Essay Question (Problem solving and decision making)

F5 Chapter 1 Wave

Suggest modification to built big hall so it is suitable for the assembly

Built a dome shaped or circular roof Improve the acoustic effect of sound/ accommodate more student

Increase the number of door. Reduce effect of reflection

Built wall from sound-proof material To avoid disturbance from outside

Inner wall made from soft material/use
cushion chair/curtain 窗帘
Placed loudspeaker away to each other
Increase the number of light
To avoid reflection of sound.
To produce more constructive interference region
To get sufficient amount of light.

Suggest relevant steps to be taken to build a safe port for fishermen. OR

Suggestion to built beach resort
Built the port at the gulf or Bay The water wave is calmer
The sea wave will undergoes diffraction and the amplitude
Built a wall that has a narrow gap in the sea
will be reduced
Built the wall using concrete Not easily to collapse
Make small hole at the wall To absorb the wave energy.
Built stronger wall To reflect the sea wave
Built higher wall The sea wave cannot pass through over the wall
So that the wavelength can be reduce when the sea wave hit
The wall must be slanting (斜)se lan ting
the wall

Characteristics of waves which are use to determine the depth of the sea.
High frequency sound wave Higher energy and enable the wave to travel further

Higher amplitude High energy and enable the wave to send to further places
Higher percentage of energy reflected from
So the reflected signal can be detected easily
seabed
So that the wave can be easily reflected and
Rate of sound absorption 吸收 by the
detected by the hydrophone.
water is low
(a microphone that detects sound waves under water.)

Characteristics of wave use to detect a school of fish

Longitudinal wave. Sonar sound is longitudinal wave

Higher frequency Has higher energy

Higher speed Can travel faster in the sea

Higher penetrating power Can penetrate through medium easily

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2. Electricity
Suggestions of material used to build heating element.
Lower density Light weight
Higher melting point Not easy to melt at high temperature
Low rate of oxidation Can be used for longer time.

Lower surface area. Resistance will be higher and produced more heat.

Used longer wire Higher resistance and can produced more heat
Higher resistance Produce more heat energy

Design of pylon 铁塔 (pie long) for transmission o f electricity.

Use step up transformer to increase the voltage before
Current will be smaller and less loss of energy
transmission process
Use low resistance wire Less loss of energy to overcome the resistance

Use low density wire Lighter. Easy to hung on pylon.

Higher pylon For safety purpose. Not reach by others

Tougher material to build pylon. Steel alloy Not easy to collapse

U shape steel alloy Not too heavy

Large diameter cable Less resistance

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 Suggestion to light up a room.
Use fluorescent lamp (floor rest seng) Consume less energy
Use more efficient fluorescent lamp. Brighter and prevent wastage of energy.
Use fuse 保险丝 (feel ci) To prevent overheating of lamp.
Two or more fluorescent lamp is connected in parallel If one lamp blows out, the other can still function.

Specifications of lamp that is suitable to use as a reading lamp.

Low power rating Consume less electrical energy
Low cost Save money//cheaper
High efficiency Produced higher output power // less energy wasted
Long lifetime Last longer

Characteristic of connecting wire

Resistance of wire is low
Melting point is higher
Density of wire is low
Rate of rusting is low
Lower rate of expansion
To prevent power loss due to heat
Prevent wire from melting at high temperature
So it is light weight and reduce the mass
Prevent the wire from rusting and can be use for longer time
To prevent lengthening o f wire

Suitable design for wiring a cabin. 小屋

The electric appliances are
connected in parallel
Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse
box // Use miniature 微型 mini cua )
circuit breakers
Earth connection to the metal case of
electrical appliances
Use low power lamps / install
fluorescent lamp
Use thicker wire
Use insulated wire
Place the power point at higher
place
Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and off independently
To stop the flow o f current by melting when a high voltage of electric
current flows through the circuit // switches itself off very quickly if
the current exceeds
Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault occurs and a current
flows through the live wire and the earth wire, the fuse in the live wire will
blow and cut off the supply. It will protect a person who may to uch a
fa ulty o r live appliance
To save the energy
Reduce resistance
To avoid short circuit
To avoid being touch by the children

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 Modification to the circuit to improve safety, produce the lamps light up with normal
brightness and increases the efficiency o f electrical energy consuming
Attach one fuse to the live wire in the
To break o ff the circuit when large current flow and produce fire
consumer unit

Use an insulated wire To prevent short circuit

Use thicker wire To reduce resistance and improve efficiency.

Attach switch for each lamp To allow each lamp to be switched on and off independently

Connect the metal fitting lamp to the

To flow electron (extra) to earth and avoid electric shock.
earth wire

Using only 240 V light bulb To ensure the bulbs light up with normal brightness

Connect the bulbs in parallel Each bulbs will receive same voltage

Suitable characteristics of metal to make a water heater

Smaller surface area/diameter The resistance will be higher

High melting point Not easy to melt

Low specific heat capacity The temperature rise faster

Long coiled 盘绕(koi) metal To increase the resistance.

