Communicating Evidence To Policy Makers

Guidelines & toolkits
National Information
Platforms for Nutrition
Practical considerations for communicating

evidence to policy makers: identifying best
practices for conveying research findings
Kat Pittore, Jessica Meeker and Tom Barker
Institute of Development Studies

ABOUT THE NIPN INITIATIVE
National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN) is an initiative of the European Commission
supported by the United Kingdom Department for International Development and the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation. The initiative aims to strengthen national capacity to manage and analyse
information and data from all sectors which have an influence on nutrition and to disseminate and
use information so as to better inform the strategic decisions countries are faced with to prevent
undernutrition and its consequences. A Global Support Facility has been set up by the European
Commission to coordinate the NIPN initiative, managed by the Agrinatura alliance and hosted by
Agropolis International.
DISCLAIMER
This publication has been commissioned by the Global Support Facility for the National Information
Platforms for Nutrition initiative. The findings, interpretations, conclusions, advice and
recommendations expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
views of the organizations that host, manage or fund the Global Support Facility.
AUTHORS

Institute of Development Studies, Library Road, Brighton, BN1 9RE, United Kingdom
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
Copyright © 2017 by the Global Support Facility for the National Information Platforms for Nutrition
initiative. Agropolis International, 1000 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
Cover page illustration: © moryachok/Schutterstock
This report may be freely reproduced, in whole or in part, provided the original source is properly
cited and acknowledged.
RECOMMENDED CITATION
Pittore K, Meeker J, Barker T. Practical considerations for communicating evidence to policy

makers: identifying best practices for conveying research findings. Montpellier, France: Agropolis
International, Global Support Facility for the National Information Platforms for Nutrition initiative.
2017.
PUBLICATION DATE
May 2017
The first section of this document is a summary that can be printed separately.
The full report can be downloaded here:
http://www.nipn-nutrition-platforms.org/IMG/pdf/communicating-evidence-to-policy-makers.pdf
Practical considerations for communicating evidence to
policy makers: Identifying best practices for conveying
research findings to policy makers
Kat Pittore, Jessica Meeker, Tom Barker

Institute of Development Studies
May 2017
Summary and key recommendations
An important part of the work of National Information Platforms for Nutrition (NIPN) is to
produce evidence-based analysis to inform national policy makers and programme planners and
to support their decisions. This review provides an overview of the factors beyond simply
producing high quality analysis that could influence the likelihood that such evidence is used in
designing and implementing policies and programmes. Based on a review of the literature, on
interviews with key informants, and on the analysis of a range of information products in the
field of nutrition, it identifies the best practices to apply when producing any materials, in
order to ensure that outputs are seen, understood by, and hopefully acted upon, by their
intended audience. The key recommendations, intended for those who are looking to develop
effective materials to influence policy making, are summarized below.
 Policy makers are busy, so evidence needs to be presented as clearly and effectively as
possible.
What stage of the policy process are you trying to influence?
One of the key barriers for policy makers to consider research in their decision making is that
research outputs are not aligned with the policy-making process.
You need to identify the point in the policy process that you are trying to influence and consider the
specific timeline during which key decisions will be made. As policy makers often have many
competing priorities, make sure the purpose of your policy brief is clear and that it addresses a
specific issue that they are currently facing. This requires regular engagement with policy makers to
find out about the decisions they are making and their timelines, and then producing analysis to
meet their needs.
 What decision am I trying to influence? When will decisions be made? When is evidence
most likely to be used in this process?
i
Now you know what policy decision you are trying to influence and the timeline for action,
can you clearly define the problem you are trying to address and identify who you are trying
to influence?
Being clear about the problem your analysis is addressing and knowing its intended audience saves
the reader precious time. Policy makers need to quickly understand the challenge or problem.
Framing problems in terms of practical considerations, such as the costs of action or inaction, can
be effective.
 Think about how you are describing the problem – can you summarise what the problem
is in two sentences? What are the costs of inaction? What are the consequences of
action?
Different people will have different data needs. Are you trying to reach a generalist working at the
national level? Or someone with specialist technical knowledge who will want more detail? Will this
person be interested in sub-national data, for example, about their region or constituency? Make
sure the evidence you include speaks to the interests of your audience.
Now that you have identified the specific policy need, the main audience, and clarified the
problem, how will you capture people’s attention?
■ Develop “sticky” messages

One of the best ways to do this is through information that is new, unexpected, surprising or
different. This will engage the reader and make the message something that is more likely to be
shared.
■ Telling stories
Remember that public policies are ultimately about bringing positive change to people’s lives, so
stories are a good way to connect with policy makers. Can you include a story that shows the human
side of the data or evidence included in the analysis? Is there a way to demonstrate how people’s
lives will be positively affected by a suggested policy?
■ Assembling the evidence jigsaw

A single study or piece of evidence is unlikely to have a policy impact. However, researchers can
play an important role bringing together various pieces of evidence in support of a particular policy.
You have managed to catch the attention of a busy policy maker, but what they really want
to know is what can be done about this problem. Have you presented clear, actionable
recommendations?
Policy makers are often overwhelmed by large amounts of data and information. You must be able
to take the complex and nuanced findings of your research and turn them into clear, actionable
recommendations that are concise and memorable. If the recommendations are too complex, they
will often be over-simplified.
ii
Are the methods clear?
Providing a (short) list of sources of information and publications that were drawn upon in the
analysis can be helpful. However, giving a detailed description of the methods is neither helpful nor
necessary. As one study found: “researchers are preoccupied with controlling for bias, but the
[policy makers] aren’t interested in the details, they just want to know what works”. You need to
be clear about where your data is from, but you do not need to explain the methods in detail.
 Is the policy brief clear about where the evidence was drawn from? Is it from a single
study or a synthesis of studies?
Have you established your credibility?
Policy makers pay attention to who produces a policy brief. Establishing the credibility of your
organisation over a long period is much more important than a specific piece of research.
Design and presentation are important, and influence credibility
Policy briefs need to be clearly written, easy to follow and attractively designed. Dense,
disorganised text which is hard to follow will not be read. Good design is important, so make use of
headings, subheadings and lists to guide readers to the key points and make the information easy to
find and read. Creating an attractive design is also important for building credibility.
■ Keep it short, with key messages highlighted

Policy briefs should be no more than 1500 words and some argue that all your key points should be
on the first page. For some types of complex information, in might be necessary to disseminate a
longer, more technical report. However, this should be provided with a 1 page document with the
key messages followed by a summary or policy brief, and finally the full report. This offers readers
multiple formats, depending on their time, interest and expertise.
■ Avoid jargon; use plain language

Can your brief can be easily understood by an educated person without a technical background in
the subject?
■ Avoid too much detail

Statistics such as P-values or unnecessary figures are best left out of a policy brief as they can cause
confusion and detract from your overall message. One researcher who was sharing findings with
policy makers recounted that “during the meeting, I had one of the policy makers next to me ask,
what does “n” stand for?”
■ Design simple messages which are unlikely to be over-simplified

If you include lots of warnings in your messages, these are often likely to be overlooked. Writing a
message like “this will require a three part strategy…” reduces the likelihood that messages are
oversimplified rather than adding caveats at the end.
■ Is it in the correct language for the target audience?

