Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ISSN No:-2456-2165
Abstract:- The article analyses the dynamics that irregular or undocumented immigration. Nevertheless, this
stimulate immigrants to enter Southern Africa states or article adopts the concept of illegal immigration as opposed
nations in the case of Zambia illegally. The phenomenon to other two term because the study is holistic, which include
of illegal immigration has been a thorn in most states to those who enter irregular using other orthodox or those who
the extent that some citizens like in South Africa have at stay in the yet the immigration status documents expired and
times engaged in xenophobia attacks. The question now never renewed.
rises, what stimulates these foreigners to leave their
country and opt to cross illegally into another country II. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION
where safety is not granted? To internalize the dynamics
the voluntary and involuntary migration has been Illegal immigration is the migrating to another country
explored. The article later explores the migration outlook by crossing the borders without the valid required
in Africa and the causes, the migration in Southern immigration documents or using other orthodox to enter
Africa. To comprehend the issue under study widely, foreign country. Others persons may cross the border with all
constructivism theory has been applied as it differs with the required documents but whilst in the foreign country,
other international relations theories like realism and they ignore to renew their visa or decide to engage in jobs
liberalism because it views the world as socially contrary to their work permit thereby becoming illegal
constructed. The article, therein, analyses the dynamics immigrants (Campbell, 2006). Not surprisingly, in certain
propelling the phenomenon to escalate in Zambia, countries illegal immigration is treated as a very seriously
thereafter, the conclusion is drawn. In this connection, the criminal behavior. When such a person is apprehended, it is
article builds on a qualitative research methodology in either is prosecuted through the courts of law and later
which primary data is triangulated with secondary data deported or removed if proven guilty or can be removed to
collected from various literatures and thematically the country of origin without being trialed by the courts of
analyzed. The methods used were semi-structured law. Chiswick (1988) defines illegal immigrant as foreign
questionnaire, in-depth interview and observation where national who entered the country clandestinely by dodging an
respondent were selected through Purposive, random and immigration check and who defy the immigration law of a
snowball sampling. The dynamics in southern Africa particular country. Illegal immigration can be involuntary or
were established to be more of the push factors prevailing voluntary depending on the nature propelling someone to
in the countries of origin. movement.
Figure 1 shows the growth of migration from, within Africa throughout Central and Southern Africa starting. The
and to Africa as from 1990 to 2017 in which the three suitable climate for agriculture practices enforced Bantu-
categories were increasing. In 2017, there was increase in speakers to find somewhere to migrate and settled.
African migration in each stock exceeded the value in 2000.
African migration was largely intercontinental in 1990, Population adjusted upwards in new places in where
although over time, the distribution has changed. However, these Bantu-speaking were migration to in preference to
the main stock was from Africa and living in Africa as well-suitable environment for their agriculture practices. The
international migrants in 2000, which was at 12.5 million, growth in population demanded for development to which
translating that intra-African migration was foremost. Over the skill of agriculture moved to iron technology and there
and over again, by 2017 this stock grew and reached 19.4 was a strain on local resources and land space which resulted
million. into population in sub-Saharan Africa to escalate.
Furthermore, the analysis indicated that in 1990 and in The nature of most national boundaries hereditary from
2017 the stock of international migrants originating from colonial administrations, migration in Africa has always had
Africa and living outside the continent increased to 16.9 an important cross-border component. This can be viewed
million (Economic Development in Africa Report, 2018). from the economic interdependence between ecological
However the margin of the international migrants apart from zones, and the establishment of regional political and
2010 shows that since 1990 it has been narrowing, despite the economic alliances in the 1960s and 1970s (McGranahan et
recorded increase. It should be noted that in 1990, there was al, 2009). Africans are continuing to migrate out of the
strong growth in migration to Africa and Extra-continental continent both as regular as well as irregular migrants.
migration as compared intercontinental migration. The shared
of population raised from 1.8 per cent in 2000 to 2.0 per cent Migration in Southern Africa
in 2017 or from 18 to 20 migrants per 1,000 people for the Having explored migration and the causes in Africa in
stock of international migrants. general, we now zero in to discuss the migration in Southern
Africa. As earlier alluded to in the preceding pages, Southern
Causes of migration in Africa Africa is one of the sub regions in Africa where migration
Bedarff (2017) postulate that in Africa and world over, has been fashioned by pre-colonial, colonial and post-
human being was being influenced to migrate due to factors colonial governance systems. The Southern Africa member
like the preindustrial era and environmental. The connection states were grappling with illegal immigration the situation
between environment and migration elaborates how the which is a source of concerned among politicians and policy
Bantu-speaking peoples expended 2000BCE from West makers. The illegal immigration in Southern Africa states just
Fig 2:- Push and Pull factors by leaving and finding Lee (1917-2007)
Source: Everett S. Lee (1917-2007)
IV. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM THEORY The argument of constructivism theory is that the world
is constituted not with political speeches (linguistic pattern)
Mitchell (2011) defined “social constructivism is the but through discourse of non linguistic practices and routine
view that the material world shapes and is shaped by human such as borders to create social facts. Constructivism views
actions and interaction dependent on dynamic normative and the danger that may appear in the world, on a few focuses on
epistemic interpretation of the material world”. Ruggie, via discourse. The construction of certain assumption and the
constructivist (Craciunescu, 2013), states that the world is link between migration and security is a reputable and reason
intersubjective because of social communication. We of fact by constructivism. The theory has been useful to some
understand others and others understand us. Intersubjectivity scholars since the 11th September, 2001 bomb attack in USA
is a shared understanding that helps us relate one situation to on how to comprehend certain immigrants by analyzing the
another. Groups in society such as organization, security threat focusing of social factor (Oezel, 2015).
policymakers and other social groups share ideas that are Akinyemi (2013) in concurring with constructivism
embedded in institutions. The framing of common sense with assumption indicates that security is very paramount for each
communal and ordered social meaning are concerns social and every state. Therefore, governments need to ensure that
constructivists. there is stability at their respective borders for nothing can be
done under insecurity of lives and property. If the borders are
The end of the cold war manifested a number of insecure, the social and economic development of such a
theories in international relations anti-alia constructivism state will be a prodigious task, and tribulations such as
which was companionable to an integer of international poverty, diseases, hunger and fear will dominate the society.
relations substantive theories. Constructivism tries to analyze
socially how people think about the world and the social Engbersen and Leun (2001) when discussing on the
application of epistemology and ontology (Oezel, 2015). constructivism approach of illegal immigrants, write:
Constructivism theory differs with other international Illegal immigrants are no new phenomenon in Dutch
relations theories like realism and liberalism because it views society. Yet, since the beginning of the 1990s, their presence
the world as socially constructed. has been increasingly considered a social problem. In the
post-war period, three phases can be differentiated by
deploying social construction in the ways in which the Dutch