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204 Diffoontia and tnogrl Cleus Other examples 6f summation notation are the following yy teva mat oh F2eStn ng definite interas Baia) ee 2 B12) Sa aeey igen Bi Test ana) a * iu Seer i 4 Bal) Ms «nk k= constant “The Definite Inte 208 pais) Bae) ‘The fint thre formulas can be pxcved by mathematica induction. The proots of the next three are easy, The wudnt i ‘encouraged to gv thei pots EXAMPLE: Evalue = (63) whenn ‘st Solution: When n= 4, we have 4 (ie) = (611)+3] + (6(2)+8] + [6(99+8)+ (64}¢3) +154 21427 2 2nd Solution: An alternative solution i to expres fst the {ven expresion without the symbol wa-Da + Es by BOL6) by RL), BaLA) 296 Differentin and Integral Caleuhs (nt) +m by EAL 7 ry BALD) mn (a2) Now, when n= 4,o get Disa) ~ 4) 442) -2 PXEROISE 11. [Expres cach of tho following without the symbol E and evaluate 0. 8D aa + 4 4D w+ ‘The Definite Integra Van u+a) & 5S uray (ars ay (8? +2541) Wate the sum inthe summation notation, 9. -b)) FG —B)+ FO, by) 10, tay) Ha) +--+ fag) 11. feu) 8; #f0ap) Oxy + «+ £4) 12, eae ee 1. bate eat Mo x} td tag + tat 1B. ab, + agby + ayby +. ayy Wi 4 DHT HOt) 207 208 Ditfeential and Integral Caleulus 11,2 The Definite Integra Let y = f() be a function which ix continuous on a cloed Interval (a,j. Bini thls interval into n subintervals (not neces ‘iy eq in lenght) ae shown in Fig, 11-1'The mbes x. x, Srl uch tat Kom Aca S566 SEnn SEAT ate called points of division. Tho set of closed subintervals Deye8 Jil talenoeslqey » Sel i alld 8 portion of the closed interval (a, bj, The lengths (tthe subintervals re ax=n-%, ano mn, ma By Xb FIG.112 Let, 5 4) 1st be othe point on [ab] s0 that wo <8) SE ty Sa SB od Sn, ‘Then fe) 5 fas), tla) are the values ofthe function at ‘ch pots, Consider naw the sum of the following procls Ahoy) + fas) Oxy + «+ He) Om, ‘Writing the sum in summation notatlon, we lave x LHe ax, hich called the Riemann Sum* Mf the limit of the Riemann ‘The Definite Intel 299 ‘Sum exists asthe maximum 0, approaenes2er ana i avays the ‘ame value, the value is unique), then auch a value (any real fmber) fe called the definite integral (or. Riemann integral) of the function y = £ (2) fom a to b abd bs denoted by the svibol foie So by definition, we have fe bxiee 4m the symbot fe), we refer to (x) asthe integrand and to #and bas helower and upper litt of ntegration, respectively The elfferental indies that © the verable of inteation The definite Integrat_[ xx depends on the function f and the limits of integration « and ® but not on the variable x, The Inter only = dummy variable, That te letter x could be fiom = finer» fone = fio Note that the definite intgeal hasbeen defined only in the case when the function is continuous on the closed Interval bhi funetion is continuous on (a,b, then the function is sid to be integrable over (a,b. I the function ismot cont ryous (or i undefined) at some point on (a,b) then we call tox an improper intera* 300 Differential and Integral Callus ‘A partition (6, b]_ which al the subintervals are of equal length it elled roar partion. We shal illustrat how to eval tate the definite integral by means of e Riemann sum corres ponding to reguar partition, Since the subintervals are of the ‘ine Ingth, ies 4x ~ Ax, = Oxy = --- = Ax, then we may ‘imply write Ax (substeipt dated) represent the length of each tubinerl (ee Fig. 1.2). bx dx | Ax ax uo Hos He FiG.11.2 ‘Thus for a regular partition of (ab, definition E11.7) may now be written ae (1 tb - Bn) flee Ee tein hore dx isthe length of each of the subintreals. This eng Be igen by za1.9) ‘The arbitrary number 2; may be chosen at any point on a subinteral, It may be chose atthe lft end, atthe Hght end oF 1 the midpoint of the subintarval. For out purpose, we sball place sat the night end of each subinterval. Then fr the ith fuinteral, we have (11,10) at ioe where 5 ee ‘Tho Definite Integra 01 EXAMPLE: Evaluate {"x*dx by moans of «Riemann sum cor responding to regular pston with x a e+ Tighten tcch ante Solution: Since » = 1 and b (11.10), we nave 2, then by BCLL.9) and Alaa since (8) Hence by E018), 2 fees tin h 2 tox by Bais) 302 Ditferetial and Integral Calculus Bais) ye by EAL, {4 2mm, 2 wim [gee seo] : > r by B11), mes cin fae(asd)+4@r2+4)| ies 2 °F EXERCISE 11.2 Ialuste each of the folowing definite intogals by means of « Rlemsann sunt coresponcing to «regular partion mith a Ube ‘ight end of each subinterva 1 f see 2. ff (ix 3. f. xix — Lx 4 f Ge + 2+ 1d ‘The Definite Integr 508 6. f. (xt yae 6. i (2 — aay 0 five 8 f ax(a + 2) 11.8 Some Properties ofthe Defate Integral We shall now give some properties of the definite intag. fas. Some of them are formally stated ab theorems in mote ad ‘anced text on Caleulus We shall tate them here without proof tra ut ating ann now woe ot hve spaced that « an a Hence G! (x) = f(s), However, by hypotheses, Fe) = f(x). Since to functions having the same deriative iffer by a copstant Gen +e ® Substitatng (2) in (1), we get ff toa ra re o Substituting x ~ ain (8) , we have if (edt = F(a) eC a Likowiso,subattuing = bin (2), we get J A(eydt= Fb) + © @) 206 Differential and Integral Calculus Sabtrsetng (4) fom (6) and noting tat fe 0, we obixin if (eat = FCO) ~ Fea). "Ths completes the proof EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate 2 1p vax Solution: By B(1.16),we have feeb Note: This integral was evaluated by use ofthe Riemann sum in Section 1.2. Our answer here agree with te result thee. EXAMPLE2, Evaluate ip oe Solution: Let u = 4+ 2x. Then du = 2dx and nf =2. Hence By B(1L.16), » (44 20) ax ae aa The Definite Integral, 307 Era a og Daa 56 te EXAMPLES, Evaluate Solution: EXAMPLE, Evaluate cn 1 f(s) ls etined in (a a and i 1-8) = ~ f(x), then fx) called on odd funtion. wea Be shown that for an odd fune- Hon 1) a1) ied 08 Difterentin and Integr Caleus Note that in Bsample 2, 8) = x! ~ 2x i an odd function since fox) = (xP lax) = =x? + 2 =, 11 f(s) fe defined in | a, 0 | and f f(x) = x), then 102) le alld an even fumeion, Tecan be shown that for an even function fx) Ba148) flo = tons In Rxample 4, ff) = x2 + 4 ian oven function since f(x Cap eda xt #42 f(s). Then by BLI8) fe romer foro ie Solution: (ee ies “Semen ee rs Sy ‘iar eae, i ‘The integral in Example 5 can be evaluated in amore nes fashion and quite eaiy #00 by 8 formula ealed Wats’ Forma ‘This Formula given below. Baia) or) totninFaB we where: mand are nonnegative intagers a= tbothmand mare even 21. ttelther one or hth ae od Consider egain the intopal in Bxample 5. We note that m end n= 2are both even, Henee a =£and by B(11.19), we have tac (3-1)() x ff oreo GDB 1K can be shown that i€ 1 = 0, then B(11.19) reduces to a hn Wl i matic, 1416-170, aio Differential and Integral Calculus ‘ F cg. tw) fer Byt ord) g tem iso. fm = 0, then BC1.19) simples to Bois cond = S=1D-B)- Zor) 4 Coad = Tan ay ory where: = itniegiven =i itmivoda. EXAMPLES, Bralnte sin xd Soluton: Since m= 8 sod, then = 1, Thus by B(21.20) ‘we have eee ee foe dh 3 > By a change of variable, an integral can be reduced tof for'which ‘Wal Formula ean be applied. Conder the fol EXAMPLE7. Evaluate fi cota The Definite Inter ‘ar Solution: Let @ = ax. Then d.@ = ade or dx = ba a Then d.0 = ade or dx = $4 0, EXERCISE 11.2 vaste each of the flowing Bi 2) x0 Vain ‘ fe +S)u ae Ditferetil and tag Calclus The Define Integral ais far sx 2 ie 8 fs oP oe . fas fae i Wall formula to nate ech fe folowing : = fee g a fete Sey ‘ ; 28. fsa 1 ff oes fae au 2, 7, 29, 20. Ditterentil and integra Caleulus ge J sor acon nds I, Tete Oe 4 te amo Jo Gre rh ae sex zane fon ‘dx, let xe sin chapter 2 SPREE ABs: ‘The purpose of thie chapter eto dsc the methods of cae lating the magnitude of some important quantities which can be represented by the definite Integral. Such quantities inlude the following: area ofa region bounded by curves, volume of «sold ‘of revolution, length ofa curve and he ates of rrface of revel 12. Area Under a Curve In the preeng chapter, we gave an analyte definition of 4 dofinite integral. We alt recall that the vlue ofthe definite {integral isa real number which depends onthe type of function igven and the closed intel over mich the function is defined Since the tea of a plane repon* isa real number, we wish to naociata the vale of the definite Inogral witha given gion, | FIG. 121 mia.122 as 316 Differential and ftegealCaleus ‘Suppose ~ f(x) iss function which is defined of conti ous on & closed interval (a,b) - Let R denote the regan Sous: ed by the waph of y = 13), the vertical lines x ~ a, = beard the ranis a8 shown in ig. 12.1 Let A tepreent the sou of ‘This area is customarily referred to as the orer under a car Now suppose we are asked to calcite the aren A of the seco Howe tall ne mesure 2 A simple method of approximating the area of the region 2 i to construct s set of rectangles with bases along the ee & shown in Fig 12.2. The tum of the aes af the eceangiog wit ‘gpprorimate the aes of R. Our approximation will be subse Lally improved i we increase the number of recanghe. Tata, (approximation ofthe area of Ry thus method cat be cone ‘ont to any dested accuriey. With this basi dea tosone glee to-conclude thatthe exact area of ithe limit ofthe sug ore sre of the rectangles as the number of rectangles beets Inifinite or a8 the maximum width of the rectangles spprescres For spicy, tu dvd the Intra, b a Fig 12 in nC into acho tg Se el 2 Eye. ie rts a te eae carpal pom Py aan oP Satis uate Note tht Iwo ts of etn cin Wad oa the ope bate inde sun Tine see ga ie in Pig 123 and anolier oe of tangle wit et oe the tne cameo cena) actos nt Geometric Applications ofthe Definite Integral aut Let A, donote the sum of the aver of the inseibed roo: tanales an the sum ofthe arasof the circumseribed rectangles. ‘Then, we have Ete) flagQhx + fp) + + fle 38 tyes agi etgen= $F tejor @) Tt A isthe area bounded ty y = f(x). x= a,x = band the axis, then we ee that < @ AySAS Ay ® cS OC A-AL< Ag Ay “ ‘Now note tht if we subteat (1) from (2), we get Ag A= [f%q) tong) ] 4x 6) 11 tho numberof points of dvisin is Increased indefinitely, then ‘x tends to zeo (Ox = 0) 55 m tends to infinity (n=), Conse: ‘quently, rom (6), we te that Ay Ay =O. Thats, lim (g~ A)= 0 co) o im Ags tim Ay ® ‘Alsg since Ap ~ Ay = O 8 m- , then by equality (4), we have AW Ay-O.Tat ie, Ae din A ® Therefore, by telations (7) and (8), we se that ‘Awl Ay= lim “Ay o) as Difterentia and Intogrl Caleuus ‘The onl above shows that the aree_A of tho region R can be found regress of te way the rectangles ae constructed (he Inselbed or creurgenbed) In summation notation, (9) becomes gel 8 atm Y tapacetm F sapax Butlin 3 toy) tx= ft) Hence, we conse tha the ‘cea A under the curve ¥~ f(x) trom x = a to x= b i given by the dette integral a2) It y = 1a) is ently below the xaxis, then the ordinate vx ‘he total aren bounded by the Hence, by the definite inte ‘sree igen by a2) n i (yy ype a4 Ditferential and intogel Calculus Note that the length of the vertical element, rgnrdless of ite postion relative to the corrdinate axes, can elways be rp resented by the difference yy ~ 1. For instance, consider Ue ‘egon bounded by the curves'y — f(x) and y » g(x) in Fig. 12.11 Since the polata of « curve which le above the axis have pos tive ordnats and those below the x-axis have negative ordinates, ‘then for the length of the fist element in Fig. 1211, we have AgBL= AM Bb, =e Oy) aaliyah cata For the second elament, length it AgBy = Ag+ MaBy Ca) ry For the third element, its lngth ie ‘AgBy = MB MyAg eee ‘Thus, we have shown thatthe length ofthe vertical clement, regards ofits position relative to the eoordist axes, can snap ho represented by the difference yy —¥ Geometric Applications ofthe Definite Integral 325 mig. 12.11, IG. 1212 ‘The area of the rogion bounded by the curves y ~ (x) and y= g(s) In Pig. 129 can alto be computed by taking a typical ‘ectangular element with edges parallel to the xaxs. We call his Variable cloment a horizontal element of er or» horizontal strip. ‘Thun in Pig 1212, » hoclzontalclment & shown whore lenge x, amd Whos width i dy. The rea dA of the element i A= (a, —mpty nd by the definite integra, : F028) as fants nhore x and x ae the absent of the right and left ends of ehe Nosiaontal lemant respetieely. Im Pig. 1212, y= fix) i the ‘eft curve an y = g(x) the right curve. Tecan aso be shown thet the length of the horizontal element, roardiss of ts position relive to the cooedinate axes, can always be reprewnted by th ‘htterence =x 326 Diltferetll and Intagal Callas EXAMPLE 1, Find the atea bounded by y= 8x and y = 1st olution: Solving the two equations simultancousy, we find tht the line intersects the parabola (0, 0) and (8, 9), Taking a verde element (Fig. 2258), we note that yy = Se and Sr! Hens by E1.4), we ve Fig. 1218, 2nd Solution: ‘Take sorta element shown on Fi 1244" Nowe hat y ona" ibe gt cape and y ~ Gis et ouve. Hence 5, =F fd xj = By (12.0), we hve f 4 V FIG. 12:14 Geomoteic Applications of the Definive Integral ar EXAMPLE 2, Solution: nd the area between y* = x and 3" ‘The curves intersoct at (1, 1) and (1,—1) Take 4 horizontal element at shown in Pig. 1215. Since 3! = 2 x the right curve and y" = = ie the Jere curve, then x, = 2— 9" and xj = 9" Then by B28), af [ewe de cor boonuse of ymmetey, we have wafer 228 Ft 12, 13, 14, 45, 16. x. 48, Difterential and Invgrl Caleulus EXERCISE 122 yom yn yer de y=x nx , y= cone between x= and x == esi ety ; - y= 2sine , y= sing between x= Oand x : et wady yah y= 6x4 10, x= 8 y=? wyel yo, xe2 = mtl, yo Tox, x=8 8.y=x,y-1 yon! y= Ine, x=e yi ada .y = 2ayx= 0 yor ta , she dar Poona eee ‘Geometric Applications ofthe Definite Intgra a9 1. yhaxth, yo1~x 20, y= ax yt 21 dxvye end 22, x= ayn yt xt 23, 24 122 Area in Polar Coondintes Let it be required to find the aren A of the region R bounded by the pola curve r= {(O ) and the line @= wand 9 = Pot Almplicity, inser in Rn equal cveulr sector each of ote le 60. A typiat tetor is shown in Fig, 12.16, Rocaliog Mat the area of ice sector 330 Different and Invoyrl Caleue of radius a and central angle @ is - ¢, then the sum of the reg of the sectors in R wil approximate the ares bounded by 1a £(8)0= and @ = OThie sum, in sigma notation ie gre eran aae I ls retsonable to expect that ae n increase, this sum comes lower and closer to the exact ate of R Ths we defined the area OF Ra the limit of the wm of the neue ofthe sactory asm tends to intinity. Tati, : mag actffeee If the region R is bounded by =f, (0), F=f (0),0 = a and @="6 (Pig. 12.17), then the area of R can be shown to be Baa) A. feet rae: where 1, and 1) are the respective radius vectors of the Inner and outer curves Geometric Appliations of tho Definite Integral sar miG.1217 EXAMPLE 1, Fld the area bounded by the lemriscate Fn a! cond, Solution: By symmetry, the total area four times the aes between @ =O and @ = (Fig. 12.18). Hence WyEC26),wehave 4 : y acaafi rae oe <2 fi otose 1218 332 EXAMPLE2, Find she area of the region which is inside the CGteloy Band outside the cardioide ~ 21 coeO), “then by Solution: “The polats of intenection of the curs (see A 12.19) are (2,2) and (2,— E27) and beomuse of symmetry, we Have P f[esa ae ? foe 2- aeoee] : rey rie. 1239 Sues EXERCISE 123, Fa the are ofthe rion enclosed by the Following: 1, Thecinle 1= 16sne 2 ‘Thecinele r= deoee A. Theron Fane Differential and ftegel Cale Geometric Applications of the Definite Integral 338 4 ‘Therore ¢= deosto ‘Thecardioid r= 21-6) ‘The ardiold r= 4(1+ cor®) ‘The imacon r= 2+ cox ‘Thelemniseate 1 = asinao Find the inion ave: 8 10. The ree common to the citcle r= ail cos, "The area common to the ele r rat coe 2 and the candioid 08 # and the timacon + in 6, The are betweon he two loops of te limacon ‘The ren inside the small loop of the limacon = 1 4 26n 0: ‘The area which i Inside the circle righ of the liner = sce: Ooo # and ko the ‘The area which is inside the crete r = eos @ and to the "ight OF the ine roe @ = 2. ‘The ates whichis inside the ile x = 4eoe-@ and outside the ctcle r= 208 6 ‘The aren which is insido r= Sen @ and outside the acon reas The aren which is inside the lemniscats 1? = Grin? @ and 2 led the cele $34 Differential and Int Caleulus 124 Volume of «Solid of Revolution 1» plone area i rotated about ine in ts pine, the solid thus gered i calle solid of revolution, Th line about which the aren i rotated tele sh aes of rotation. Consider a ple pla fire such asthe rectangle In Pig. 12.20. If this rectangle SS revolted shout the line, the slid of revolution generated is #0) FIG. 12.20 If the lower end of th rectangle docs notre onthe line (soe Fig. 12.21), the sold of revolution generated by revolving about Lisa earring of washer 36 WIG. 12.21 I we rectangle hits edges parallel to the ine bak shown in Pig, 1222, the sold of revolution generated by cevoving about Lise elindcal shel, Geometric Appliations of the Definite Intra iG. 12.22 ‘The volume of a solid of revolution can be found by int tration and this wil be discussed inthe follwing stone 126 The Crear Disk Method Consider the aes A under the curve C of certain function f and tween the line b= aad h = b, Assume that fis cont nous on [a,b Ifthe area A ie revolved about the horizontal line Ha eolid of revelation i= generated. Our problem i to cal cite the lume V of thi sold af revolution (ae Pig. 12 28), ma mb iG. 12.23, Divide the interval a, } into m equal subintervals, exch of length 2, "Then draw n rectangles with he lower bass rating on the line Hand the coreyponding upper Dawes touching the curve 286 Differential and Integral Cletus A typical rectangle is shown in Fig, 12,24, Ifthe ares A ise Solved about H. each rectangular slemeat wil sweep out a evlin Urea element oretclar disk Note Ut the length and width of the rectangular element become the radius and height of the ‘ik, respectively so | ‘he sum of the volumes of the diss will approximate the volume of the solid of reolution. That i vo Satna nijans eitans + 120k ay ‘Te volume of the solid canbe regarded as the limit of Ube sum (i) ate tends to intinty. Hence Vvetm YE rh Then by the fundamental theorem, we write (2) 28 Eq2a) var fi Wah (Ceametrc Applications ofthe Definite Invegeal as7 ‘Bquation E(22,8) may serve aba general formula fr finding the ‘volume of sold of revolution by the disk method. Note that E28) also implies that dV = r1* dh whichis the volume of Variable eeular dik, The following examplo will hustate the we of B28). EXAMPLE L, Find the volume ofthe solid goneraied by eva ing about the axl the area boursled by ¥ = ie x= and the wats Solution; Draw the rectangular element shown in Fig 12.25. Note that the length of the recanglo is T= y and fee width ie ah = de. Hence by B28), we have veaf yrax fx (nee y= V1 FIG. 12.25, 238 Differontia and Tegal Cale EXAMPLE2, Find the volume of the slid generste by revol sing about the line ¥ = 2 the area bounded by you x= Dandy 0. Solution: Soe Fig. 12.26, Wenote that = 2~xandah= dy. Hence by B(12.8), we have ve [exe =f e-vite FIG, 12.26 Geometric Applications ofthe Dente Intgeal 0 BXERCISE 12.4 Find the volume of the slld generatsd by revolving the aren hounded by the iven curves about the indleated ss 1. yo xt Be , nani: about the x-axis 2 xm yl x02, y=0; aboutx=2 5 y=0, x= O:sbouty 4.y-= 0; shout the xanis 5. xty= 6, y= 3,x=0; about the yas 6. y= x ~ 8, the coonbinate axeriabout y= 0 7. ays Ayn By = 4; abouty= 4 8. y= 2x4 4,94 = 4x; about the yanie 9, yf = dau, x as about x= a ieee tenes LL, y= alnx, x= 0,9°= Teabouty = 1 1 y= a y= 8.x Oabouty = 8 18, xty = 6,x= 4, xasissabout y= 0 So by integration that 1M. The volume V of aphere of raiua rs V = $a? 16, ‘The volume V of erght eieular cylinder with baae radivs x and height his Ve nb. 16. The volume V of sight circular cone with bake radius 1 sind beg his Vs rh 40 Diffeentiat and Interal Caleules 1 The yolume a the tw of «it cue cones Py Fa ty jwise gy rads of ope ve Sand 2 tain Pte lotr base ant b= nd othe fn 18, ‘The volume of a spherical sqment is V San? (eh) fiero t= radius of the sphere and h = depth of the see 12.6 The Washer Method ‘Let Gy and G, be the graphs of two functions f, and f, respectively? Consider the region bounded by Gy, G, and the Tints h'= a, b= b, This epon is opreented by the area FCDE In Fig, 1237, If this area is revolved about the line H, s slid i generated, Let V sepresent the volume ofS, Now our prob Jom to allt tals volute V. 1G, 12.27 Geometric Applientons of the Definite Intl an Suppose we construct msectangles in the aren FCDE. this area fr rawolved about the line H, then each rectangle will sweep tut a washershaped roid whose volume is the difference of two ‘relat vis, i Fig. 12.28, «typical rectangle is shown whose Soper and lower baece ave (and 1, away from the Horizontal The H wespectvely. Note that when this rectangle % revolved bout Ha washer with outer radius 1p and inner rads (i ieverted, The vokime dV of this washer av=av,—av, my where: QV, _ volume ofthe disk with radius AV, = volume of te dk with aus singe a¥, = #lidh and aV, = ri? ah , then (1) becomes av=r0 =) e) FIG, 1228 Hence, the volume V ofthe solid S under disuston ean be appre ny the sum ofthe volute of he washers penerted Pena ta Improve our approximation, we simply increase se Differential and Integral Coleus the number n of rectangles inthe area FCDE. Then we expect the ‘eact volume of the old tobe thelimi of the au of Ue volumes. ‘Sf the washers at becortesnfnie, And by the definition of the etait integral, the volume V of the sod 8 wil bo HO89) von FY ataian HXAMPLE 1. Find the volume of the solid generted by revo ving about the yaar the rem bounded by Yox'yx= 2andy=0. Solution: Sketch the waph as shown in Fig. 12.29. We note that =. = 2 and ah = dy, Then by BABS), Vaal! axe =f, wos ot FIG. 12.29 Geometric Applications ofthe Deinte Integral er) EXAMPLE 2, Find the volume of the solid generated by rvol- ng about the xaxin the areu bounded by ro days 4 and x= 0. Solution: Sketch the graph (Fig. 12.90) and draw a vertical flement. Note that 1, = J.) = 4and dh= de ByECI29), we have 2 ae FIG. 12.30, sea Ditterentia and Intgel Caleuus EXERCISE 12.5 Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the ates ‘hounded by the given curves ebout the indicated axis of revolt 1 yo x), xo 819 =O; sbout the yas sbout the axis 2, xty=lhx= Ry 8, y= fax, x ajabout the yaxs 4 ye xxe2,9= Osabout x= 0 5. x ty +a saboutx= b>? a) 6. yhexy=x—% shoutx=0 go y= 25, x4y = 5 omnllerareay;about y= 0 8, y=x! .x= 2, xis about she y-axis 9, yf = 4,22 = 4 about the x-axis 10, x8 +98 = 4; shouts 11, y= 8x y= 2x5 about y 12, y= 4x oa, y=; about = 2 12,9 The Cylindrical Shell Method ‘Consider region RF. 12.51) whichis bounded by a curve G, ro wera lines h =a, h = and a horizontal ine H. If We ‘vole Me about another vertical ine L, a slid Swill be generated {fhe lume V of 8 may be computed by « combination of ein ‘Gees slls To simplify our dacoasion and notation, partion {he interval (a,b) into ah equal subnterals, each of length Ab, br ro oui rem GGeometeie Applications ofthe Definite Inge 345 Fig. 1231 ‘Then canetrict also n rectangle, each of which bas ab for its ‘with, When Ri revoled about L, each rectangle will generate 1 eylindseal shel, "The sum of the volumes of these shally wil Spprovimate the true volume ofthe sli 8. ia. 12.32 348 Differential and Integral Cale Atypical ectangle in the th subintervals shownin Fi. 12.82 ‘Tho volume AV; of the eslindvcal shell generated by revolving this rectangle about 1, is equal tothe volume of the outer eylinder fof raun By +h mings the volume of the inner eylinder of ra- ‘ius htm smb, we ete ee an a sue mo ae vil pproximate the exact volume of the solid Hence the volume’ ‘of the solide dafine to be sim 3 canan+ etiam) Santee oie is peta (ence im ah = 0) team Sita ‘Thon bythe fundamental theorem, we have a eae ‘Geometric Applications of the Definite Intra! sat uke tho other gee forms that we have dared, fo cna B1210) i ony taf a we an unientnd nial hee tnd dh and for, Wh reference co atypia recanpus ete, which in pactic, is wy des on Bre elo teh ‘ny be omic te ins other ent en {he act of revolution. | denotes toe length ofthe een dh represents its width, ee t SKAMPLEE. Find ch volume ofthe std generated by rt ving about the ras the an bounded oy yea mayo Solution; Daw the retailer elament as shown in Pig 12.8 an label scoring We se that h= = yanddh= ar Hence by E021), fe nef x ds (ance y= 7) a8 Differential and Integral Caleulus EXAMPLE, Pind the volume of the wld generated by rol ‘ing about the xaxis Ue area bounded by y = x andy = % Solution: Draw the horizontal element as shown in. Fi 12:34, Note tat h= y, t= x, = VY" tnd dh» dy. By E112.10), vom f av7- va Bl an 0 we wiG.12.34 (Geometric Applications ofthe Definite Integral a9 EXERCISE 126 Use the eylindeical cell methed to fnd the volume ofthe std generated by revolving the area bounded by the given carves bout the indicated axis sys xiebouts = 0 5. yng, y= com =F: 6. xy=1,2=1,x=4,y=0; sboutthe xexle 1 x= NF, 8, ays yy xy= 1; about the xaxis 0.¥= 9; abouty= 9 9. y= nx, x= ey 0; shout the yanie about y Bxx= 0.9% 4; abou y= 4 Oy =e; aboutx=0 18, (x= 8) + ¥* = 9; about the yale 16 fe xt y= 4 5 sboutx= 4 + about: (o>) a0 Differential and Integral Calculus By integration and using the cylindrical shell method, verity the following 5. Show that the volume of x vight citeuar cone of Met unmet ras 11, Gy ak 4 ee oc rt oc Soe ee toatisitie V= 4 a) i 18, how tte one fa ph of dV = fe 12, mow at fh ve OAS on Pi 3888) rrr Sovlie you Ta eee ge tee ceed (eer aoees, (Geometric Applications ofthe Definite Integral 31 FiG.12.35 128 Volumes of Solids with Known Cross Sections We shall deveiop here a method for finding the olume of a ‘olid whove croc sections are tangle, rectangles o other falar stometric plane figures. For a goneraldisctason, conser the Solid in Fig, 12.26. Lat us dside this sli into.n Squal soc bp Plane sections perpendicular to a fted line L-+ Atypleal chee ine thicknest dus (I= 1, 2,8. n) and which aw distance trom a fixed point 0 i shown in Fig. 1226, We sal ls tas lhe functional notation A(u) te denote the aen ofa plenesecuon, 1 4, sama, then the volime ofthe slice is epprosimateys aged AQ) Ou, eB The volume of the solid ean be approximated too by the au of the volumes of the n ices. That the expresion 2. Alay any @ ase Ditteental and Intgral Calewios 1s an approximation to the exact volume ofthe sold. Therefore, the lnit of the tim (2) sen becomes infinite geste volume of the sll. "That i, ie yah ka [ ‘an by the fundamental theorem, we write (3) a Boat Vof) Aton ‘where the limits of intogration, a and b, are choven sa to cover ‘the whale sali, + ta. FIG. 12.36 [BXAMPLE: ‘The base of wold i citce of radius $ ft. Find its ‘volume if every section perpendicular to a fixed lamer of the base isa square with one side in the base Sofution: Take he crete inthe xy-plane with its center st the origin as shown in Fig. 12.97. Then the ‘squttion ofthe circle ix! 4 y" = 9. Next, take ‘he fixed diameter slong the xaxis and then ‘raw at typical section perpandcolar to thi di Imeter This section i a square of side 2y and its ste ey? In terme of x, teste ie (Ceometsc Applications ofthe Dest Integral 8 Nax)= 48-22) ‘Then by B(42.11), the volume of the sol i” iP bey =f, 9-0 us ‘Because of symmetry, the volume may be found by vaaf) 40—w yar wig. 1237 pitferenial and ftegrl Caleus EXBROISE 12.7 ‘The base of sold isthe ciclo x? +? = 86, Find its vo fume if every section perpendicular to a fixed dimeter of {HE ewe san soceesarmgle whose litade sequal to the length of ts base. 2, ‘The base of sold isan ellipse whose mafor axis and minot ‘ils. ave 12cm and 6 em long, respectively, Pind the volume tthe solid Ie every wetion perpendicular to the major ais San exillterl vange. 3, On each chord of 9x? + 169% = 144 perpendicular to the Canis it ercted en luoteles right tangle perpendicular to {he pane ofthe ellipse and with ends of the hypotenuse on. the Elipse, Find the wim of te wold thus formed. 44 "The bate of solidi the region bounded by y2 = 8x and = Pind the yollune of the solid if exery section per. ‘endieular fo the axis of the parabola eam souls triangle rabid 10, 5. ‘The base of certln slid i the soument of the parabola $= te cat off by so itu rectum, Bvery section perpen: Zreaar to the ltur rectum is a rectangle whose belt hoor the aquare of the drtance of the setion from the fis ofthe paabol 6, Find the volume of the wedge cut from right eeu evlin- (ber of radius 6 in. by two Blanes, one perpendicular to the ‘Eis of the cylinder and the other intersecting Ue first plane Sr Gea dng slong a dimeter of the circular eros section nade by the fest plane. 17, Two cylinders of radi + have ther axes meeting st right ‘ngles Find the volume ofthe common pt. 8. Show that the volume of a pyramid with rectangular base ni atude hs onethird of the area of the base times the sited 1% Aight cirularegtinder of radius «cm and height hem i CGoomeisi Appleations ofthe Definite Integral 385 sited with water. He slowly tted until the water martace intents « diameter of the base. Find the volume of the trater that romain tho cylin. 430. A solid has frit bage the tangle cut from the fist. qua Athy the lin xt y= 4s Boer ectlon of the solid perpen ‘Boulet to the x-axis sa seiioe, Fad the volume of the ‘li, 11. Aarel has the shape ofan elpsld of revolution with equal Plover cutoff the ent. Ifthe bare of helghth, with i {eter ends of radive and midsection of radios, find ste ‘volume 12.9 Length of an Are tet the curve in Fig. 12.18 be the graph of funtion y = (3) which continuous on the interval [a D. Consider the ate Py Ur 'the eume and let be requted to find he length ofthis re 10, 12.8 FIG, 12.39 386 Differential and Integr! Caleuue Subdvide the interval a, b] into subintervals by points Kyte, lla S862, ye ce, BLA PP), Py, 1, be the comesponding points onthe curve hig 12.99), Denote the lengus of the axe P,P, bys, Tht ares can be approxima by he kn of he hone P,P ERR + +R, whereby the distance formule, WR = Ve YP = VR OR FR vq eGo - Veo = VG EP FO, AY, a VOR Or In signe notation, equation (1) canbe written as @ or equivalently aS Vata ° Since y = f(2) i continuous on ‘theorem, we have bi, then by the mean value y,= Fx) Ox, o (Geometric Applications ofthe Definite Intgea a7 whore sr SNS, ‘Substituting (4) in (8) and simplifying, me Ret a= DS VTF IDE ax, © I mis increased indefinitely, then the length of wach chord approaches zero. The init of the num (5, fie exits, i defined {be the lenge ofthe are P,P, . This stim VET POE x, Co) By the fundamental theorem, (6) becomes [Er & o sn ss 1) A tim cg) my bwin sassy of [AB x Ix gy) defines funtion whose curve is continuous on ‘he interval 6) then we have See {fx and y are given in terms of a parameter ¢ ané2¥ and SF ee emer Ba2.1) ‘we continuous om the Interv, then weave asa Dittreutia and Intogel Calculus ‘Geometric Applieations ofthe Definite Integral 359 Baar mC) a of) visio sears ae Ue the equation ofthe cu r= 1), tha i ola por 5 anata he tah sitar othe mera Go =f MawararT wo neve le suas «ff (@) a -fivirae | [AMPLE fn he hot cy = eo : ter =f ase Sotaion: ace y = mcr, then 2 ft, By B22, ese oleh | : Hg este =| Vea : xencise 208 res rt oo ere res zl [cs + emo] 1, y= x9? from x = Oto: a 2. y+ Inco hom x= 010 x= § = Int v3) 18, the entire hypocyotold x27 + y2/9 + 92!% }e+ ©) tomy= 0t09=1 EXAMPLE, 2, Vind the cieumference ofthe circle r= sin@: 4 ae = tain, then ~ 4e0s0. In analytic 5 Solution: Since scometey, we recall that the entire une is 6 traced at @ increnes from O ton. (See Fig. 12:40), Hence by B28), 1 00 Ditferentil and Itegel Calculus pune is 9. the cardioidr = 20.~ coro) 420, the cardold r= a(1 ~ sina) ¢ tom 010 1, F= Asint fom 0 12, 2-469 from 0 t0# 12.10 Area of Surface of Revolution When a eure is revolved about tne in is plane as an axis of revolution, penernes surface called surface of revolution ‘Our problem i to find en expression forthe ares of that surface, Consider agin the are P,P, of the cure ¥ = f(x) in Fig 42,90, IT this are revolved abot the ate each of the chord wr Pi Fa agPa Renerates« frartum of aight cre Lat cone. The mum of the lateral areas oft frustums genera ta by the chords will approximate the exact area of the Surface of revolution, This sum is Sao 800 +2 VRP VGnP + 901 + ve VEER fc nagc1 + a9) VEST a rin sigma notated, we welte sot wero a ida iis faa ine alge prea Geometsic Aplications of the Definite Integra 961 By the mvan value theorem, y= Fox) 0, @, he, 51 af Sing a mg ea Ot NTF POP Ox, 8) Expanding (2), we obtain ‘The ares $ ofthe su lilt f the sum rp of the lateral areas of the frustrums asthe ‘number of chords Becomes infinite and the length of each chord stpronches sero, Thus $= tim sy = ims + im 8; ie shen: 52 Dy VIF OOF An, a Lev T RDFa, 362 Differential and Integral Cale ‘Geometric Appliatons ofthe Definite Inga 363 fey gf WOTETe ecaing that (a) = and atte) wet sotinay= Bf a rt 127 5(15)in Copter, wean the eton a- ve nce, equation (7) may simply be written as » iG, 1241 a2ae) 8-2/9 : in genera, the expressions o replacements for 1 and wil tt can abo be ehown that ifthe a FP in Fig, 12.20 it opot Spa tne esson of te carve (n recog, po, oF revolved about the yas Ue aes ofthe surface of revolution i er eee en), Tus we fave the following relacerents for srenby eal enaper 7 [Be yet) itx= ey) . a. de gq12.17) s- mf ds spake tate ct ene a MGR oe 01s ie Ry 0 wre: ds = ditferentil of ae length + {= distance of the element of arc ds trom the axis of 1 aio recall thatthe coondintes of the reetangular and polar eooninate systems are elated by the equation 0) paass) Ss 18) revolution, ‘Ths, ifthe equation of acusveis of the form y = f(x) and fan are length # of this curve ib revolved about the tine x = Ie UA ee (Gee Fig. 1241), then we noo that (= ex ad dei as defined i Dy BCT), Pati, 208 Differential and Intgral Cleulus ‘Thus i « curve hasan equation of the form r= f(0) and an are Tength » of thls curve ir Tevolved about the kaxi, then we Use (1236 by repcing yy rina aby V+ (3) a EXAMPLE: ind the men of the sre gener by 2 volving about the y.anie the pail of the cure Joe between x = Oand x= 1 Sotation, since y=2° ten SE 2, Tend A227, ae fixe apt ax -af! (i+ ax Pate wa [panes a) - EVE) Geometric Appliatons of the Definite Intgral 365, BXERCISE129 ‘ind the area of the surface gonersted when the indicated are is revolved about the xin. 1, x+y! =16fomx= Qtox~ 4 2 y=VFtomx= Otox=1 3. y= 12stromx tox 4. y= sin from Otox= © Pind the aren of the surf generated when the indicated are i revolved about the y ain. vr 6. y= tnx from x= 10x 7. x= cotly trom y ~ 010 8. x= day fom x= Otox= 28 9. y= 4x fromx=Otox=2 10, y= 2efoux=Otos=4 11 Find the area of the surface generated by revolving about | the xatis the upper tal of the epee 4e° + 169" = 64, 12, ‘The right-hand Toop of P ~ a? cos26-is revolved about the ‘normal ass Pn te aes of the surface generated 1, Find the lateral surface of the cone generated by revolving the line y = mx from x= 0 tox = 1 about the xan, MM, Find the aren of the surface generated by revolving the Inypocycloid x= sn'@, = coW*® about the x-axis 986 Differential and Integral Calelus ‘One arch of the cyto x= s50-—tin6), y= aft — 000) Ee |g revolved about the x.axis, Pind the area of the surface generated 16. The upper bat of r = a(L + cor6) is revoled about the polar xls, Find the are ofthe surface generate. 2, Pin she irae of the tor generated by revving the e circle x = acos®, y = asin@- about the line x = b (b> a). how shat the ares of the surface of «right cicular cone of fatude and rads ri S= nel where = ge? +t 19, Find the azen ofthe surface generated by revotving about the ‘ais the epee x = cost, y= bent. The ocentilsy ofthe lip ie chapter SP'ine Denne intseras In this chapter, we shal extend the applications of the def nite integral. This tine, we shall state the power of intel “aleulusas a tool forthe formulation and smesearemont of phyacal, ‘antes such as liquid pressure, work, and cantrold. These ar ome ofthe physical phenomena which an be defined interme of Its and consequently be evalited by intgrtion 18.1 Fore of Find Pressure Consider flat plato that is submegged in afd (or Hiquid) so Ua its surface fo parallel to the surface ofthe flud, A pet ent fact in hydrostatics i that the force F due tothe preeure ofthe Mud ahove this plates F ‘wha whete wis the weight per unit volume of the fuld,* A is the aren ofthe plate and hs the distance between the sutface of the Aid and the plate, “Another pertineié fact In hydrostatic eth dhe pressure at 4 polit below the surface ofthe fluid isthe sume nal dretions ‘We shal use this fact to cleulate the force of preanire os vee Hal surface. Thus consider a pate that ls submerged #0 tat is furface is perpendicular to the surface of the Tutt (Fig. 18.1) ‘et us say that we aro required to find tho force of eeure oy the surface of this plate a 25 FIG, 18.1 ” Ditton and Ines! Caleulus Physical Applications of the Definite Intogn a9 Aa Ses ord emt tel aah P tameenenaten ee : Caveat eee citations (a Lo e ‘conesponding distances from the surface of the fiud. Then the 4 aoe uote) n(n tpg, ge wena ceensaa a oe rfte-ne 3 whys (2 auf yy Bayan, @) =[z-21, ‘his sum (2) «an approximation of the total force Fon the sur <0aw tb face of the plate, Thus we may define F asthe mit of (2) 8» fend to nti. That ‘where w = 62.5 yf? Pe tim Sowhea, @ ; By the fundamental theorem, (3) becomes Gh an) rew finn he hn 9f gg amt a eon t Sateen ond a Seta’ dy decree nea aoe i iSmans dinates inet AAUP Api he ow fanaa CRP Soe eelrs eG Sree a mnoasa Shree oa Soe eee ee eee ee eee Al we! eta eg ge Prog rere rrr “ian te meee bea ean MCRAE SE ie na, reuft—niee aw . o w fy -axay a 310 Differential and Intgral Calculus By similar trang, we got x-La-n 2) han a ‘Substituting 2) n (2) and simplifying, Pay fy 1) saw 1—b m1G.133 EXERCISE 13.1 1, rectangular plate 12 long and 8 fe wido i submerged ver lally withthe longer edge im the surine of te ater. Find the fore on one side ofthe pte 2. A tangulae plate with base 6 1 and sltude 8 fe is sabe ‘merged vertically in water. If the base iin the surface of the water find the free against one side ofthe plate Physical Applications ofthe Definite Integral an 1 tho plate in Problem 2 ie submerge vertically so that ite vertex fs abore the base and 2 ft below the srtice of the ‘ater find the force against one sid ofthe pate CCleulee the force on a trapesidal git in a dam such ‘thatthe top of the gta 2 ft helow the surface of the water, the top of the gto is 10 ong, the bottom i fe ong and ‘the remning see have lengths 2/5. ‘A plate inthe shape of « tangle a aubmarged vertically and {the base which ie $f longi in te sian of the water, Pind the altitude ofthe tangle ifthe force di to the water pres: ‘ure sgainst the face of the plat is S0w where ws the weight Det eas of water ‘Tho outlet of a reservior closer 4 crcl hale Jn the se Find the foree on the outlet gate ifthe hole 4 tn ia: ‘meter and is contri 401 below the water lve ‘An olptical pate, major axis 6 ints, rlnor ais 4 units, is ‘submerged vertically unt its center is 2 units blow the war face and the major sx is horizontal, Pind the fonce oh one sido of the plate Find the foreo on ou sdo of plate bounded by x= y* and x= 2 y! whichis submerged vertically ina fig snd the Tiga is just covering the plate ‘A trough of length 6 ft as for ia vertical eross section an Inosceles trapezoid. The vpper ad lower bases are 6 ft and 2 fe ospectively and the alle is 2 fe Ifthe trough i fall Of water, find the foree on the slant ade of the trough ‘A eyindrcal tank 8 1 i diameter i ying on ts de, Find the force due to the water presi at one end of ths fan ‘itis half of water. 1 th tank in Problem 10 contains wate toa depth of 6 ft ‘nd the fore on one end ofthe ta ‘The vertical ends of « ough full of water atv parole mg rents 1 he trough le df vide and 3 fe den, find the Free ‘oman end, ana Differential and Integral 18.2Wok re EuBe,we nate hat the ection of conn is along the fine of motion, the wark W done in dapecing body distance sis gven bythe relation wen w ‘hie relation (or formula) cannot be used directly to cleat ‘work done when the fore ie not constant, However, can be {0 approximate the work done over a shor interval assuming the fore romaing constant over tha shor interval Now cone tho situation n which te foe, while sa acting slons tiene of motion, arable in aru Lt 0) be the value ofa force on epi Pichi ate dbtnee 8 froma fixed prin 0 (ip 19.0 To determine the work W doe bth one) the pre Pt mans rom x= t= ahd the ite fa ito eal bine ach of eh See tcl the vt off) wil tema approxima Sonstant oer ac ubintena xen te oem work W done ino oe [nb eo yn noun of work dopo i the soparste bine Th relation (1), this sum is -7 ed eb ona FiG.134 5 Mey) 4x + H6e,) Ox +. Ha) Ox In sips notation, we write E tayax al Pysial Applications of the Defnite Integra ma nen m becomes init, the sum (2) tends toward imi This We? Pactined to be the total work W required to move the par UclePoveethe intaval [a,b]. Thus, me Bare wetim 3) 15) ox © by the fundamental theorem, (8) ecomes eae ee ‘One of the simplest notin of work deals with te problems of caceuion oF compression of else materials such 8 0 rubber Wed Reba sein, oan etl cord tn Te. 125, 0 rete rene Sa Unmetehed sing and OP represents the same Seng me, ramount x under a forge f(), In physics, we learned Tine aping ls subjected to w force fy i wl seth and ss tr ds tne applied foros ie not too get, Ue force fx) dectly Tonk silonal othe amount of elongation x (Hooke's ta). hat fis) = he ® here kis ale the constont af proportionality sananaig S100 x vic. 135 mm Differential and Integral Calelus EXAMPLE 1, If fore of 60 stetohes a 124n spring to 14m find the work done in ststeing the spring from ABteltin, Solution: We begin by fining the proportionality constant ‘efor ths problem, Since f(z) = 50 1b when x= '1 = 12 = 2 in, then by equation (4) ove, we have 50= 402) of k= 28 ‘Thus, in general, f(x) = 25x. Then by B82) ‘where the limi of Sategration are an is—12-8 baitm 12-5 west xd “Pe 200 into ‘Another type of work problem usually encountered in cal- ulus ithe problem of Finding the work done in pumping al oF part of the Ligue container (4 eylndteal tank, eonlal ‘esc, oa hemispherical bowl) tothe top of the container orto tny point above its top. To simplify our discusion, consder a findcal tank. Ut i fle with a oortain liquid to a depeh ‘2b su shown in Fig 18.0. We ws to find the work done n emp fying the tank by pumping the quid toa point Pabowe it top. Physical Appliestions ofthe Definite Intra 315 FiG.136 Divide the tguid into n horizontal ses (circular disks) by planes perpenaiealar to the axe of the tank Ler AV V3.5 AAV, be the volumes of the reapective sees and hy hy, 2. hp ‘thelr coresponding distances from the point .' "The force te- ‘ited to lift each slice is simply is weigh. If w isthe weight per unit volume of the Higud, then the weight of any such alee way where i= 1, 2,...,.9 and the work done in iting it to the Polat Pi wavy, ‘Then the um Sma, ay, ‘san approximation to the total work done In lifting all the uid in the tank to the point P, The finer the alle, the hotter {she approximation, The limit of the sum above asm lends to in- nity sth exact work done, Ths We tim ¥own, av, ned by Ue fundamental Uorem, we have 6 Ditterentia and Intogel Caleuus naaa) Wow [tay It should be noted that no matier what the shape of the container isin quertion, E(134) can be Wed Uo find the Work Gone in pumping the guid In ive container to any desired poi. BXAMPLE 2, A conical vesel full of wate is 16 ft across the {op and 12 f deep, Find the work required to pump all the watetto.a point 2 ft above the tp rhe vessel, Solution: Take the coordinste axes a shown in Fig. 1827 Draw a eylindsical clement (circular disk) of thickness dy and at «distance y om the x-axis ‘Thon h= 4 y and dV ~ sx". Subst ‘ing in (13.8) with a = O and b = 12, we hive Wewf Ut-yeeay a By similar triangles, we get xed 3 e Sbttating 2 1), and simphitving weg (14y? = 9? ty » blew eb 4. A cont Physical Appliations ofthe Definite Intra sm FIG. 18.7 EXERCISE 122 1. An unsretched spring it 10 f lng. A pill of 40th tretshes| ‘the spring by 1/2 1 Find the work done in stretching the sping from 10 fe to 14 2, ‘The natural length of s spring 8 n. A force of 201 stret- ches the spring’ to 10 In. Find the work done in stretching ‘he spring from its natural length to 12 in 3, If foroe of 6 Ib produces a stretch of one-tenth the netaral Teng Lfe of «spring, how mich work will be done in totehing tho spring to doublet natural length? 3 ak 12 8 aexos the top and fF deep. Ife tains wate toa depth of 6. Find the work done in pamping the water toa pont 2 shove he top ofthe tank. 45. A eyindricl tank of adias 8 fad height 0 fe stands on a fltform 50 (high, How much work will be done in filing ‘the tank by pumping the water fom the ground level? 6, A hemispherical bowl of diameter 10 fll of water. Find ‘the work done In pumping the water to the top of the bow m8 Ditfecetia and intapralCaleulus 1. The horizontal cross section of & ell containing mineral ‘water is n circle of rdive 4 ft, Tho cost of pumping the Meter Lo tn outlet at the lop of the well 2 centavos per ts of work done, If the mineral water weighs 62.5 Inf and i old for 20 poss per cf. find the depth to which ‘the water is to be pumped out to rcalize a maximum prot 8. ‘The vertical ends of «trough 6 f long and fll of water are ‘persbole elements. If tho wough is 4 Te wide and 8 1 deep, {isd the work done in pumping the water to the top of the ‘roth 9. A horizontal cylindrical tank 4 fn dlamter and 10 ft long i fll of water, ind the work done in pumping the ‘water toa pont fave the tp oft tn 10. A cartain tank of depth 10 ft isa surface of revolution formed by rolaling y= 2 about Its axis IF the tank is full of water, find the work done in pumping the water to the top of the tank tl the depth of the remaining wear is 8 411, A'tank fll of water is 12 ft long, 4 f wide and 6 ft deep Find how much the nurface of the water is lowered when ‘onothird of the necesary work has boen done t pump the water tothe top of the fank, 13,8 Fist Moment of s Plane Area ‘An object whose muss acts ata point is called parte Now colder a particle of ime m whichis concentrated ab & point P whose dicted distance from & fixed ine b{. The pro ‘Sac Im defines the frst moment (or mpl moment of He tase ‘of P ith respect to the fixed Be, Denoting this moment by M, ‘then we have the symbole relation N= Un, Let the mass be distributed continuously over a rogion hich may be a plane area, a are lenin, a volume or a surface ee of revolution, Por amply, edna an plane and the fized line X a6 Tying in that plane. To find the first moment fof mass of Rdlde the region into n rectangular elements with Phynical Applications ofthe Definite Intel 379 cos parallel to the line A, The ith element is shown in Fig 