In some contexts, people’s knowledge of English, especially at the sub-national level, will be
limited. Make sure that documents are accessible to the audience you are trying to reach, so are
translated correctly.
iii
■ Would your message be clear in an image?
Quickly, what is the graph showing?
How will you get your findings into the hands of policy makers?
A plan for communicating research is needed and should begin at the start of a project, rather than
waiting until the end to share findings.
 Have you developed a plan for engaging with policy makers throughout the research
process? What methods will you use?
Have you chosen the correct messenger?
Who is best placed to share your findings? Is there a specific organisation whose opinion is valued or
has the ear of the government? Sometimes it is more effective to find a supportive policy maker in
government who can also promote evidence from within. Can you work with them to share the
findings of analysis? Also, remember that policy products represent a type of participation and
power. It is important that the role of the person or organisation producing the brief is accurately
represented.
National Information Platforms for Nutrition is an initiative of the

European Commission’s Directorate General for Cooperation and
Development, also supported by the United Kingdom Department for
International Development and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
www.nipn-nutrition-platforms.org
iv
Contents
Introduction............................................................................................. 2
Evidence into policy: what are the key ingredients? ........................................... 4
Context.............................................................................................................. 5
Framing .............................................................................................................5
Policy makers’ demands for evidence ........................................................................6
Audience context specificity ...................................................................................7
Country context specificity: understanding the political economy ......................................7
Timing ..............................................................................................................9
Links ................................................................................................................ 10
Links between researchers and policy makers ............................................................ 10

Finding and using the correct messenger................................................................... 10
The role of knowledge brokers ............................................................................... 11
Research communication needs to be built into the project and to use multiple channels ...... 11
Evidence ........................................................................................................... 12
Credibility ........................................................................................................ 12
Local, national, global ......................................................................................... 12
Keep it simple but not simplistic ............................................................................ 12
Develop “sticky” messages.................................................................................... 13
Good examples .................................................................................................. 13
Assembling the evidence ..................................................................................... 13
Visually engaging ............................................................................................... 14
Having actionable recommendations ........................................................................ 15
Conclusion.............................................................................................. 16
References ............................................................................................. 17
Appendix A: Methods ................................................................................ 19
Literature review ............................................................................................... 19
Interviews with key stakeholders ............................................................................ 19
Product analysis ................................................................................................. 19
Appendix B: Interview questions .................................................................. 20

Appendix C: Products reviewed, rationale and assessment .................................. 21
Practical considerations for communicating evidence to policy makers
Introduction
All politicians, policy makers and implementers are challenged by how best to improve public
services. Whilst “using knowledge” is a practice as old as humanity (1), one of the most frequently
mentioned challenges is how to make better use of evidence to improve both the delivery of
specific services and the functioning of overall systems. An important part of the work of National
Information Platforms for Nutrition1 (NIPN) is to produce evidence based analyses that are seen and
clearly understood by their intended audiences, who may include national policy makers,
programme planners and district health staff. The aim of this review was to identify best practices
for conveying complex information to policy makers, programme planners and professionals in
sectors related to nutrition and to produce a set of guidelines for National Information Platforms for
Nutrition to apply when producing any materials. The recommendations are drawn from a review of
the literature, interviews with key informants and the analysis of a sample of nutrition information
products. The methods used are described in the appendices.
The field of enquiry variously known as knowledge translation, research utilisation, knowledge
transfer, knowledge mobilisation, knowledge-to-action, knowledge brokerage, knowledge exchange,
and a host of other terms, has advanced considerably over the last few decades from its origins in
rural and medical sociology (2). Increasingly, the use of evidence is seen as a process, or often as
multiple processes, rather than as an event, and it is widely acknowledged that evidence generation
does not happen in isolation before it is passed on to those who will use it (3). Furthermore, it is
recognised that different cultures of evidence prevail in sectoral, organisational or other contextual
settings (4). We mostly seem to accept that evidence does not by itself solve problems (5). The
many elements of context – including the subtle but determining roles of power and politics – are
recognised as critical.
While the literature on the use of research evidence, particularly relating to public health and
medicine, has grown significantly in the last decade, this literature so far has rarely acknowledged
that the use of evidence in the sphere of public policy is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon
and is only one part of a complicated process that also uses experience, political insight, pressure,
social technologies, and judgment (6).
This is largely due to the complexity of the policy development process. There are multiple
conceptions of this process. Some suggest that it is a purely linear activity, moving from agenda
setting, to decision making, then finally to implementation. Others argue that it is a largely random
process, with influences coming from multiple directions. There seems to be a growing consensus
that both of these conceptualizations offer some truth: the overall process is somewhat linear,
however there is significant evidence that the policy process is much messier than this model
suggests, and there is rarely a direct linear relation between a specific piece of research and policy
change (7). Additionally it should be kept in mind that the policy process is inherently political,
influenced by information coming from many directions, and decisions are based on multiple factors
of which evidence is only one (8). As Pelletier et al. (9) discuss, interpretations of knowledge and
evidence are linked to “professional and institutional values, incentives, agendas and rivalries” and
are often a result of competing interests rather than constraints on knowledge.
1
2
While it has been possible to learn some lessons from supporting evidence based decision-making, it
has proved much harder to institutionalise and reproduce this learning in practice in other contexts.
However, there has been significant research into the nexus between evidence and policy which has
identified a number of best practices which increase the likelihood of research being used in policy.
The next section presents some of the critical elements of getting research into the hands of policy
makers, translating that research into something that is accessible, and considering the multiple
factors that influence the likelihood that this research is then used to guide policy decisions.
3
Evidence into policy: what are the key ingredients?

While the focus of this paper is on developing effective communication products and strategies for
sharing and disseminating those products, it is necessary to keep in mind other factors which
influence the likelihood that evidence is used in policy decisions. Being aware of these factors is
useful for many reasons, including being able to tailor and target briefs and other outputs more
effectively and for developing engagement and communication strategies to increase the likelihood
that the research will actually inform decisions about policies and programmes.
The Overseas Development Institute, drawing on lessons from over fifty case studies, developed a
conceptual framework of three critical and overlapping areas – context, links and evidence – all of
which influence the likelihood that research is used by policy makers (10). It is critical to think
about the context in which evidence is being presented (and all the other factors, beyond evidence,
which influence if, how and why evidence is used in policies) and links between policy makers and
researchers. Jones et al. (6) elaborated on this framework and added a fourth element: the
processes which mediate between policy decisions and knowledge, for example the role of
knowledge brokers and intermediaries. This section will briefly discuss the elements which must be
considered to increase the likelihood that research evidence is used in policy making, before
considering best practices for conveying complex technical information and how to integrate these
other considerations into products, including how, when and with whom these products are shared.
External Influences The Political Context:

International factors, political structures /
processes,
economic and cultural
institutional
influences, etc. pressures, prevailing
concepts, policy
streams and windows,
etc.
The Evidence, Links between

credibility, methods, policy makers and
relevance, use, how other stakeholders,
the message is relationships, voice
packaged and trust, networks, the
communicated, etc. media & other
intermediaries, etc.
The RAPID Framework for Assessing Research-Policy Links

