,000 school going children,
3,000 are dropouts. The quality of education is poor. The schools, particularly municipal/
government are over crowded. Another reason is lack of adequate number of teachers. The
teacher student ratio ranges from 100 to 150.
Key Issues and Concerns:
Health: Due to the lack of required medical and paramedical staff, deliveries are not
conducted in the municipal dispensaries. In KGH, very costly equipment is kept unutilised and
allowed to rust because of lack of human power to handle the equipment or because of lack
of accessories necessary to make the machinery to work. Lack of minimum infrastructure is of
major concern. About 50% of the hospitals do not have clearance from pollution control
board. There exists no mechanism to address the increased number of accidents due to
continuous increase in the day-to-day traffic.
Lack of proper understanding to the public about the preventive aspects of health
care is a major concern. In the State, Visakhapatnam occupies second place in terms of
HIV/AIDS population, which is rising every year. There is no specific facility for Geriatric
health care in Visakhapatnam.
154
Recommendations:
 Health
Coordination committee for health services
Budgetary allocations
Rehabilitation of HIV/ AIDS patients
Strict enforcement of regulations
Creation of Health Fund
 Education
Comprehensive study on education system
Budgetary allocation
Establishment of Public relation systems
Involvement of NGOs
Vocational education
Working Group on Gender Issues
Current status:
It is estimated that about 93% of the national economy depends on informal sector.
Visakhapatnam City, as is the case with most of the cities in the developing countries, is
experiencing the process of tertiarisation and informalisation of economy. Women form 92
per cent of this informal sector economy. The Social empowerment of women requires
measures with special attention to women in difficult circumstances including the destitute,
disabled and victims of family violence.
Key issues, concerns and challenges:

Violence against women: Violence against women, inhibited women as a group from
enjoying the full benefits of human rights. Lack of gender sensitization is one of the major
causes for violence against women. There are several cases reporting on the molestation,
eve teasing, cruelity, brides buring among both working & non working women in the city.
Social Empowerment: Given that women are involved in day to day relations with their
husbands, sons, male relatives and male community leaders, it is important to sensitise the
men to gender concerns. The challenges are
 Sensitizing men to gender concerns
 Combating training with non-training strategies.
 Conciously weaving in gendern concerns within capacity building efforts.
Women Health and Child Care: While the municipal hospitals and public hospitals in the city
suffer from lack of government attention and financial constraints, the corporate hospitals are
not within the reach of the poor.
Recommendations at the policy level:
 At the policy level, one important tool is gender budgeting.

 From the point of view of gender planning and analysis, there is a need for sex-
disaggregated information pertaining to the development programmes.
 Gender sensitive training needs to be taken up for functionaries and councillors in
the corporation and other functionaries of government agencies.
 Women councillors need special training to improve their competencies.
 For the sustainability of the gender related development programs, the
experiences and knowledge of women should be used as resources for planning,
implementation and evaluation.
 Linking up with International goals: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
 Protective services for women and families.
155
Working Group on Traffic and Transportation
Current Status:
The city area is accessible through rail, road and air links. NH-5 and NH-43 of the
National Highway (NH) network and the State Highways connect the city are a to the vast
hinterland. The transportation network in the city area is dominated by three major arteries
one along the beach front, another along the northern hill flank and the third which runs
through the city A number of roads link these arteries.
Around 7.88% of the total area is covered by roads, 2.13% by railways and 0.85% by
the Port authorities. More than 125.77 tones of goods are moved in a year, 76.57% is by rail,
23.4% by road. Public transport comprises buses, which are used by 3,.91% of the total
population. Only 0.25% of the population use auto rickshaws. The major road network in the
City area extends over a length of 126 km. The total road length is 1320 kms.

