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Gray to Binary Code Converter Using Ti-Indiffused Lithium Niobate Based

Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

Chapter · September 2017

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3908-9_31

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 Citation: Harsh Kumar, Laxman Kumar, Vijay Janyani, Buryy Oleh, Ubizskii Serhij, Ghanshyam
Singh “Gray to Binary Code Converter Using Ti-indiffused Lithium Niobate Based Mach-Zehnder
Interferometer” Optronix-2016, Kolkata, Advances in Optical Science and Engineering,
Springer proceedings in Physics, 194, pp. 257-262, ISBN 987-981-10-3907-2, DOI 10.1007/978-981-
10-3908-9_31, © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017.

Gray to Binary Code Converter using Ti-indiffused Lithium Niobate

based Machzehnder Interferometer
Harsh Kumar1, Laxman Kumar1, Vijay Janyani1, Buryy Oleh2, Ubizskii Serhij2, Ghanshyam Singh1
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engg. Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
(India)
2
Inst. of Tele. Radioelectronics and Electronic Engg.,Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv (Ukraine)
E-mail (Corresponding author): 2015pwc5305@mnit.ac.in

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a 3-bit gray to binary code converter using Ti-indiffused Lithium Niobate based on Machzehnder
Interferometer (MZI) waveguiding structure. All optical XOR logic gate is the basic building block for this code converter.
At the output port, we get binary output in form of optical signal and also their complements which can be used in further
computations and reduce the required hardware. The proposed device offers high switching speed and tolerable losses. The
extinction ratio achieved is around 20 dB. The proposed combinational circuit can be useful in optical logic devices.

Keywords: Lithium Niobate, Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), XOR gate, extinction ratio, Optical logic devices.

1. Introduction

All optical logic circuits is an evolving topic of research in the field of optical communication and a large number of devices
have been proposed. Code converters are the essential circuits for secure optical digital communication. Binary to gray, gray
to binary, gray to BCD code converters are already simulated using different technologies. A 4-bit digital encoder using
semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) based MZI is simulated on Opti-system [1]. All optical gray to binary code
converteris purposed with the help of semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted Sagnac switch which needs pump laser [2].
The binary to gray to binary converter is designed using the principle of all optical switching by Kerr non-linear prism [3].
In this paper, electric gray to optical binary code converter using Ti-indiffused Lithium Niobate (Ti-LN) based Mach-Zehnder
Interferometer (MZI) is proposed. LN is used as substrate material because it shows very good electro-optic (EO), acousto-
optic (AO) and piezoelectric effects. In the EO-effect, the progressions in refractive index is incited by applying an electric
field while in the AO–effect, the change is brought on by interaction between acoustic and optical waves in the crystal.
Different dopants like magnesium oxide, titanium, etc. are utilized to form channel waveguides with LN [4]. The EO–
switches and modulators are fabricated with either Ti-indiffusion or annealed proton exchange process. The basic building
block of gray to binary code converter is XOR logic gate which can be designed by utilizing the MZI structure [5].

Working principle of MZI

MZI structure can be used to design an EO-switch, consisting two interferometric arms and the switching action takes place
based on the relative phase change between them [6,7]. The relative phase shift and the output power at port 1 & 2 can be
calculated as:

∆∅
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (1)
2

∆∅
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (2)
2
 𝜋
∆∅ = 𝑉 (3)
𝑉𝜋

Where, Vπ is the electrode voltage corresponding to phase difference, ∆∅ = 𝜋. When switching voltage V is zero switch
operates in cross state and when switching voltage is equal to Vπ i.e. 6.75 V, switch will work in bar state [5]. The
schematic diagram of MZI is shown in fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Schematic view of Mach–Zehnder Interferometer.

2. Concept of Gray to Binary Code Conversion

The 3-bit gray code can be converted into 3-bit binary code using the truth table given in Table 1. A two input and a
three input XOR logic gate is used in this conversion. Two input all optical XOR gate can be implemented by cascading
two MZI switches [5]. The gray code input is provided as the electrode voltage of MZI. The output binary is represented
in terms of gray code input as given below:

𝐵2 = 𝐺2 (4)
𝐵1 = 𝐺2 ⊕ 𝐺1 (5)
𝐵0 = 𝐺2 ⊕ 𝐺1 ⊕ 𝐺0 (6)

Table 1: Truth table for gray to binary conversion

Gray Code Binary code
G2 G1 G0 B2 B1 B0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1

3. Implementation of code converter

The electric gray to optical binary code converter is designed using Ti-indiffused LN waveguide. The layout of design is
shown in fig. 2 that consists of 6 MZI switches. It has 3 ports where optical source is connected and 6 output port in which
port 1, 4 & 5 corresponding to binary output B0, B1 & B2 and port 2, 3 & 6 give complementary binary output. Gray code
input is given as electrode voltage. Logic 1 of gray code input is equal to the switching voltage of MZI i.e. 6.75 V [6-7].
 Fig. 2: The layout of 3-bit gray to binary converter.

4. Result and Discussion

The layout is simulated using beam propagation method and all the combinations of truth table given in Table 1 are
verified as shown in fig. 3. Here the electrode voltages represent the gray code input with V=0 V for logic 0 and V= 6.75
V for logic 1.

Fig. 3: Simulation result waveforms.

The extinction ratio (ER) and insertion loss (IL) are calculated using the following relations
𝑃 𝑂𝐻
𝐸𝑅 = 10 log10 (7)
𝑃 𝑂𝐿

𝑃 𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝐿 = 10 log10 (8)
𝑃 𝑜𝑢𝑡
 where, POH& POL are the output power corresponding to the binary 1 and binary 0 respectively.The extinction ratio (ER)
and insertion loss (IL) are calculated at all output ports as given in Table 2.

Table 2: The extinction ratio at output ports

Output port 1 2 3 4 5 6
Extinction ratio 25.5 19.6 22 23.4 25.1 22
(dB)
Insertion loss 0.7 0.4 0.02 0.08 0.05 0.02
(dB)

5. Conclusion

In this paper, the structuring of an electric gray to optical binary code converter circuit is done utilizing the conventional
MZI structure based on Ti-LN waveguides. This device can further be used to obtain many other optical logic gates and
circuit operation. Gray code input is applied as electrode voltage and is converted into binary code output which is
obtained optical signal. The extinction ratio at all output ports is calculated and the minimum obtained is around 20dB.
The insertion loss is found to be 0.02 dB at port 3 & 6 and 0.7 dB at port 1. In future, device can be further optimized to
reduce the length of converter.

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to India–Ukraine inter-governmental science & technology cooperation programme between the
MNIT Jaipur (India) and the Lviv National Polytechnique Institute, Lviv (Ukraine) for technical support. Project
sanction no: INT/RUS/UKR/P-15/2015.

References

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gray-to-binary code conversion." Optics & Laser Technology 44.6 (2012): 1722-1728.
[3] Gayen, Dilip Kumar, et al. "All-optical binary to Gray code and Gray to binary code conversion scheme with the help of
semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted Sagnac switch." IET circuits, devices & systems 5.2 (2011): 123-131.
[4] Birnie III, D. P. "Analysis of diffusion in lithium niobate." Journal of materials science 28.2 (1993): 302-315.
[5] Kumar, Ajay, Santosh Kumar, and Sanjeev Kumar Raghuwanshi. "Implementation of XOR/XNOR and AND logic gates by
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