REVIEWER FOR PHILIPPINE HISTORY

SOCIAL SCIENCE
• SOCIAL comes from the latin word sociare or socius which means to associate with or be a
companion of.
• SCIENCE comes from the latin word scrie which means to know.
• SOCIAL SCIENCE is the scientific study of human society, social relationships, and social
behavior.
▪ It explores how individuals interact with and react to what is happening in the society.

BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

1. ANTHROPOLOGY – culture of man and way of living.

2. GEOGRAPHY – how man divided earth and consciousness
3. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY – how man dispersed himself
4. SOCIOLOGY – how man relates with man
5. PSYCHOLOGY – study of human behaviour
6. ECONOMICS – how man divided resources
7. POLITICAL SCIENCE – how man governs himself
8. LINGUISTIC – how man communicates
9. LAW – how man should act in society
10. HISTORY – how man interacted with time

PRIMARY SOURCE
o Provides direct or first hand evidence about an event, object, person or work of art.
o Include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, result of experiments, statistical
data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches and art objects.

SECONDARY SOURCE
o Describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize and process
primary source.
o Materials can be articles in newspapers or paper magazines, book or movie reviews, articles
found in scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate someone else’s original research.

PERIODS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

FIRST PERIOD
THE MAHARLIKA PERIOD
o Social structure of the lowland Filipinos during Pre-Hispanic Era
o Social structure is the level in the society
THE MAHARLIKA
o Feudal warriors class in ancient Tagalog society in Luzon
o “Hidalgo’s” – freeman, libres, freedom
o Lower nobility class similar to Timawa people of Visayas
o Modern Filipino means “Royal Nobility” which was actually restricted to the heredity Maginoo
class.

THE ANCIENT CLASS SYSTEM

MAGINOO
o Top of Tagalog Society
o Men and women of this class were generally referred to with the respectful title of Ginoo.
o Individually, the terms, Gat or Lord, and Dayang and Lady, preceded the given name.
PANGINOON
o A wealthy maginoo who owned much property and valuable land.
o Poon survives to this day as the term of aspects, po.
DATU
o Was a maginoo who had followers
o Ruled beyond his immediate household and over whole communities
o Was used in the Visayas as well as Luzon
o A datu with power over a large area held the title Lakan or Rajah, a Hindu word brought from
Malaysia.’
TIMAWA
o Were free commoners of Luzon and the Visayas
o Could own their own land and who did not have to pay a regular tribute to a maginoo
o They were free to change their allegiance to another datu if they married into another
community or if they decided to move.
ALIPIN
o A debtor during the ancient period
o They could be bron alipins, inheriting their parents debt, and their obligations could be
transferred from one master to another.
o However, it was also possible for them to buy their own freedom.
o A person in extreme poverty might even want to became an alipin voluntarily.
ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
o Or a house – holding alipin
o More like what we call a serf in English
o A namamahay was usually an alipin who had received a piece of land from his maginoo
master.
o In return, he was recquired to hand over a portion of what the land produced as a tribute and
to occasionally work on his masters land.
ALIPIN SA GIGILID
o In Pre-Colonial times the gigilid was the area behind and below the house where the toilet was
located.
o These alipins were single men and women who worked in their masters homes, tending the
gilid among other chores.

POPE ALEXANDER VI
o Wrote a Popal Bull – “Inter Caetera” which means “among others”
o States that the world is divided into 2 ( east & west ) and has an imaginary border
▪ Goals of spain for invasion (pananakop)
1. To change the religion
2. Spread Christianity – conquer other territory by religions and economic sense
3. Convert Muslims from Christianity
o GOD is white
o EVIL is black
▪ Magellan brought to cebu:
1. CROSS – symbol of Christianity & to mark as a territory
2. STO. NINO – little Jesus
o Pangasinan was the established Religion
o Datu – powerful male – Christ Crucified
o Babylan – female priest – Virgin Mary

Conquest – to conquer – take by force VS. Colonization – to colonize – enter to culture, takes
time
o Why Spain left the Philippines
1. Philippines was not the only colony of Spain (expertise to maintain)
2. Mexico revolted against Spaniards (Filipinos can fight Spain)
3. Spain had problem within Spain (Alfonso XII cannot manage Spain)
4. Filipinos attended class abroad (takes liberalism, advancement, independence)
5. Officially ended with Treaty (contract) or official document
▪ Treaty of Paris – Dec. 10, 1898
▪ Agreement between Spain and USA
▪ Spain will surrender its colonies
▪ Only civil properties not Religious properties
Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam and Philippines ceded to the US for 20 Million dollars
o Uses mock battles to surrender Spain to say that Spain fought (not really a mock fight
because a lot died in Manila)
o Not for the Catholic Church
o June 12, 1898 – 6 months later, USA colonized the Philippines
▪ Vicente Zaide – last Spains Governor surrendered
▪ 2 guardia civil ( freed Philippines & kill Spaniards )