Source: Jones and Walsh, 2008 (11)
4
Context
The prevailing political narrative and the ideas, beliefs and knowledge that shape how a specific
issue is thought about, will significantly influence the utilization of particular research findings.
Evidence is more likely to have an impact if it is seen to fit into a broader range of what is
considered to be “good advice” (10). Evidence that goes against or challenges the prevailing
understanding of an issue must be careful not to alienate readers, as this can lead to readers simply
dismissing the evidence (11). The prevailing narrative and discourse around specific issues will
significantly affect how open policy makers will be to new evidence (10). This may be a barrier
when trying to present new evidence that might challenge the prevailing paradigm. For many
people, nutrition has traditionally been considered to be a health issue. Changing to a new
approach, in which nutrition is presented as a multi-sectoral issue, can be much more challenging
than simply presenting a new piece of evidence that supports the traditional view. This may perhaps
explain some of the challenge in integrating nutrition into agricultural programmes, for example. An
example of how research that challenges the existing paradigm is less likely to be accepted can be
found from a large scale programme in Malawi to increase food security in rural areas, which
involved carrying out nationwide surveys, conducting participatory research and developing a series
of cases studies. This research produced a large body of evidence about the causes of food
insecurity in the country, but many of these findings challenged previous assumptions. Only some of
the findings were used, for example those which supported providing subsidized inputs, which were
compatible with the current understandings of issues by staff in the ministry of agriculture. Other
findings, such as how to better support small scale, sustainable agriculture, were ignored, despite
the evidence, as they did not match current understanding of the issues (10).
Framing
Shiffman and Smith (12) developed a framework to attempt to understand why some global health
issues become both national and international priorities, and others do not. They identified four key
factors which are necessary for an issue to gain political traction. One of these is what they call
“ideas” and relates to both the internal frame, which they define as “the degree to which the
policy community agrees on the definitions of, causes of, and solutions to the problem” as well as
the external frame or “public portrayals of the issue in ways that resonate with external audiences,
especially political leaders who control resources” (12). Any issue can be framed in multiple ways
and nutrition is no exception. Over the past five to ten years there has been increasing coalescence
within the nutrition community around the internal framing of nutrition, supported by key
publications such as The Lancet series of papers in 2008 and 2013 on maternal and child nutrition as
well as global movements such as the Scaling up Nutrition movement. However, there are a range of
frameworks which are commonly used to present nutrition: as a public health emergency, using
messages based around child deaths; as an issue of political will, which is often used by the Scaling
Up Nutrition movement; or as an issue of the economic cost to society of failing to address
undernutrition, developed by the Global Nutrition Report and the World Bank Cost of Hunger studies
(13–15). Choosing one framework over another can be useful for reaching a specific type of
audience. For example, the external framing of nutrition around the costs and consequences of
inaction can also be an effective way of reaching policy makers who are often concerned with
pragmatic decisions about budgets (7,12).
5
 Tip for a NIPN: as a NIPN is expected to be multi-sectoral, thinking about how solutions
are framed is critical, especially to ensure that sectors that have not traditionally been
associated with nutrition can understand the issue and can act upon findings. Moving
away from framing nutrition specifically as a health issue is likely be key to ensuring
the engagement of other sectors.
Policy makers’ demands for evidence

The demand for research by policy makers is a key element in terms of research being used: when
policy makers have commissioned research, they are much less likely to ignore the findings (10).
Working with policy makers to define the research questions at the start will help to increase the
likelihood of the research being used.
In many countries, the effort of the government is largely focused on the details of administering
programmes, which means that the demand for, and the use of research to inform policy debates
remains low (16). This is exacerbated by the generally limited capacity of civil society to produce
evidence or effectively disseminate research findings. This was echoed in interviews with key
informants. For example one interviewee reported that there is not a culture of evidence based
policy making, especially for nutrition, which is aggravated by a number of challenges faced in
attempting to access evidence, including a poor understanding of English among government staff,
few research findings translated into the local language, and limited access to the internet,
especially at sub-national level (Interview, Laos).
In solving this challenge, thinking about how to improve policy makers’ demands for evidence will
be key. Creating a supply of new evidence is not going to be effective if there is limited demand. As
the head of the Evidence into Action team at DFID2 put it “many of the initiatives which aim to
drive evidence informed policy (…) are often based on the assumption that if only research was
more accessible and beautifully packaged then decision makers would inevitably use it. But this
interpretation rather dumbs down the role of decision makers; portraying them as mindless
consumers who will be influenced by whoever has the glossiest policy brief” (17). Newman suggests
that three factors are necessary to develop a culture of demand among policy makers for evidence:
increasing the capacity of policy makers and ensuring that they understand the scientific method
and the advantages of using research findings; incentives, remembering that policy making is highly
political, and often policy makers need an incentive from senior leaders; and working with the many
systems that shape the how policies are formed (remembering the point above, policy making is
rarely a linear process) (17).
 Tip for a NIPN: building strong relationships with policy makers is a critical first step.
This is the role of the NIPN policy advisory committee, which constitutes the link
between the NIPN analysis unit (generating evidence from data) and policy makers in
nutrition-specific and -sensitive sectors (generating the demand for information). NIPNs
will increase the supply of evidence for policy makers looking to answer specific
questions about nutrition within a particular context. This needs to be coupled with
increasing the demand for evidence by policy makers, including factors such as capacity
building for policy makers around the scientific process so that they are better able to
understand and use the evidence which is generated.
2
UK Department for International Development
6
Audience context specificity

Policy makers in different sectors and levels of government have different needs, priorities and uses
for information. Research shows that there is a need for policy briefs which focus on the sub-
national level, including regional and community levels. It may also be necessary to develop
multiple policy briefs for different policy actors, depending on where they are situated (national,
sub-national, local) and if they are elected officials or civil servants (11). This strategy has been
used by projects such as Operations Research and Impact Evaluation (ORIE)3, which developed
separate briefs for different state government officials as well as for officials working at the federal
level in Nigeria. Ensuring that the brief is accessible to the intended audience also requires
considering elements such as language, because English and regional languages are less likely to be
spoken at a sub-national level, and the means of dissemination, because access to the internet may
be limited.
 Tip for a NIPN: analysing sub-national data will be important. Using sub-national data
to produce analysis that is useful to those working at the sub-national level may be an
important role for a NIPN, especially to highlight regions within the country in which
problems are particularly acute. Extra efforts should be made to ensure that outputs
are accessible to those working at the sub-national level including translation into the
local language and dissemination through the best channels to reach people working at
those levels.
Country context specificity: understanding the political economy

The policy process is specific to each country, and the system of government, the culture of using
evidence and the degree to which researchers and policy makers can interact, must all be
considered to develop products which are most appropriate for the context.
In a synthesis of 50 country case studies looking at key factors which influence the use of research
evidence in policy making found that countries which have open political systems, in which
researchers can freely gather, assess and communicate evidence, are important to the use of
evidence in policy making (10). However, this is not always inherently easy to classify, and the
openness of the government will depend on a number of factors beyond simply the type of
government. For example, Viet Nam, a single party state, has a strong dialogue between
researchers and policy makers whereas Kenya, a parliamentary democracy, has limited uptake and
use of research knowledge by policy makers (6). Understanding the nuances of the political
economy of a particular country context are key. Some question to consider include: how are
powers separated between the legislature and the executive? What is the electoral process and
other forms of political involvement? Are there other processes besides the formal policy process
that are important? What is the capacity of political institutions to absorb change? (6).
3
http://www.opml.co.uk/projects/nutrition-programme-operational-research-and-impact-evaluation-orie
7
In some contexts it is only the technical staff who interact with the evidence, politicians and other
political party members also make policy decisions. Finding the people who can serve as internal
champions is necessary to get evidence into the hands of those who make the ultimate policy
decisions. In contexts where decisions are made behind closed doors, finding people who may have
the ear of key decision makers, and meeting them to ensure that they understand the material,
helping them anticipate key questions and supplying them with materials such as presentations or,
even better, videos that can be used in meetings, are all essential to ensure that the evidence gets
to those in a position to bring about change (Interview, Laos).
Understanding the incentives and competing priorities of officials at various levels of government is
also important. In Tanzania for example, budgets are supposed to be set at the district level, the
lowest level of government. However, nutrition is not a “visible” problem because stunted growth,
although affecting more than a third of children, is not something which the community is
concerned about due to low levels of awareness and is thus not an issue that will win votes. This
means that local political officials, when faced with choosing how to prioritise a limited budget, will
focus on activities which win votes such as such new health facilities or wells rather than funding
nutrition-specific projects or investments to improve the current functioning of existing health
facilities. Local technocrats are then unable to implement nutrition programmes because they lack
funding, even if there is strong evidence for the effectiveness of such programmes.
In other contexts there might be an official body to whom research should be submitted and
endorsed, often an organization that is affiliated with the government. Research channelled through
this body is much more likely to reach policy makers. Additionally, using data which has been
approved by the government is critical for acceptance in many countries. In Bangladesh, the Food
Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU) gathers data from 17 different agencies, analyses it and
generates an annual monitoring report for the Ministry of Food, the Ministry of Fisheries and
Livestock and the Ministry of Women and Child Development. The policy briefs created by the FPMU
are based on the data gathered, sub-national level pilot studies and also on success stories from
other countries. For example, Somalia was using the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification
(IPC), which was subsequently implemented in Bangladesh. In addition, the FPMU creates policy
briefs on specific issues which they would like the Minister to address. These briefs are used to
inform the Minister of the issue and provide some clear recommended actions. These briefs can
then be used in planning meetings to develop specific action plans for different departments
(Interview, Bangladesh).
 Tip for a NIPN: choosing the correct host for the NIPN analysis unit and the correct
vehicle for the NIPN policy advisory committee is key to ensuring that the data are
accepted and the analysis is seen. Understanding the politics surrounding where the
platform is hosted and ensuring that there is buy-in from all relevant parties is also
critical. The policy process is never simple and it is unlikely that outsiders would be
able to understand or know which factors influence decision making. Choosing the
correct messengers and working closely with them to develop effective products and
ways of presenting messages, such as a slide show that can be used in a meeting, is
especially important.
8
Timing
Timing is critical for policy makers, who often have a small window of opportunity to use evidence
and influence a policy. Researchers and others producing that evidence need to know what is
happening in government departments, and ensure that the evidence is presented in a way that is
consistent with the decision being made. The research process needs to be happening and then
communicated in step with the policy making process (10,18). A systematic review of the problems
policy makers face in using evidence found that a lack of timely research outputs was one of the key
barriers to using evidence in policy (19). This can be a challenge for researchers, who often operate
on much longer timescales than the policy process allows. However, if researchers are actively
engaging with the policy process, they can take previously generated evidence and repackage it if
an opportunity to influence policy comes up, relieving some of the tensions between research and
policy timeframes.
9
Links
Evidence is only useful if it reaches those who have the power to make decisions. This section
examines the importance of links between researchers and policy makers and how best to foster
engagement between the research and policy communities.
Links between researchers and policy makers

Direct contact between researchers and policy makers is critically important throughout the
research process. This builds a culture of trust, legitimacy, and openness (7). The term that has
become commonly used is “knowledge transfer”, which takes into account the fact that the genuine
use of knowledge requires substantive interactions between researchers and decision makers (18).
Two systematic reviews of factors that facilitate and inhibit the use of evidence by policy makers
also support the importance of this interaction, with the most commonly reported feature of
facilitation being personal contact between researchers and policy makers (7,20). Using both
official and unofficial networks is also important to connect to the policy process.
One example of direct interaction cited in the interviews was for the launch in 2013 of the most
recent Lancet series on maternal and child nutrition. Before the launch, materials including a
detailed information pack and summary briefs were shared. For the launch event, the entire
research team travelled to Kenya to explain the methods used and answer questions, thereby
increasing policy makers’ understanding of the evidence and its potential for adoption into policies
(Interview, Kenya).
Finding and using the correct messenger

Finding supportive policy makers who can also promote specific evidence from within, ensuring that
the evidence reaches the correct people who can make decisions, can be also be effective (10). In
some contexts it will be very challenging, if not impossible, to meet the political officials and party
members who are actually responsible for making decisions. These policy decisions are often made
behind closed doors to ensure that the political elite maintain their power (6).
In choosing who to engage with and who might be supportive, it is important to consider the
interests of various actors. If policy makers’ interests are not aligned with the suggested policy
change, it is unlikely that they will be searching for evidence. Different types of actors will give
more or less weight to certain types of information and arguments or to people with specific
expertise and experience. This means that certain groups or networks who have the correct
experience and expertise will become more integrated in the policy-making process (6). However,
this may create a challenge for multi-sectoral working as the type of knowledge valued by the
health and nutrition community, such as medical expertise or evidence from randomized controlled
trials, may not be the type of knowledge that is valued by other sectors, for example those working
in agriculture.
10
The role of knowledge brokers

There has been increasing interest in the role of knowledge brokers or knowledge intermediates in
the last ten years. Knowledge brokers are organizations or individuals who serve to facilitate
interactions between researchers and policy makers, supporting both groups to better understand
the goals and professional culture of the other, creating better links and partnerships, and
ultimately leading to improved evidence for informed policy making (21). Knowledge brokers also
support researchers by translating and adapting findings to the local context (22). In a recent study
seeking to understand the role of knowledge brokers in translating research from technical meetings
about maternal and new-born heath, those participants who view their role as knowledge brokers
play an important role in translating research findings to advocate for policy changes or to influence
the design and delivery of programmes (21).
 Tip for a NIPN: experience from the National Evaluation Platforms 4 (NEPs) showed the
critical importance of having someone employed specifically in a knowledge broker role
to facilitate the uptake of information coming from the NEPs. Given the broad
constituency that the NIPNs are trying to work with, this role to help link the analysis
from the NIPNs and the policy makers and end users may be even more essential.
Research communication needs to be built into the project and to

use multiple channels
A plan for communicating research evidence needs to be included from the start of a research
project, rather than waiting until the end to disseminate findings. Evidence shows that research
programmes are much more likely to be able to successfully influence policy and practice if a clear
communications strategy is implemented throughout the research programme (10). A recent
systematic review of reviews by the Alliance for Useful Evidence identified a number of best
practices for communicating complex information to policy makers including using narrative to
communicate complex material, using social media, creating a recognizable and respected brand,
and using a combination of communication channels (23).
4
http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/institute-for-international-programs/current-projects/national-
evaluation-platform/
11
Evidence
This section considers the credibility of the evidence itself, including how credibility is built, the
approach and research methods, how research methods are conveyed, and how evidence is
presented and packaged.
Credibility
Users of policy briefs and other research products pay attention to who has produced it, and this
influences the likelihood that the argument and evidence is accepted (11). Because of this,
establishing the credibility of your organization over a long period, is more important than the
rigour of a specific piece of research (10). International organizations and professional bodies are
often considered the most legitimate knowledge intermediates (11). This is supported by multiple
interviewees who stated that data needed to come from a reliable source and be validated by an
organization such as the WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank or by the government itself (Interviews,
Kenya and Laos). Politics or other influences may also be a factor in what is viewed as a credible
source. Evidence generated by neighbouring countries will often have more weight than data drawn
from countries viewed as highly dissimilar (Interview Laos, and author’s own).
Local, national, global