The city needs a comprehensive approach to combat the bottlenecks in the present
transport sector and to tackle the future problems that might arise due to the unprecedent
growth of vehicular traffic. Suitable Facilities are to be created for the disadvantaged people
and children for better accessibility on the roads. The roads are to be widened and link roads
are to be formed for better interconnectivity in the city. The junctions and intersections are to
be developed to accommodate more traffic. The posibility of providing mode split transport
should be looked for the future requirements.
Recommendations:
 Widen all the arterial roads within the city to a minimum of 100 feet with safe
pedestrian walkways.
 To improve the signal system, intersection points/ junction points, develop parking
lots as required, up gradation of roads, road widening wherever required, lane
marking, etc. as a short term strategy.
 To focus on the action plans aimed at development of traffic infrastructure over a
perspective plan period of 5-10 years and cover alternative modes of transport like
LRTS, rail cum road service, revival of the entire bus transport mechanism, as may
be required as a medium term strategy.
 Transport Infrastructure for Sub urban areas connecting all the 33 localities with
150-200 feet wide roads with grade separators wherever necessary.
 Provide utility ducts to prevent frequent digging of roads
 Construction of safe and physically handicapped friendly walkways in Inner City
Governance
Current Status:
The innovative measures are in place in GVMC for urban good governance. In recent
past, it introduced several innovations in Municipal management. Some of them are...
 Outsourcing of street light maintenance
 Formation of Self Help Groups for community participation & development
 Privatisation of non critical functions.
 Collection of all taxes and dues through online outlets like E-Seva Soukaryam, etc.
 Issue of Birth, Death and other certificates through online
 Registration of Building plans and approvals through online.
 Payment of all charges through online
 Lodging of complaints and grievances through online
The GVMC is the first in India to provide online e-governance facilities. It is also the
process of enacting other measures to increase public participation in policy making.
Key Issues & Challenges:
156
The increased urbanization and growth has resulted in growing challenges and
pressure, where urban local bodies are required to undertake several new functions, deal with
problems of growing information sector and meet the demands of increasing population base.
It should also adapt to newer technologies in information and communication among other
things.
Recommendations:
 Review of governance via ICT, HRD and Urban Finance
 Analysing the effects of initiatives of GVMC
 Formulation of specific action plan that facilitate in attaining the goal of good
governance.
 Improving the outreach and interface of existing programmes.
 Networking to improve inter-departmental information flows.
 Strengthening and augmenting the corporation sources of revenue.
 Introducing double entry system in the accounting procedures.
157

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Public Disclosure Authorized

Cities Alliance Project Output

City Development Plan – Greater

Visakhapatnam City Development Strategy and Slum Upgrading

ANNEXURE-1 of PART-III of MoA

9. Investment Finance Plan 123

Table 1.1: Visakhapatnam at the National Level- A Comparison ............................................ 11

Table 7.2 Water Supply strategy.............................................................................................. 87

Figure 2.1 Greater Visakha ...................................................................................................... 17

TERMINOLOGY, DEFINITIONS AND GLOSSARY

MEASUREMENT UNITS AND SYMBOLS

The formulas used for the computations are shown below.

5. Nonrevenue water (%)

1. Introduction to City Development Plan

Vizag, sandwiched between the promontory called

Sector Indicator Vizag Hyd Mumbai Delhi Chennai Kolkata

Population below poverty

Literacy Rate (2001) 70.46% 79% 87% 83% 80% 81%

Health Child Mortality Rate (2001) 6% 6.90% NA 2.60% 3.70% 1.60%

Water Per capita Availability in 62 110 168 180 106 173

Average commute time

Public Transport Utilization

Source – CPO’S Office, Collectorate; GVMC

Table 1.2: Visakhapatnam at International Level- A Comparison

Sector Indicator Vizag Hyd Hanoi Bangkok Jakarta Jo’burg

Economic Population below poverty

Unemployment Rate (%)

Per capita Availability in

Average commute time

Source – Monitor group report Strong Weak

1.2. CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

1.3. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF CDP

• Enhancing city productivity;

1.4. THE CDP PROCESS

• Development objectives and long term environmental, social, economic infrastructure,

• Formation of Program Steering Committee (PSC) at the apex level

A summary of the recommendations of working groups is presented in the Annexure.

The CDP identified performance-monitoring/ sustainability indicators to assist the City

Figure 1.1. : CDP PROCESS

CDP THINK TANK

Before the formation of Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in 2005,

Figure 1.2 RAFT Process

CHAPTER-II: Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation

2. Demography, Economy and Land Use

Figure 2.1 Greater Visakha

The Municipal Corporation of Visakhapatnam, prior to its constitution as Greater

Table 2.1: Population by Major Geographical Units

Figure 2.2: Decadal population growth in major Urban

A key feature of population growth in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is that

2.2.1 Future Growth

Table 2.3: Population Projections

Table 2.4: Composition of Growth

2.2.2. Sex Ratio

Sex ratio in Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation is 971 in 2001, which is substantially

Figure 2.4: Sex ratio

980 Year Sex Ratio

Demography: Emerging Issues and Concerns

2.3.3 Occupational Structure

A brief description of various activates are presented below.

1 The old town area a fishing zone

Institutional and Services Activities