9 ASSPECTS THAT THE SPANISH PERIOD CHANGE:

1. RELIGION – greatest contribution of Spaniards
- Outstanding mission
- If they were 10 years late, Philippines would be Muslims
- All the aspects stem here
2. FAMILIES – simple and wholesome
- Kissing hand for outmost respect
- Broken families are rare
- The father was the powerful household, works and educated, the mother is the first tutor
▪ Women were respected by men because:
◊ Women was perceived as Holy
◊ Weaker sex
◊ Obligation of men
◊ Rich women went to exclusive school
3. FOOD – before they only use bare hands and know how to grill and boil foods only
- Taught to use utensils with table manner
- Bread, ham, coffee, wine and other European foods
4. CLOTHES – formal attires
- Covers the whole body of a women
- Original baro’t saya consists of 8 clothes made of pineapple
- Dictated by religion
- Western clothes
- Covers the body by the model of friars
5. ECONOMY – before galleon made there were barter (conversion or exchange of goods to
another product for silver or gold)
- Paper money came – Banko Espanol Filipino (BPI now)
- Manila became the prosperous city because of galleon trade
6. EDUCATION – not institutionalized until Spanish missionary came
- Baybayin was erased because it was a door to their old religion and it was changed by Roman
Catholic
- To remove old ways
- Limited for it was controlled by the church
- Adequate, suppress, control & limited for elite
7. ARTS – uses beautiful images like Holy Family & Saints in the form of sculptures and
paintings
- Tool to propagate Catholic Faith
- Uses visual because Filipinos can’t speak Spanish
8. NAMES AND ALPHABETS – 56th Governor General was Narciso Claveria y Zaldua
- Catalogog alfabetico de apellidos – a law for surnames
- Surnames was given to families
- Assigned to each municipality in Philippines
- Conversion
- To trace & know the parents / ancestors
◊ Citizenship – legal identity
◊ Census – population in a certain area
◊ Tax – payers of tax
- Only speaking Spanish in Asia
- Baybayin – to trace a language is to trace a religion
- Abecedario – suffix of e
9. MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENTS – music for the church
- Uses stringed instruments
- Feast days are celebrated
- Cock fighting
- Mexican & Spanish music
AMERICAN PERIOD
o 1898 – 1946
THE FIRST PERIOD OF UNITED STATES WAS FROM 1898 TO 1935
o The rule of the United States cover the Philippines had to phases.
1. Washington defined its colonial mission as one of tutelage and preparing the Philippines of
eventual independence.
2. Political organizations developed quickly, and the Popularly Elected Philippine Assembly
(Lower House) and the U.S Appointed Philippine Commission (Upper House) served as a
bicameral legislature.
AMERICAN FORCES DURING THE FIL-AM WAR
o 1898
o The illustrados formed the Federalista Party, but their statehood platform had limited
o In 1905 the party was renamed as the National Progressive Party and took up a platform of
Independence
o The Nationalista Party was formed in 1907 and dominated Filipino politics until after World
War 2. Its leaders were not illustrados.
o Despite their “immediate independence” platform, the party leaders participated in a
collaborative leadership with the United States.
o A major development emerging in the post – World War 1 period was resistance to elite
control of the land by tenant farmers, who were supported by the Socialist Party and the
Communist Party of the Philippines.
o Tenant strikes and occasional violence occurred as the great depression wore on and cash –
crops price collapsed.
THE SECOND PERIOD OF UNITED STATES WAS FROM 1936 TO 1946
o It was characterized by the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and
occupation by Japan during World War 2
o Legislation passed by the U.S congress in 1934 provided for a 10 year period of transition to
independence.
o The country’s first constitution was framed in 1934 and approved by plebiscite in 1935, and
Manuel Quezon was elected president of the commonwealth. Quezon later died in exile in 1944
and was succeeded by Vice President Sergio Osmena.
JAPAN
o Attacked Philippines on December 8, 1941
o Occupied Manila on January 2, 1942
o Invaded Bicol Region on APRIL 1942
o Tokyo set up an independent republic, which was opposed by underground and guerilla
activity that eventually reached large – scale properties.
o Major element of the resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the
HUKBALAHAP, or People’s Anti-Japanese Army.
o Allied forces invaded the Philippines in OCTOBER 1944
o Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945
o The allied leaders wanted to purge officials who collaborated with the Japanese during the
war and to deny them the right to vote in the first postwar elections.

THE THIRD REPUBLIC PRESIDENTS:

1. MANUEL ROXAS (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)
- Parity Amendment
- Help garner 620 USD as war damage compensation
- Help funds for the infra structure and welfare of the war – stricken Philippines
2. ELPIDIO QUIRINO (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)
- Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA)
- Made to help the sufferings of the poor families, help the farmers to market their products
3. RAMON MAGSAYSAY (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)
- National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA)
- He provides house for Filipinos affected heavily by war
4. CARLOS GARCIA (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)
- Filipino Fist Policy
- He prioritizes the Filipino Businessmen and investors more than the other nationalities
5. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)
- Agricultural Land Reform Bill
- He help farmers be freed from slavery as tenant farmers
6. FERDINAND MARCOS (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)

NAGA CITY’S FOUNDATION, HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT