ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL

FACULTY OF MARITIME ENGINEERING AND

MARINE SCIENCES

SHIP STRUCTURES II

Project
Reinforced balsa wood panel contest

Group 4
“GM Const”

CLEINER MARIN
GÉNESIS SHETT

AUGUST 2019
 INDEX
Resume ......................................................................................................................................... 2
General objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 2
Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 2
Preliminary design .................................................................................................................... 2
Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 4
For flexion analysis (Primary) .................................................................................................. 4
For the analysis of plate-reinforcements (Secondary) .............................................................. 4
For the buckling analysis (Tertiary) ......................................................................................... 5
Building ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Design analysis............................................................................................................................. 6
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 7
References .................................................................................................................................... 7
Annex............................................................................................................................................ 7
Resume
Resumen

This information is about to design a reinforced wood panel in which may for support a
maximum load of 40k, were using different alternatives for approximate the maximum value of
load that will support the panel, in this case was used first the finite element model for
approximate the maximum stress after to fail, and once obtained the maximum load using an
analysis for grillage program. The arrangement of reinforcement (girder and stiffeners) were
obtained using formulation of ABS and Lloyds, and chose the maximum arrangement for this
according to the panel dimension, we added 1 cm more for spacing stiffener , the spacing of the
transversal stiffener were around 7.44 [cm] along of length , while the longitudinal was chosen
to the design load in which were add more inertia in the section , as result of 5 longitudinal
stiffener separated to 3.7 [cm], resulting an longitudinal structural arrangement . Finally, we
obtained the maximum equivalent stress presenting in the middle panel of 4 [Mpa] and
deflection of 3 [cm] approximate, while by the grillage program the maximum equivalent stress
was 6 [Mpa] and deflection of 8 [cm].

Key word: structural arrangement, reinforced panels, balsa wood, equivalent stress, maximum
deflection

General objective
Design, build and test a model of the connecting structure of a catamaran with balsa boards to
support load in the central part of the span.

Specific objective
 To select the main dimensions of the plate and reinforcements and the amount to be used.
 To identify the mechanical properties of the balsa wood for the previous analysis.

Methodology
Preliminary design
To obtain a previous design, was determined the system to which the panel will be subjected, in
this case it is a simply supported system and will support a load distributed over a length of 27
cm in the center of the panel.
The mechanical properties of the material were identified, in this case it is raft taking into account
a percentage of humidity between 9% and 12%. As it is an orthotropic material, it is considered
that the material can be deformed in different directions therefore were obtained the main stresses
in compression and tension, Young's modulus and shear and the Poisson number

Principal Stress
Compresión 1,23E+06 Kg/m2
Tracción 2,02E+06 Kg/m2

Directions X(GPa) Y(MPa) Z(MPa)

Young Modulus (E) 3,28 147,5375 45,22

Directions XZ XY YZ
Shear Modulus (G) (Mpa) 145,88 96,95 2,3
 Densidad 150 Kg/m3
ν 0,29
Table 1: Mechanical properties of the balsa wood

The amount of material will be 2 balsa plates each 90x30x0.3 cm, so the model will be restricted
for the development of reinforcements. The model to elaborate will consist of an iron in cover
and bottom, in the sides, to the front and back. As it's shown in the following:

Figure 1: System of the panel

For the calculation of the force, the area in which the distributed load will be 22x27 cm, then was
randomly determined a height obtaining the weight of the water that will support and multiplied
by the density of the water, was obtained the weight, however, for the analysis will be considered
a force and will increase until the balsa fails due to bending failure.
The length of the plate is 90 cm, so will be determined the width and amount of reinforcements
to be placed. If the panel will be subjected to a water load inside a 22x27 cm tank, then we can
determine that the minimum width of the panel will be 22 cm. However, due to the material limit,
a width of 20 cm will be considered and thus will obtain 10 cm for each balsa plate for the
preparation of reinforcements.
Then the model measures will be as follows:

Length 90 Cm
Breadth 20 Cm
Thickness 3 mm
Table 2: Dimensions Panel

To determine the dimensions and spacing of and between reinforcements, the following classifiers
were used: DNV, Lloyd’s and ABS, obtaining the following data:
For spacing between stiffeners:

Lloyd’s 6.20 cm
ABS 6.252 cm
Table 3: spacing between stiffeners due the Classifiers

𝐿
𝐿𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑑 ′ 𝑠: 𝑠(𝑚𝑚) = 470 + 𝐴𝐵𝑆: 𝑠(𝑚𝑚) = 2.08 ∗ 𝐿 + 438
0.6
The number of longitudinal reinforcements will be taken arbitrarily while the number of
transverse reinforcements will be determined taking into consideration the spacing of the sorters.
Here are two possible models:
Model 1

Model 2
In the model 1, a total of 3 longitudinal reinforcements spaced 5.04 cm and 19 transverse
reinforcements spaced 5.32 cm are present. In model 2 you can see 5 longitudinal reinforcements
spaced 3.72 cm and 11 transverse spaced 7.44 cm, the whole panel will be 2 mm thick and the
core will be 2 cm.
However, so that material 2 is not wasted or missing, model 2 will be carried out.

Analysis
For flexion analysis (Primary)
To determine the force that the panel will support and what effort it can fail, we use the Ansys
program.
The mechanical properties of the raft, geometry, panel dimensions and reinforcements are entered.
The force it will withstand will vary until it reaches or exceeds the creep effort.
Arbitrary analysis was carried out with a weight of 20 kg, this being the maximum load to bear.
For the analysis of plate-reinforcements (Secondary)
The Grillage.exe program was used, in which the main dimensions of the material and the
dimensions of the transverse and longitudinal reinforcements were entered.
The analysis of the stress and the bending moment will be carried out in both directions of each
of the elements of the arrangement.
The effective breadth of the girders and stiffeners was obtained:
Effective plate girders x Effective plate stiffners z
S 0,2 S 0,78
a (0,6*S) 0,12 Fixed a (0,6*S) 0,47 Fixed
b 0,78 b 0,372
r 11 #stiff r 5 #girder
a/b 0,15 a/b 1,26
C 30 % C 40 %
be 0,23 m be 0,15 m
Table 4: Effective breadth of the stiffeners and girders

According to the grillage that is entered into the program, have been obtained in each node the
stresses and moments according to the load entered. As shown below item 30 and 93 elements.
(annex E)
Element Nodes Mx (Nm) Mz (N m) SIGMA x (Nm2) SIGMA y
30 45-46 -4.15E-5 -1.00E-3 6.9E6 170

Element Nodes Mx (Nm) Mz (N m) SIGMA x (Nm2) SIGMA y

93 33-46 1.15E-4 -2.53E2 -1.38E6 -2.97E2
Table 5: Results of the Grillage.exe of the 30 and 93 elements

Can be observe that we expect the maximum stress to occur in x = 45cm and z = 10cm, a stress
of 6.95E5 N / m2 compared to the yielding stress of the balsa that is 2E7 N / m2 would mean that
it would not fail, in this analysis was considered a distributed force of 20 kg.
The deflection of this system occurs in
L/2 and B/2 as it is simply supported
and with a distributed load.

Were calculated the inertia, the area and the sectional module of the panel and compared with the
sectional module obtained from the combination of effort obtaining the following results:

Elements # b[m] h[m] d[m] A[m^2] A*d[m^3] A*d^2[m^4] Io

deck 1 0,2 0,003 0,02 0,0006 0,000012 0,00000024 4,5E-10
bottom 1 0,2 0,003 0,0015 0,0006 0,0000009 1,35E-09 4,5E-10
side 2 0,003 0,02 0,01 0,00012 0,0000012 0,000000012 4E-09
Longitudinals 5 0,003 0,02 0,025 0,0003 0,0000075 1,875E-07 4E-09
Suma 0,00162 0,0000216 4,4085E-07 8,9E-09

z 0,01333333 m Smbottom -1,56E-05 m^3

Isec 1,6175E-07 m^4 Stress 2,00E+07 (N/m2)
Smdeck 9,705E-06 m^3 Smbottom grill 1,97E-05 m^3
Table 6: Transversal Inertia and Sectional Modulus of the panel

The maximum sectional module that occurs at the bottom of the panel was compared with that
obtained in the grillage and it can be seen that they are approximately equal.
For the buckling analysis (Tertiary)
A segment of the panel that has the following measures will be
analyzed:

Figure 2: Segment of the panel

between the 72-73 and 59-60 nodes
By the Timoshenko method for recessed plates:

b/a w(0,0) Mx (a/2,0) Mx (0,b/2) Mx (0,0) My (0,0)

1 5,51E-08 -5,91E-02 -5,91E-02 0,00026628 0,00026628
Table 7: Deflection, moment Mx and My by buckling for the tertiary stress

Primary, secondary and tertiary stresses must be combined to obtain the equivalent stress:

𝜎𝑒 = √𝜎𝑥2 + 𝜎𝑦2 + 3𝜏𝑥𝑦

2 −𝜎 𝜎
𝑥 𝑦

σx [N/m2] 6.9E+06
σy [N/m2] 127.1
σe [N/m2] 6.9E6
σyield [N/m2] 2,00E+07
FS 2.05
Can be observe that the equivalent stress is less than the yielding stress with a safety factor of
2.05, for a load of 20 kg hoping that there is no bending failure.

Building
The materials for the building are:
Material Units
Balsa (90x30x0.3) cm 2
Glue (cola) 1
Stiletto 2
Rule 4

Dimensions of the reinforced panel:

Elements Dimensions [cm] Units
Longitudinal 2x0.3 5
Transversals 2x0.3 12
Sides 2x0.3 4
Plate deck and bottom 90x20x0.3 2

1. The cover and bottom of the panel were obtained from the plates initially provided.
2. The measures of the longitudinal reinforcements and the longitudinal reinforcements are
plotted from the excess. Take into account marking the center of each raft strip.
3. With the rest of the material, make subdivisions of 19.2 cm for transverse reinforcements
and 2 of 7 cm.
4. Draw the mesh on the bottom panel to locate the reinforcements.
5. Make small cuts in the longitudinal reinforcements with the distances that you will have
between transverse reinforcements, make the same cuts in the transverse reinforcements,
in order to tie both reinforcements.
6. Place the longitudinal reinforcements with the cut up to tie with the transverse ones, place
glue and keep them pressed for 10 min to adhere.
7. At the time of tying the reinforcements place glue, let it dry for about 5 min and place the
reinforcements.
8. Repeat #7 until you finish with all the transverse and longitudinal reinforcements.
The grillage will be developed is longitudinal, due would have 12 stiffeners and 5 girders and the
spacing between stiffeners is 7.44 cm and girders is 3.72 cm. (Annex A)

Design analysis
With the proposed dimensions, an effort is obtained below the creep stress of the raft of 2E7 N/m2
with a safety factor of 2.05 with a load of 20 kg. Through the Grillage analysis, was estimated a
stress of approximately 6.9E6 N/m2, hoping that the panel does not fail. With the design load was
obtained a deflection of 0.08 m. While in Ansys, at the same load a maximum equivalent stress
of 2 MPa and a deflection of 5 mm was obtained, the difference between both values is due to the
analysis method of each program since Grillage does not analyze the sides only the mesh.
To observe where the fault occurs, was analyzed by means of Ansys program and the force was
increased reaching 40 kg and achieving the failure by flexion, with a deformation of 3 cm. (Annex
D2)
For the construction of the panel, the ideal way to make the joints is to tie both reinforcements.
The weight that will be applied will be in the center of the panel and therefore the ones that will
suffer the most are the longitudinal reinforcements. As the lightening was carried out, it should
be placed upwards and during the moment of flexion it is more not easily broken by the tension
that will cause in the entire part of the reinforcements.
Another factor to consider in the calculations is that the material used is orthotropic, so Young's
modulus, Poisson's number, normal shear and main stresses will change in all directions. For the
analysis the material was considered as isotropic.

Conclusions
 The mechanical properties of the raft could be obtained, however, the results obtained by
the programs will not be as expected because the elasticity is not linear (orthotropic
material)
 It is expected that at a weight of 40 kg, the panel will fail by flexion.
 It can be concluded that the maximum deformation will occur in the center of the panel
and the highest equivalent stress concentration as well

References
1. Ship Structure II. FIMCM. José R. Marín L. 2019
2. http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/tesis/08/08_3198_C.pdf
3. Manual Técnico de formación de madera de uso estructural. TKNIKA.
4. Theory of Plates and Shells. Timoshenko. 1989
5. ABS 2019. RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING.
6. DNV. Effective breadth. 2016
7. Lloyds 2018. Marine Vessel Type. Hull structure.

Annex
Annex A:
 Dimensions of the plate. Distributions of nodes for the calculation of the grillage

 Length of the web of the

reinforcements and sides
  Plant view of the grillage and
dimensions between girders and
stiffeners

Annex B: Cuts of the reinforcements for to tie.

Annex C: Drying of the reinforcements and

plate

Annex D: Ansys analysis of the system

 Geometry Entry

1. With a force of 20 kg
 In the modulus Static Structural,
entry the material, the thickness,
and the boundary conditions
(simply supported. The force will
be entered as punctual, because
when the force is increased,
greater force will be exerted at
one point.
 The maximum deflection that
occurs in the center is -5 mm
approx.

 For normal stress it is observed

that the maximum occurs in the
center of the panel of 3.19 MPa
affecting the bottom of the girders
and sides

 For the equivalent stress 2.12

MPa, it is observed that it does
not exceed the yielding stress of
the balsa

2. With a force of the 40 kg

 The maximum deflection is 35

mm approx. in the center of
the plate.
  The maximum normal stress
with this force is the 19.34
MPa.

 The maximum equivalent

stress is 4.3 MPa

Annex E: analysis by Grillage.exe

Input data: plate thickness and reinforcement, dimensions, young module, Poisson’s number,
effective width of girders and stiffeners, pressure exerted on the grillage.
Results of each elements: force, moment in two directions x and z, moment x and z and stress in
each node.

Annex G: Group 4 “GM Const”

Figure 3: Group 4: Cleiner Marin (right) and Genesis Shett (left)

Figure 4: Load: 72 lt; simply supported