Local needs for evidence are often different than national needs, especially on issues such as health
inequalities, which tend to be geographically clustered and require disaggregated data (7). This
finding is echoed by others, who have found that research often needs to be specific and detailed
initially, which allows researchers and policy makers to come to a common understanding of a
problem (24). Interviewees also stressed this point. A respondent from Kenya said that while the
international data are useful for setting guidelines, they need to be adapted to the Kenyan context.
Keep it simple but not simplistic

A more subtle point that has emerged from the literature on how to package information correctly
is around ensuring that information is presented in such a way that prevents the findings from being
over-simplified or distorted, while still remaining accessible. While researchers tend to qualify their
findings, evidence has shown that these cautions are often lost when conveying messages to policy
makers (24).
There are two potential strategies to combat the challenge of over-simplification. The first is to
engage continually, communicating and repackaging evidence for both new and old policy
audiences. The second is to package and frame evidence in a way that prevents one section from
being omitted, as the World Bank did with its “three legged poverty reduction strategy of
opportunity, empowerment and security”. This frame ensures that all three elements are
remembered, as once you have said “three legged policy reduction strategy”, it is hard to omit the
three elements (24).
12
Another challenge around developing effective messages is to ensure that you are able to
communicate the uncertainty inherent in the research process, but not in a way which makes the
findings sound too vague. One approach is using words to create a narrative and verbal categories
such as likely or very likely, which are easy to understand but can sound vague, in combination with
more specific statistics, which are often misinterpreted on their own but make findings sound more
exact and less vague (23).
Develop “sticky” messages

In developing messages it is important to catch the attention of your audience and interest them in
an idea. One of the best ways to do this is to focus on information that is new, unexpected or
surprising so that it will be remembered by one policy maker and shared with others. Trying to
change the frame of the information can also be highly effective, but must be considered carefully
to prevent alienating the audience. In order to be shared effectively, messages need to be easily
remembered and retold (16).
Good examples
Illustrating how a specific policy change will lead to a desired outcome (as well as illustrating the
potential harmful outcomes of failing to implement a specific policy change) can be an effective
way of engaging policy makers. One such example cited in an interview was a video about the
consequences of poor nutrition in Laos (a link can be found in the list of reviewed documents). The
video used “a story of two villages” to illustrate visually the consequences of failing to implement a
package of nutrition interventions. In one village, where families implement the interventions such
as exclusive breastfeeding and ensuring dietary diversity, the children are happy, healthy and
growing well. In the second village, where the package of interventions is not implemented,
children are sickly and do not grow well or do well in school. The video was cited by an interviewee
as being successful in sparking a conversation about the causes and consequences of poor nutrition.
Assembling the evidence

Evidence shows that one particular piece of research is unlikely to lead to policy impact (10).
However, one key role which researchers can play, which supports the use of research in policy
making, is to bring together many pieces of evidence which support a particular policy change (25).
One example of drawing together evidence from multiple sources is a systematic review. However,
systematic reviews can also be challenging for policy makers to understand. A systematic review of
the enablers and facilitators of using systematic reviews found that the key elements were: provide
a one-page summary of key messages; present the findings in a concise way, bearing in mind that
the users of the evidence may have limited skills and time to appraise the evidence; use visuals
well; and provide a set of clear, context specific actionable recommendations that are tailored to
the needs of the target audience (26).
 Tip for a NIPN: a NIPN may be very well situated to perform this role, bringing together
new analysis of national data with international data and packaging these outputs in a
clear, concise way for policy makers. NIPNs should avoid simply producing their own
analysis but show how findings from the country are supported by the international
evidence base.
13
Visually engaging
Policy briefs must be visually appealing. A study carried out by the ODI found that policy makers will
spend only 30-60 minutes reading about a particular issue and briefs must be able to quickly draw
readers in and present information in a stimulating and easy to remember way (11). Using graphics,
images, charts and pictures can also be an effective way of making information more visually
appealing (16,27).
Types of formats
There are many formats that can be used to present research findings to policy makers. The
three main formats preferred were identified through the key informant interviews and the
various times one format might be preferable.
■ Policy briefs
Policy briefs are short documents, generally not more than 4 pages, that present the findings
and recommendations of some analysis or research specifically to non-specialist policy
makers (11). They should be used when trying to reach policy makers, especially non-
technical staff from ministries of finance or planning. Policy briefs should be written to
influence a specific policy decision or an opportunity which can be clearly articulated. They
should always contain specific, actionable policy recommendations.
■ Technical reports employing graded entry formats

Technical reports are much longer documents used to convey more complex material to a
technical audience such as programme managers who may want specific details about a
research finding or outcome. Even when producing a longer technical document, a graded
entry format should be used. This means that a short, one page document with key messages
is presented first, followed by a slightly longer summary, and finally the full report, allowing
policy makers to select the correct amount of detail for their needs (27).
■ Presentations and videos

These were specifically highlighted to be of value in contexts in which the researcher and
evidence producers will rarely, if ever, be included in policy discussions. In this context,
producing a set of slides, or even better, a video, that can be used in discussions with policy
makers, is very useful. A video allows the researcher to have more control over the message
and how it is conveyed. In the context of developing a slideshow or presentation, efforts
should be made by the researcher to brief the messenger and support them by anticipating
potential questions and discussing the possible answers.
14
Having actionable recommendations

Research products and summaries need to have actionable recommendations in order for evidence
to be considered when developing policies (7,10,16). A study carried out by the UK Economic and
Social Research Council, which spoke to health policy makers about what makes them use evidence,
found that “researchers are preoccupied with controlling for bias, but consumers [policy makers]
are not interested in the details, they just want to know what works” (7). Policy makers need to be
presented with very clear recommendations which take into account the constraints, for example
the financial considerations, that policy makers face. The specific point about knowing the cost was
highlighted strongly by one interviewee, who said that the biggest gap in most policy briefs is a
section which highlight the cost of action or inaction (ideally both), laying out specifically how
much it will cost to implement a specific intervention, and how much it will save the health care
system in the long term (Interview, Kenya).
One example of this being done successfully in nutrition is through PROFILES, which was developed
by Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project. This uses computer simulations to
model the effects of malnutrition as well as the potential savings by preventing various outcomes of
malnutrition including lives saved, disabilities averted and productivity gained. The model also
includes the costs of implementing a comprehensive set of nutrition interventions over a specific
time period. The models can be used to show two scenarios, one in which the nutritional status of
the population remains the same and another in which nutritional goals are achieved within a 5 year
period (28). The outputs of PROFILES, in particular a set of slides which presented both the costs of
action and inaction, were cited as being particularly useful for convincing policy makers by an
interviewee from Kenya, as they included the often missing element of cost which are critically
important to policy makes deciding how to allocating scare resources (Interview, Kenya).
 Tip for a NIPN: while both the literature and interviews suggested that presenting the
findings in terms of the cost to implement projects and the costs of inaction as being
essential to engage policy makers, the analysis of products which contributed to this
review found that this very rarely happens in practice, making recommendations hard to
actually implement. A NIPN should think about how recommendations are packaged to
make them truly actionable.
15
Conclusion
The aim of this review is to identify the critical elements of translating analysis or research into
something that is accessible to policy makers; getting it into the hands of the people who make
policy; and considering the many factors that influence the likelihood that it is then used to guide
policy decisions. When developing products to convey complex material to policy makers, using the
conceptual framework of context, links and evidence, will ensure that products are developed in a
way that considers important contextual factors which influence the likelihood that evidence is
used to inform policy development and implementation. Thinking about the processes that mediates
the relationship between the evidence and policy makers is also important.
There are several key areas which have been identified by the literature as essential but which
policy briefs continue to lack. While there a number of good examples of policy briefs which include
many of these elements which were evaluated as part of this review; few if any of the 15 products
did an adequate job of addressing a few key issues. These include:
 Being very specific about who the brief is for and recognizing that this may require
producing multiple briefs on the same material for different audiences. For example, “this
brief is for policy makers and their support staff and other stakeholders with an interest in the
problem addressed by the evidence brief” (WHO, EPHI, 20145) is much too broad. Who, really is
the brief for? Have you written it for national technical health staff? Or is it for elected officials
working at the sub-national level? The tone, the material, and the language used will likely be
very different depending on which audience is the target.
 Having actionable recommendations. In the advocacy world, this is referred to as an “ask”.

What do you want the policy maker to do as a result of reading this brief? Do you want them to
allocate more resources for a specific intervention? Which one? How much, and what will be
accomplished by doing so?
 Address a key opportunity. Most of the briefs examined do not address a specific policy
window or implementation gap that they are aiming to influence with their analysis or research
(or at least one that was not apparent when reading the brief). What piece of policy is being
considered that this research finding will be useful for? Which implementation challenge will
this research address? This should be clearly spelled out in the brief or made clear in a
presentation or other type of material.
 Costings. Despite evidence that research must be framed around practical consideration that
policy makers are constrained by, few of the briefs included specific examples of the costs of
what they were proposing, or of the costs to society of inaction.
5
http://www.who.int/evidence/sure/esimprovingskilledbirthattendanceethiopia.pdf?ua=1
16
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18
Appendix A: Methods
Literature review
The narrative draws upon an initial desk review of the literature on the uptake of evidence into
policy. It considers the literature focused on international development as well as the literature on
health policies and health inequalities from high, middle and low income country contexts. It
includes academic literature, comprising of systematic reviews, individual studies and reviews of
case studies on how to improve evidence use in policy formation. This was supplemented by some
practitioner focused literature including “how-to” guides for researchers and other knowledge
brokers working in the research into policy space. Additional literature, which specifically examines
challenges around conveying complex research about health (and to a lesser degree nutrition since
there is very little focused literature on nutrition research specifically) was also reviewed.
Interviews with key stakeholders

Six interviews were carried out with key informants in relevant countries where NIPN will first be
rolled out, including Kenya, Laos, and Bangladesh. Interviews focused on how these stakeholders
like to receive information, where they source information, and gaps in meeting their needs for
evidence. Significantly more stakeholders were contacted, but few agreed to be interviewed for
this research. Since this project did not have the time or capacity to interview a larger, more
representative sample, these interviews are used to supplement and validate the findings from the
literature review. Interview questions are included in appendix B.
Product analysis
From the literature review, a conceptual framework was identified for assessing products intended
to inform policy makers. This conceptual framework was chosen based on its comprehensiveness,
bringing together the critical elements of context, links and evidence. Additionally, the majority of
the literature on effective policy briefs draws heavily on this framework or has very similar
elements. A search was conducted for sample products to review using the framework, these
include: policy briefs, infographics and videos. Products were chosen based on topic (nutrition or
health related), level of focus (international, national, sub-national) and accessibility. An attempt
was made to obtain a range of products from multiple organizations which aim to convey complex
material around nutrition or health more broadly. Efforts in particular were made to find materials
developed by southern organization, but some developed by larger international organizations
including the World Bank, World Health Organization and the Global Panel on Food and Agriculture
are also included. During interviews, interviewees were specifically asked to think of any research
products which they had found particularly memorable or useful in generating policy debate among
other actors. Any products mentioned were also included in the review. An overview of all products
and links to these products is included in appendix C.
Each product was discussed for relevance and independently assessed by two members of the
research team, who assigned a score to each element of the product, using the conceptual
framework described below. Once each of the products was independently assessed, the mean score
was calculated and products were ranked based on this score. The reviews were then analysed and
emerging themes and key elements were drawn out from the highest and lowest scoring products.
These themes and key elements are outlined.
19
Appendix B: Interview Questions

Intro on the project, NIPN, use of evidence, etc.
1. Who/what are the most trusted sources of nutrition information/data in your country?
2. Can you describe the process of policy or nutrition plan formation in your country?
a. How does data/evidence feed into the design of nutrition policies and implementation
plans? Who compiles the data/information required?
3. When was the policy/plan last updated?

a. How often is data from the sub national level incorporated in a policy/programme cycle?
4. Where did the data you need come from? (academic journal? Social media? Policy brief? Trusted
researcher?)
a. How was it presented to you?
b. Do you rely on international data more or is data from your own country more relevant?
c. How do you use routine monitoring data gathered to adjust your programmes?
d. Why do you select these sources? (trust [direct source or person/organisation who gave it to
them], quality, accessibility, cost, etc.)
e. How do you assess this information? Criteria? How do you evaluate the quality of a data
source?
5. Where do you feel there are gaps / no sources when looking for information and evidence?
6. What do you feel are the constraints which affect you in finding research evidence for decision
making?
a. Do you feel you get too much information, not enough or the right amount?
7. Did the LANCET series on nutrition inform the package of interventions you provide?
a. If yes, did you find the full papers useful or was there a brief or summary that was better?
8. How do you prefer to receive research? (policy brief, events, presentations, etc.)
9. Can you think of a (brief/presentation – whichever they mentioned above) that has made an
impact on you?
a. What drew you to it? What made it stand out?
b. What key messages did you draw from it?
c. How did you find that product? (sent to you, newsletter, regularly visited platform?)
d. What actions did you take as a result?
e. Can you send us the product (or a link?)
10. How much information do you want? Full statistics (p values, etc.) or a summary of the top line
findings?
11. Can you recommend anyone else we can speak to?
20
Appendix C: Products reviewed, rationale and

assessment
Fourteen sample products, including policy briefs, infographics and videos, were assessed and
scored using the framework presented in the table below. Key elements which make a good product
and those which do not were drawn out of this assessment. This framework was originally developed
by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) as part of the Rapid Outcome Mapping Approach
(ROMA) developed by ODI over 10 years looking at how to best integrate evidence into policy in over
50 case study examples.
Conceptual framework used to assess and score the communication products