*Remember that substances with high specific heat capacities take a lot of heat energy and therefore a long time to
heat up and also a long time to cool down.

Characteristics of metal use as a heater. In electrical kettle. 水壶 cat ter

High resistance Higher resistance make the heating better
High melting point Not easily melt in high temperature
Low rusting effect Not easily to rust n safe for consumer
Low specific heat capacity Easily to become hot

Suggest modifications that can be made to the electric kettle so that it can boil water faster
and has better safety
Less resistance and produce small amount of heat. I f
Diameter of connecting wire is bigger
large current flow the wire will no be overheated
Length o f connecting wire is shorter Less resistance
Can produced high amount o f heat energy with
Heating element must have high resistivity
smaller current

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 The kettle is made from good heat insulator Less heat loss to surrounding. Water will boil faster
Use suitable fuse. I f the current flow is 8.3A. Use 13A If higher current flow the fuse will melt and kettle will
fuse cartridge no be damaged

3. ELECTROMAGNETISM

Modification to enable moving coil microphone to detect sound effectively and generate bigger current.

Use thin diaphragm 麦克风振膜 Easy to vibrate.

Use stronger material to built diaphragm Not easy to break.

Use more number of turns of coil Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux.

User thicker wire To reduce the resistance of wire.

Use powerful magnet to has stronger magnetic field To increase the rate of change of magnetic flux.

Suggestion to make a hand phone charger

Use step down transformer Able to reduce voltage from 240V to 9V
Use a diode Change ac to dc
Use capacitor Able to smooth the output current.

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 Suggest modification so that the galvanometer 电流计 can increase its sensitivity.
Increase the force between current carrying conductor and the
Increase the strength of the magnetic field
magnetic field.

Using lower stiffness of hairspring Smaller opposing force to stop the turning of the coil

Lighter mass of coil Smaller inertia, able to move easily.

Increase the area of the coil More change to the magnetic flux, a bigger force is produced.

galvanometer -an instrument for detecting and measuring small electric currents.

Design of a moving coil ammeter that can function better

Use stronger magnet Stronger magnetic field/ large rotation
Use curve magnet Produce radial magnetic field
Use cylindrical core To supply uniform magnetic field strength
Use soft iron core To concentrate the magnetic field
Use linear scale The angle of rotation is linear and more accurate

Design of the ac generator so that the efficiency of the generator is higher.

Use soft iron core To concentrate the magnetic flux

Increase no of turns of coil To increase the rate of magnetic fluxs cutting

Use bigger/thicker wire To reduce resistance of the wire

Use curve permanent magnet So rate of the rotation and magnetic fluxs cutting is constant

Use powerful permanent magnet To increase the rate of magnetic fluxs change

Suggest modification to ac generator to that can produce bigger dc current.

Increase the number of turn of coil Increase the rate of cutting the magnetic field
Use stronger magnet Increase the strength of the magnetic flux
Use curve magnet To provide radial magnetic field

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 Diameter of wire of coil is greater Thicker wire has lower resistance. Higher current can flow.
Use copper wire Lower resistance. More current flow.

Suitable characteristics of electric bell that can produces a louder sound

Use bigger hammer So that the surface area contact is bigger/produce more impulsive force
Distance between the hammer and
The force applied to the gong is larger
the gong is larger
Number of turns of the coil is
The strength of the magnetism is higher
larger
High curvature of the gong The area of air molecule vibrate is greater.

Modification to be done to enable the electric bell to ring louder

Increase the number of turns of wire
Increase the magnitude of
current/ the number of cells
Used u-shape soft iron core
Use bigger diameter of the gong
Produced greater magnetic field to produce greater force.
To increase the resultant of the magnetic field
Produced stronger magnetic field
Will vibrate more air molecules

Use bigger hammer Produces greater impulsive force.

Advantage of the National Grid Network

Cost of generation of electricity is reduced
Electricity supply is more reliable 可靠(lilaibe)with
less interruption.
The generation of electricity at each station can
be controlled and regulated 监管 (ray gui lei te)
Because high voltage reduces the current flow. Reduces
power loss in the cable.
Because repair and maintenance work can be carried at
any power station and at any time.
At peak hours more generators can be switched on.

Power station can be located outside the city limits. So that air an environmental pollution can be reduced.

Suitable characteristics of materials to be used as a model of power transmission.

Use 12V ac power supply
Use laminated soft iron core
Use step-up transformer Np= 1200,
Ns=2400 and step-down transformer
with Np=480 and Ns= 120
Use copper wire
Can be change the voltage with transformer
Produced stronger magnet// easy to magnetize and to demagnetized
To increase and to decrease the voltage due to the demand/need.
Lower resistance.

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 Suitable characteristics of cables use as a transmission cable.
Low resistivity To reduce heat loss in the cables
Low density The cables will be lighter

Low cost Cost of project will be lower

Low rate of thermal expansion The cables will not expand under hot weather

Modification of the loudspeaker to produce louder sound.

To increase the magnetic field strength/ current
Increase the number of turns of coil
produced
Use larger diameter of wire Reduce resistance in the coil

Cone made from lighter material Easy to vibrate

Use stronger magnet Cone will vibrate stronger and produced more emf.

Bigger diaphragm (dia e fram) Will vibrate more air to produce louder

Cone made from tougher material Not easy to break.

Characteristics of cable to be used in the National Grid Network.

Larger diameter To reduce the resistance of wire
Lower density The cable will be lighter and can be supported securely
The rate of expansion is low So there is less expansion and less sagging in the cable during hot day.
Higher melting point Cable does not melting in high temperature.

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 Suitable characteristics of the hand phone charger.
Connect the output with a diode
Connect capacitor
Use the primary
turns and secondary turns with the ratio 2:1
Use soft iron core
Use laminated iron core
Wound the secondary coil the primary coil or
placed very closed to the primary coil(along the same
core)
Use wire with low resistance
Use full wave rectification circuit
To change a.c. current to d.c. current
Smoothen the a.c. current
Reduce the current to become 12V
Can me magnetized n demagnetized easily and
reduce the energy lost
Increase the resistance to the flow of eddy current
Prevent leakage of magnetic flux
Reduce energy lost
To reduce loss of energy

Modification of transformer to become a step-down transformer with 12V dc output.

Connect the output with a diode To change a.c. current to d.c. current

Connect capacitor Smoothen the a.c. current

Use the primary turns and secondary turns with the

Reduce the current to become 12V
ratio 2:1
Can me magnetized n demagnetized easily and
Use soft iron core
reduce the energy lost

Use laminated iron core Increase the resistance to the flow of eddy current

Wound the secondary coil the primary coil or placed

Prevent leakage of magnetic flux
very closed to the primary coil (along the same core)

Use wire with low resistance Reduce energy lost

Problem Involving electricity Transmission

Cost of cable.
Loss of power by the
cables
Charge leakage between
the cables and the earth
 Aluminium cables are used because the density is lower (the cables become
lighter), have low resistance and cheaper.
 By using thicker aluminium cables, resistance can be reduced
 By using a high voltage transmission, the current in the cables is reduced and
the power dissipated by the cables is reduced.
 To prevent charge leakage, the aluminium cables are supported by high metal
tower/pylons.
 The metal support of the tower is earthed so that it is safe for the worker or
public.

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 Suggestions to design a moving coil loudspeaker that can produce louder sound.
Use radial shape of magnet The magnetic field strength is uniform.
Coil is built surrounding the magnet//Attached to the To increase the effectiveness of the
magnet counter react between the magnetic field.
Used lighter material to built diaphragm Can easily vibrate.
Use ac power Audio signal varies with the current.
Box made from wood/steel Loudspeaker is stronger.

Way to build industrial lifting electromagnets.

Large number of turns of coil Increase the electromagnetic strength
Use soft iron core Can be magnetized and demagnetized easily
Insulated copper wire Prevent short circuit
Use higher voltage/current To produce a strong magnetic field
Use thicker wire To reduce the resistance of the coil

Design a circuit that can be used to switch on 12V dc radio

Use step-down transformer Capable to reducing potential difference/voltage
The ratio of no of turn of primary coil to secondary
Can reduce 240V to 12V
coil must be 20:1
Using four diodes Full wave rectification
To smooth out output current//produce output of
Using capacitor
steady dc

Suggest modification to the dc motor to increase the efficiency of the motor.

Increase the strength of the magnet To increase the magnetic field strength.

Increase the number of turns of coil To increase the magnitude of force

To increase the magnitude of force/ increase the
Increase the magnitude of current
strength of the magnetic field.

Characteristics of dc motor that can be used to lift heavy object.

Lower density material Coil has smaller mass/lighter
Larger force acting on the coil. Higher
Higher number of turns of coil
electromagnetic field strength
Stronger magnet Large force acting on the coil
More number of segment in the commutator 换向器 Coil rotate smoothly

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4. ELECTRONIC

Characteristics of circuit with transistor which is used for fire alarm system.
Negative terminal of cell is connected to the
- So that forward biased occurs
emitter/Positive terminal of cell is connected to the
- Current can flows through the transistor
collector of transistor.
- So that when there is a rise in temperature,
Heat Dependent Resistor (HDR) is placed on top
voltage across X will be higher.
while resistor R is placed at the bottom.
- Base current will flow.
- To limit the amount of current that passes
Resistor Y is placed at the base of transistor. through the transistor./ To protect the transistor
from any damage.
Connects extra components such as siren/bell and
- So that sound or signal is produced during fire.
light.
Use AC current in the outer circuit to - The larger is the AC current, the louder the is the
switch on the siren. siren.

Draws the fire alarm system with electromagnetic relay at the outer circuit and uses AC current to switch on the siren

Find LDR video and HDR video

5. RADIOACTIVITY
Characteristics of radioisotope to be used to inject into the blood of a patient to detect the
location of a brain tumor
Shorter half life Can be active in the body for shorter period.

Lower ionizing power Causes minimum damage to the tissues in the body
Can penetrate through the body and detected by the
Emit gamma ray
GM tube

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 Characteristics of radioisotope to be use to detect the level of juice in a bottle
Longer half life Can be used for longer time
Beta ray Can be absorbed and medium penetrating power
Solid Easy to handle
Ionizing power is low. Not ionize the juice. Safe to drink.

Characteristic of radioisotope to detect the thickness of paper in a paper industry.

Solid Easy to handle

Emit beta ray Medium penetration/ can be absorbed.

Longer half life Can be used for longer time.

Medium penetrating power Less dangerous

Characteristic of radioactive use to detect the water pipe leakage.

Emit gamma Penetrating power is high and can penetrate through pipe and soil.
Shorter half life. Active in water supply for shorter time.
Liquid Can be dissolved in water easily.

Characteristic of radioisotope use to detect problem organ/blood circulation

Shorter half life Active in the body for shorter time
Lower ionizing power Minimize the damage to the organ.
Gamma ray Higher penetrating power/can be detected.
Liquid Can be dissolved easily

Characteristic of radioisotope use to kill cancerous cell. (radiotherapy)

Long half life Can be used for longer time

Lower ionizing power Minimize the damage to the organ.

Gamma ray Higher penetrating power/can be detected.

Solid Can be handle easily

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 Explain the suitability of radioactive source to be use to kill cancer cell
Can produced gamma ray Higher penetrating power
Longer half-life Can be used for longer time
Solid Easy to handle
Lower ionizing power Do not cause cell mutation

Suggest how the radioactive material and the detector should be chosen to be use in the
study of the intake of fertilizer.
Shorter half life — a few days. This allow time for the fertilizer to be absorbed
Use GM tube to detect the radiation The location of the fertilizer can be detected and analyzed.

Characteristics of radioisotopes that are suitable for use in controlling the population of pest

Use solid radioisotope Easy to handle.

Can emit gamma ray Has higher penetrating power.

Has longer half-life Last longer

Characteristics of paper thickness control device using radioactive

Half life of radioactive
substance is long.
Radioactive substances that
release Beta particles
Solid Radioactive substances
Use GM tube
GM tube is placed opposite of the
radioactive source.
Papers are placed at the centre of GM
tube and radioactive source.
- So that it can be used for a long time./ Does not have to be changed
often.
- Moderate penetrating force.
- Easy to handle and manage.
- Can detect Beta particles.
- So that the intensity of Beta particles can be
detected.
- So that the Beta particles can penetrate the papers and detected by
GM tube.

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Suggestion and explanation how to detect the presence of blockages in the blood vessel using
radioisotope as a tracer

Use a small amount of Natrium-

Can emit y, and can penetrate through the patient's body
24//Thalium- 201//Technetium-99

Has short half-life ( a few days) Not pose any serious health risk due to overexpose to the radiation

Use GM tube as a detector Can detect y ray.

The radioisotope is injected to the

Can flow to the entire body of the patient.
blood vessel

Identify the region that is not receiving enough blood.

Radiation from the radioisotope is
-Higher reading means blockages.
detected with GM tube
-Lower reading mean the region is receiving not enough blood.

Suitable characteristics of radioactive radiation and detector used to detect the underground
water supply leakage
The radioactive source emit beta
Can penetrate the soil and emerge from the ground
particles
After the period of two days the activity of the source is weak enough and
Shorter/sufficiently long half life
not dangerous
Very sensitive, can detect beta particle and easy to carry from one place
Use GM tube as a detector
to another

Use a rate meter Can give the count rate directly

Suggestions to modify your school lab with well equip which can be used to do the research
work for radioactive source safely

Use thick lead box as a radioactive source container Radioactive rays cannot pass through

Radioactive waste is packed into stainless steel Prevent the radioactive waste discharged to the
/concrete drum and buried underground environment

Use forceps/robotic hand Avoid direct touching

Use siren Faster warning when leakage

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