Title: Reflection on plane mirrors.

Objective: To investigate the reflection of images of a plane mirror.

INTRODUCTION

A plane mirror is simply a mirror with a flat surface; all of us use plane mirrors every day, so
we've got plenty of experience with them. Images produced by plane mirrors have a number of
properties, including:

1. The image produced is upright.

2. The image is the same size as the object (i.e., the magnification is m = 1).
3. The image is the same distance from the mirror as the object appears to be (i.e., the
image distance = the object distance).
4. The image is a virtual image, as opposed to a real image, because the light rays do not
actually pass through the image. This also implies that an image could not be focused
on a screen placed at the location where the image is.

Procedure

1. Place two mirrors one in front of the other in a parallel form.

2. Place an object between the two parallel mirrors.
3. Explain what you can see.

4. Retire the object and place another object that shows differences between their front and
rear between two parallel mirrors.
5. Explain what occurs.
6. Set up two plane mirrors touching at one edge (see figure 1) and vary the angle between
them, and put your results in the data table.

Figure 1

Data table1

Angle
between the Number of
mirrors images

Questions

1. What happened when you increase the angle?

2. What is the relationship between the number of images formed and the angle between the
mirrors?
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Laboratory Practice No. 25

Teacher: Emma K. Encarnación E. Course: Physics Laboratory

Grade: 12th Duration: 1hr a week
Date:
Name Class Group

Title: Image Formation by Lenses.

Objective: To applied the rules of refraction for converging lenses.

INTRODUCTION

A lens is a carefully ground or molded piece of transparent material which refracts light rays in
such as way as to form an image. Lenses serve to refract light at each boundary. As a ray of
light enters a lens, it is refracted; and as the same ray of light exits the lens, it is refracted
again. The net effect of the refraction of light at these two boundaries is that the light ray has
changed directions. Because of the special geometric shape of a lens, the light rays are
refracted such that they form images.

Lenses have curved surfaces, or a very large number of flat surfaces located at slightly
different angles.
Converging lenses (positive lenses) are thicker at the centre than at the edges.
Diverging lenses (negative lenses) are thicker at the edges than at the centre.

Figure 1

The optical centre of the lens is located at its geometric centre.

The principal axis is a construction line drawn perpendicular to the lens, through the optical
centre.
Rays parallel to the principal axis will converge when passing through a converging lens, and
diverge when passing through a diverging lens.

The principal focus (F) is a point on the principal axis where light comes to a focus (for a
converging lens) or appears to be diverging from (for a diverging lens). Two focus exist,
equidistant on either side of the lens, since light behaves the same way when travelling in
either direction (Principle of Reversibility). The two focus, F and F' are called the primary
principal focus and the secondary principal focus, respectively. F, sometimes also referred
to as the primary focal point, is shown on the right side of a converging lens, and on the left
side of a diverging lens, while F', the secondary focal point is shown on the opposite side of
each respective lens.)

Refraction Rules for a Converging Lens

1. Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a converging lens will refract
through the lens and travel through the focal point on the opposite side of the lens.
2. Any incident ray traveling through the focal point on the way to the lens will refract
through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
3. An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will in affect continue in the
same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

Refraction Rules for a Diverging Lens

1. Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a diverging lens will refract
through the lens and travel in line with the focal point (i.e., in a direction such that its
extension will pass through the focal point).
2. Any incident ray traveling towards the focal point on the way to the lens will refract
through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
3. An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will in affect continue in the
same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

These three rules of refraction for converging and diverging lenses will be applied through the
remainder of this lesson. The rules merely describe the behavior of three specific incident rays.
While there are a multitude of light rays being captured and refracted by a lens, only two rays
are needed in order to determine the image location.

Figure 2
Procedure
1. Draw a system just like figure 2. Place the object before the distance 2F.
2. Select the 2 first rules of refraction for a converging lens and apply them to the construction
of ray diagrams and the determination of the image location and characteristics.
3. Explain what occurs to the image.

4. Place the object just in the distance 2F.

5. Apply the rules 1 and 3.
6. Explain what occurs to the image.

7. Place the object between the 2F and F distance.

8. Apply the rules 2 and 3.
9. Explain what occurs to the image.

Questions

1. What occurs to the images depending of the position that you place it?

2. What is the classification of lens?

 Colegio Bilingüe New Horizons
Our Strongest Conviction is Academic Excellence
Accredited by New England Association of Schools and Colleges

Laboratory Practice No. 26

Teacher: Emma K. Encarnación E. Course: Physics Laboratory

Grade: 12th Duration: 1hr a week
Date:
Name Class Group

Title: Image Formation by Lenses II.

Objective: To applied the rules of refraction for diverging lenses.

INTRODUCTION

A lens is a carefully ground or molded piece of transparent material which refracts light rays in
such as way as to form an image. Lenses serve to refract light at each boundary. As a ray of
light enters a lens, it is refracted; and as the same ray of light exits the lens, it is refracted
again. The net effect of the refraction of light at these two boundaries is that the light ray has
changed directions. Because of the special geometric shape of a lens, the light rays are
refracted such that they form images.

Lenses have curved surfaces, or a very large number of flat surfaces located at slightly
different angles.
Converging lenses (positive lenses) are thicker at the centre than at the edges.
Diverging lenses (negative lenses) are thicker at the edges than at the centre.

Figure 1

The optical centre of the lens is located at its geometric centre.

The principal axis is a construction line drawn perpendicular to the lens, through the optical
centre.
Rays parallel to the principal axis will converge when passing through a converging lens, and
diverge when passing through a diverging lens.

The principal focus (F) is a point on the principal axis where light comes to a focus (for a
converging lens) or appears to be diverging from (for a diverging lens). Two focus exist,
equidistant on either side of the lens, since light behaves the same way when travelling in
either direction (Principle of Reversibility). The two focus, F and F' are called the primary
principal focus and the secondary principal focus, respectively. F, sometimes also referred
to as the primary focal point, is shown on the right side of a converging lens, and on the left
side of a diverging lens, while F', the secondary focal point is shown on the opposite side of
each respective lens.).

Refraction Rules for a Diverging Lens

1. Any incident ray traveling parallel to the principal axis of a diverging lens will refract
through the lens and travel in line with the focal point (i.e., in a direction such that its
extension will pass through the focal point).
2. Any incident ray traveling towards the focal point on the way to the lens will refract
through the lens and travel parallel to the principal axis.
3. An incident ray which passes through the center of the lens will in affect continue in the
same direction that it had when it entered the lens.

Remember that only two rays are needed in order to determine the image location. The image
point of the top of the object is the point where the two refracted rays intersect. Since the two
refracted rays are diverging, they must be extended behind the lens in order to intersect. Using
a straight edge, extend each of the rays using dashed lines (see figure 2). Draw the extensions
until they intersect. All two extensions should intersect at the same location. The point of
intersection is the image point of the top of the object.

Whatever the position of the object in front of the lens is always virtual image, right and lower
image is formed.

Figure 2
 Figure 3

Procedure

1. Draw a system just like figure 3. Place the object before the distance 2F.
2. Select the 2 first rules of refraction for a diverging lens and apply them to the construction
of ray diagrams and the determination of the image location and characteristics.
3. Explain what occurs to the image.

4. Place the object just in the distance 2F.

5. Apply the rules 1 and 3.
6. Explain what occurs to the image.

7. Place the object between the 2F and F distance.

8. Apply the rules 2 and 3.
9. Explain what occurs to the image.

Questions

1. What occurs to the images depending of the position that you place it?

2. What is the difference between the image formed by converging and diverging lens?