Adapted from Jones and Walsh 2008 (11)
Domain Criteria Nature of the assessment Score
Context Audience context Written to address a specific context and /10

specificity the needs of a target audience
Significance of issue Addresses a current and significant /10

contextually relevant questions
Actionable Clear and feasible recommendations on /10

recommendations next steps to be taken
Link Presentation of Presentation of authors own views about /10

evidence-informed policy implications of research findings, but
opinions clear identification of argument
components that are based on opinion
Clear language/writing Understandable by educated non-specialist /10

style
Appearance/design Visually engaging, presentation of /10

information through charts, graphs, photos
Evidence Persuasive argument Clear purpose; cohesive argument; quality /10

of evidence; transparency of evidence
underpinning the policy recommendations
Authority Messenger (individual or organization) has /10

credibility in the eyes of the policy-maker/
evidence user; brief helps establish that
authority through tone and presentation
style
Total points /80
Each product is briefly introduced along with the rationale for choosing that product (including if it
was recommended by an interviewee). We aimed to get a broad selection of videos, infographics
and policy briefs. We have also included the average score based on two independent assessments
using the conceptual framework presented above. Each score is out of 80.
21
Themes from the highest and lowest scoring briefs, infographics and videos
The following themes were drawn out from the highest scoring products and provide examples of
good practice in a product:
1. The problem/need for action is clearly outlined and the product has a clear narrative often
drawing on multiple sources of evidence.
2. A short section on where the evidence is sourced and the strength of evidence including
reliable sources such as the Lancet or a systematic review.
3. Produced by a well-known, credible international organisation such as the WHO or FAO in
collaboration with national institution.
4. Clearly specifies who the product is written for and who will be best placed to take actions
forward.
5. Clear recommendations which are set apart from the body of the text using bullets or sub
headings, immediately making it easy for the reader to identify the recommendations.
6. The product identifies actionable steps and barriers and provides implementation guidance.
7. Draws out tangible benefits of implementing the recommendations (e.g. X number of child
lives could be saved, X amount of money could be saved).
8. Jargon is avoided, and the product makes very selective use of statistics explaining clearly
what the statistics mean. If graphs are used they are very simple, well labelled and clear
and used to illustrate a point that can be better made visually.
9. The brief or product is short, 2-4 pages for a written product, 3 minutes for a video or
employs a graded entry approach, which includes a one page summary of key messages, a
longer, perhaps 2-4 page summary and finally a longer report with more technical details.
10. They don’t cover too much and have pick the key issue/message/purpose and focus on that.
11. The brief or product is written to target a specific policy window or opportunity (for
example the post MDG agenda as the SDGs were being developed).
The following elements were common in the lowest scoring products:
1. They lacked a defined audience and it was not clear who the product was aimed at or who
was best placed to take forward the recommendations.
2. They lacked specific and actionable recommendations. Recommendations tended to be
vague with little clarity about what, specifically, should be done about the problem.
3. They contained jargon or too many statistics which are hard to understand, for example p-
values. They are not written to be easily understood by a non-specialist with limited time.
4. The design and text use is very dense, graphs are complex, poorly labelled and hard to
understand.
22
List of products reviewed
Author Title Description Link Score

Videos
Generation Sanitation and Animated video conveying fairly complex https://www.yo 66
Nutrition nutrition: Let's information on the effects of open defecation utube.com/wat
break the on nutrition. Video uses narration, infographics, ch?v=yWIr-
vicious circle! sound bites and statistics (sparingly). The eJ8FAs
language used in the narration is very simple
and avoids terminology.
Hunger and Hunger and Animated video with music and infographics to http://www.ha 72
Nutrition undernutrition tell the story. Use of statistics and clear ncindex.org/
Commitment : What do we written messaging along with animated people.
Index (HANCI) know? Very emotive, and clever use of the music.
Clearly conveys the issue. This is more of an
advocacy/marketing tool for the index itself
and does not try to convey data here, but point
you to it and has been used successful in a
policy environment to generate a discussion.
World Bank Stunting in This video was recommended by an interviewee https://drive.go 74
Laos in Laos as an example of a product which has ogle.com/file/d
had an influence on policy dialogue. Strong /0B471ltGz26za
points include using stories (this is a tale of two Wmdta0lLZjhmR
villages) to connect people to the topic, nc/view
explaining stunting in very clear terms (showing
specific children and how much each should
grow in a year) and linking improved nutrition
to later health and education outcomes. The
movie is also in Lao language so will be
understandable to the key audience. Weak
points: while it was used in a meeting to
generate a discussion, the messages are more
for behaviour change than policy makers.
Additionally the movie is quite long (15
minutes) for a policy audience.
Infographics
World Bank Agriculture in National level focus. Clear and to the point. http://www.wo 58
Bangladesh: A Conveys a little on the issue and sets out clear rldbank.org/en/
Key Poverty priority actions. Not over crowded with text. news/infographi
Reducer c/2016/05/17/a
griculture-in-
bangladesh-a-
key-poverty-
reducer
MamaYe! Infographic on Based on the Lancet series on Breastfeeding http://www.ma 69
(Evidence for breastfeeding 2016, aiming to make a large number of maye.org/en/ev
Action) 2016 evidence based recommendations accessible. idence/mamaye
Interested as it is specifically trying to convey -infographic-
information from the Lancet series and is able breastfeeding-
to get across a large amount of technical 2016
information quickly. Weak points: it does not
have specific policy recommendations, but it
might be effective in getting a policy maker
interested to read a brief with more specific
recommendations, especially if facts like the
number of children who die each year due to
suboptimal breastfeeding practices is
domesticated.
23
Policy Briefs with a global scope

The Global Climate Smart Gets all the key messages on one side, leading http://glopan. 69
Panel on Food Systems with the key facts that a policy maker needs to org/sites/defa
Agriculture for Enhanced know and then a list of key recommendations. ult/files/pictu
and Food Nutrition Additional information on the second side, and res/GloPan%20
Systems for finally directs you to the full paper. Easy to read, Climate%20Su
Nutrition not too much text or complex tables, clear mmary%20Fina
recommendations. l.pdf
CMAM Forum Should we A short, highly technical brief aiming to get http://www.c 60.5
have height across complex nutrition information. It was one mamforum.org
cut-offs to of the only "briefs" featured on the CMAM forum /Pool/Resourc
define that was actually brief, all the other are very es/FAQ-
children with long (over 200 pages) reports. This brief does a Height-Cut-
Severe Acute good job of addressing a specific audience (those off-CMAM-
Malnutrition? setting guidelines for CMAM programmes) with FORUM.pdf
very specific advice and backs up the evidence.
However, it could be much clearer and designed
in a more engaging way.
The Global Improved This is a technical brief summarising messages https://assets 72
Panel on metrics and for decision makers. This brief ranked among the .publishing.ser
Agriculture data are highest in our analysis for as it manages to get a vice.gov.uk/m
and Food needed for significant amount of information across in a very edia/57a08977
Systems for effective food limited space without seeming too simplistic. It ed915d622c00
Nutrition system was also one of the only briefs that was written 0221/Metrics_
policies in the for a specific policy window (developing the Summary.pdf
post-2015 era SDGs).
Policy Briefs with a national scope
The Ifakara Spotlight: High This brief was selected as an example of a https://drive. 45.5
Health Risk of product developed by a Tanzanian research google.com/fil
Institute Maternal institute. This brief score lowest in our e/d/0B5m8Ws
Deaths in assessment using the conceptual framework as it B-
Southern lacked clear, audience specific actionable 74NackE5SENN
Tanzania recommendations. Also, because it relied on data aGNfaDg/edit
from only one study, the findings were not as
strong as they could have been pulling in other
available data. It was also quite technical and
used too many complex graphics that would be
hard to understand by an educated non-specialist
audience.
Helen Keller When the This brief was recommended by the http://knowle 51
International decision- commissioner of the research. This brief scored dge.hki.org/p
maker is a the second lowest in our assessment because it ublications/NS
woman: does was too complex, with many graphics that were P%20Bulletin%
it make a challenging to understand. Additionally the text 208.pdf
difference for was quite dense and recommendations came all
the nutritional the way at the end instead of upfront to draw
status of the reader in. The methodology was too specific,
mothers and a brief overview would have sufficed. The brief
children? did a good job of showing the source of the
evidence and backing up recommendations.
Food Policy Healthy rice This brief was recommended by an interviewee http://fpmu.g 69
and policy brief, from the FPMU as an example of an influential ov.bd/agridru
Monitoring Bangladesh brief. This brief does a good job of having a quick pal/sites/defa
Unit overview of the brief’s key messages at the start ult/files/Healt
and showing how diabetes is an increasing public hy%20rice_Fin
health problem with clear, easy to understand al.pdf
graphics. However, specific policy
recommendations and audience are less clear
and some of the evidence underpinning their
argument is perhaps questionable.
24
WHO/EPHI Improving This brief was included as an example of how http://www.wh 72.5
skilled birth to convey a significant amount of complex o.int/evidence/
attendance in material in an understandable way and because sure/esimprovin
Ethiopia it’s a good example of a graded entry format. gskilledbirthatte
This brief scored among the highest in our ndanceethiopia.
analysis because it explicitly says who the brief pdf?ua=1
is for (although this could be more detailed)
and includes a list of key messages followed by
a more detailed summary and finally the full
report, which is still quite accessible by a non-
specialist. The fact that it is produced by the
WHO in combination with EPHI also increases
its legitimacy and credibility.
Sikika Fight against This was chosen as an example of a research http://sikika.or 59
Malaria: Use brief produced by a southern research .tz/wp-
SMS for Life institute. One of its strongest elements was content/uploads
System having very specific, actionable /2014/04/ALU-
recommendations, some of which would be Brief-2-fold-
quite easy to implement. One of the 630-x-297-
weaknesses is that the main topic, which is copy1.pdf
really about drug availability, is discussed until
later in the text but which could potentially
draw in a much wider range of stakeholders
interested in the challenge of stock-outs but
not necessarily malaria.
RTM Scaling Up This was included as an example of brief which http://www.fan 53
Bangladesh Nutrition focused on the costs, based on the finding that taproject.org/si
Interventions focusing on framing which include cost is an tes/default/file
in Bangladesh: effective way to engage policy makers and few s/resources/Ban
A Policy Brief briefs included any element of costing and gladesh-Policy-
framing inaction around the costs and Brief-for-
consequences to society. Parliamentarian
s-Aug2013_0.pdf
25
National Information
Platforms for Nutrition
Summary
A vital component of the work of the National Information Platforms for Nutrition
(NIPN) is to analyse information and data to inform national policy makers and
programme planners and support their decisions. This review provides an overview
of the factors, beyond simply producing high quality analysis, which will influence
the likelihood that data are used in designing and implementing policies and
programmes. Based on a review of the literature, on interviews with key
informants and on the analysis of a range of information products in the field of
nutrition, it identifies best practices and key recommendations for National
Information Platforms for Nutrition to apply when producing any materials, in order
to ensure that outputs are seen, understood by, and hopefully acted upon by their
intended audience.
National Information Platforms for Nutrition is an initiative

of the European Commission’s Directorate General for GSF-NIPN
Cooperation and Development, also supported by the Agropolis International
United Kingdom Department for International
1000 avenue Agropolis
Development and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
34394 Montpellier cedex 5
France
gsf_nipn@agropolis.fr

Communicating Evidence To Policy Makers

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Communicating Evidence To Policy Makers

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Guidelines & toolkits

Practical considerations for communicating

Kat Pittore, Jessica Meeker and Tom Barker

Institute of Development Studies

Kat Pittore, Jessica Meeker and Tom Barker

Pittore K, Meeker J, Barker T. Practical considerations for communicating evidence to policy

Kat Pittore, Jessica Meeker, Tom Barker

Summary and key recommendations

What stage of the policy process are you trying to influence?

■ Develop “sticky” messages

■ Assembling the evidence jigsaw

Have you established your credibility?

Design and presentation are important, and influence credibility

■ Keep it short, with key messages highlighted

■ Avoid jargon; use plain language

■ Avoid too much detail

■ Design simple messages which are unlikely to be over-simplified

■ Is it in the correct language for the target audience?

Have you chosen the correct messenger?

National Information Platforms for Nutrition is an initiative of the

Links between researchers and policy makers ............................................................ 10

Appendix B: Interview questions .................................................................. 20

Evidence into policy: what are the key ingredients?

External Influences The Political Context:

The Evidence, Links between

The RAPID Framework for Assessing Research-Policy Links

Policy makers’ demands for evidence

Audience context specificity

Country context specificity: understanding the political economy

Links between researchers and policy makers

Finding and using the correct messenger

The role of knowledge brokers

Research communication needs to be built into the project and to

Local, national, global

Keep it simple but not simplistic

Develop “sticky” messages

Assembling the evidence

■ Technical reports employing graded entry formats

■ Presentations and videos

Having actionable recommendations

 Having actionable recommendations. In the advocacy world, this is referred to as an “ask”.

2. Greenhalgh T, Robert G, Macfarlane F, Bate P, Kyriakidou O. Diffusion of innovations in service

Interviews with key stakeholders

Appendix B: Interview Questions

3. When was the policy/plan last updated?

Appendix C: Products reviewed, rationale and

Conceptual framework used to assess and score the communication products

Domain Criteria Nature of the assessment Score

Context Audience context Written to address a specific context and /10

Significance of issue Addresses a current and significant /10

Actionable Clear and feasible recommendations on /10

Link Presentation of Presentation of authors own views about /10

Clear language/writing Understandable by educated non-specialist /10

Appearance/design Visually engaging, presentation of /10

Evidence Persuasive argument Clear purpose; cohesive argument; quality /10

Authority Messenger (individual or organization) has /10

Total points /80

List of products reviewed

Author Title Description Link Score

Policy Briefs with a global scope

National Information Platforms for Nutrition is an initiative

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