138, The moment of mass of Bis approximately equal to the MiG.138 "The total moment My is evidently the limit of this sum as m (ne numberof elements) becomes infinite. Hence my = im 3 18m ‘orby the fundamental theorem, we have my afte For a plane area, the equation above may be written at east) my = fran ‘nhete Le the distance between the fixed line) and the sypica Tectangulae element with area dA. Note that the rectangular ‘ement must be drawn parallt $9 2 whlch isthe axis about Snhich the moment taken, Moments of areas taken about the coordinate axes are of special importance in our sid, In ou present discussion, we sl the the symbol My to denote the moment of aren with rempect to the xan, The oymbol My a wed in the sme manner, 380 Ditteretil sn Itsgrl Calton EXAMPLE 1. Find M, ofthe area under the cure x* = y from xeoix=2, Solution: Since Mg is requted, we tke te element para lel to the xaxls (Fig 13.9). The moment arm is then [= y- and the arce clement is dA = (2—a)dy. Then by EI13.4). wo got ma (v0- any Wea “fiero — [EXAMPLE 2, Pind My forthe aes in Brample 1 Solution: Tako an element ar 18.10). We note tha ‘Then by BGA), fire Physiol Applications ofthe Definite Integral se EXAMPLE 3. Find the moment of area of a rectangle of dimen- sons b (ome) snd h (height) vith respect Its ‘ae, Solution: Draw the rectangle as shown in Fig. 18.11 ‘Then [= yand dé = hay, By E(13.4), we get Mx= il ybdy ie ee ne @ FIG. 13.11 Something s quite intresting with the result in Example above Supposo wo rewrite the result as 503.) 2 My= 2th We note tht the product bh is actully the area A of the ree tangle in Pig. 15-11, Clearly this tells us tat the moment of area ff & rectanale with respect fo It base b is onehal of its height W times Us aro A. From hero, we can sy that ifthe bave of cvery rectangular element in ¢ plane area A las on the line {hen the fist moment ofthat area with respect tothe ine » wil betwen By mete Fema and bythe fundamental theorem, we get nase) a=} fine ere ropresnts the height (or lngth) of «rectangular element td aA {tt coresponding rea, Thus with (13.6), we ean tnd Ditferential and integral Cates sn Beample 1 by taking « vertical element of area. Using Fis, Me a dhath= yand A = yax. Hence by B(3 8), mye 4 fly om -4 five (since y=?) w “5 which agres with the result in Example 2. Consider this time the problem of finding My and My of 43 area Sati Sounded by two intnrecting curves. Tt ce eleinent it en tt pon in Fig. 19.03, then ican be shown that My and My are gen by te flowing forms epee Panera one ln re ; es fare , to we | a iG, 13.24 via, 1812 hyeieal Applications ofthe Definite Integral 389 ‘om the other hand, i 4 horlzonta lement is taken a shown sn PRs, we may tbe the following formulas to Find 804 My gon tae fovea es ed (cep BXERCISE 19.3 Find Mg snd My forthe fint-quadran ee bounded PY yh ethers mod x= 4: ‘Pind Mx ond My for the fust-quadrant area bounded DY eg LF and the coordinate ax ind the motient of are so Problem 1 with espect to the linex= 4 Fina Mt, for he ara under one arch af © ene ‘Find M, fr the ares bounded by 7? = Aan =! «48 pan My for area unde yy = OE Ham = rind the moment of Ue salle area bounded By = 1 ind the monet ne moment i taken about the ne Y= 8 Solve in fwo was. ‘rnd ta moras stout the seis of ie arse bounded MA yom andy= +2. ind the moment about the yaxis ofthe ares hounded BY vind the moment with respect to the yan of Hie area Find ea byy n 2st 1yxh y= Tandx= 8 oe Ditto and Inerge! Caleta 18.4 Centioid of a Pane Area I's mass m is distributed continvously over a region there exit « punt Pat which the whole maw of Bean be consideed St being concentrated. ‘Thi point F is customarily called the Centroid® of the aen ofthe region R. Ina sense, tne eenioid is the geometrical center ar olaneing point of the region. AA Im: portine property of this point thal the moment of te mass ‘Mout any aris equal to the moment about the same axle of the mars concentrated at tht point P Let (ZF) be the centroid of the rion R and (xg, ¥e) the cantrold of & typical element of mass dim in R, Then By the ‘atement given ebove about the property of we have x fan - fam o a ® lames see Seth gy foes a ax aa Payalel Applications ofthe Definite Intgral 385 respectively, where xq. Yq at€ the cootdinaes of the centroid ‘tthe element of area dA Since ay faen o myafeatn An fan | ‘then the equstions in (8) may be written inthe folowing forms aaa) EXAMPLE, Pind the centroid of the ares under the curve yox ftomx=2t0%= 4 Soluson: Toke the eee a shown in Pig, 18.14. Then ycThe prea sement i xen randye A= yds, 58 o Met a fisee «finan = fo > fdr 286 Diffoontial and Integral Cleulos s Wi Pa ie -0 aS ‘ina = 96, = ‘Then by E1811), we have Me ms ‘enim cto A, 96). EXAMPLE Pind the centroid of the aren bounded by yedeo x andxt y= 4. ae y Solution: Tako a vertial element as shown in Pig, 19.15, ‘Then dA = (54 ~ y Moe Where y= 4e—2? and yy 4x. Hence’ =f ito #)- 4-0] dx = fee + ox ae a Physlea Applications ofthe Dette Inge Totind My, use R(.8). Thus My = Jis9u- son ait x[@s—x)- d= Jae fcr +5 - ax a fs eae tetra fiesta 288 Ditferential and I:epral Calculus 3 Get oe + 5x + 8x TO at 5 ‘Then by B3.11), ‘herr he ent at $22 1 the equations of the bounding curves ofa plane are are in polar coordinate, then the expresions xq. and dA In the ee iia a = fas ® should be expressed ln appropriate polar forms. Consider the se OMI in Tig, 13.16 where the element of are taken is circular Sector of radius and entra) angle 48. If G6 is small, the con {roid of the area of the syctor localed ata point on the Bsector ane 600 «dite of eos tn vt 0, * nc Ah Ia iy a eae aed ee 2 += Often OF = 2 (OR) = Br Hee, we et he owing te the wal tense tbs concession Dera te sae a Pi Aplin of Define aso 2 een ® eae w ‘The atea ofthe sector n Fig. 19.16 aa-4rd0 a | —— iG. 1316 ‘Subwtituting (9) and (5) (2) and simplifying, we get basa) My, Map 4 froweo \whete the limits of integration ae taken so as to cover the whole trea. Likewise, substituting (4) snd (8) in (2) and siping, we eau ng (4) ana (5) in (2) and simplifying, ras) wg=} feunoae Prom (6), we obtain the familiar formula for finding the aren in polar coordinates, Tati Aes fas 300 Ditfrentlal and Integral Calcul AMPLE, nd the centro ofthe ea ound by r= Sec, on Oude t- : ot soins P3837 ant [itue =a horeae Physical Applications of the Dente Integea a1 5 =f‘ moncoue a 2 ‘en by HS31 w oa one Mees 7= avs Hence, the centroid ea (2, V3) EXERCISE 124 "ind the centroid of the are enclosed or bounded by the given 1. xt 27=6,x> 0 2. Astquidrant ava of bt3? + 229 8. y= slacand y= Ofromx=0tox= = Zy=0 144 (Ist-quadrant area) a oyez ze 5. 160 + 99? aoe yee ase itfeentin snd integral Clea 8 xn dy- yt et ynd 9. xt tyt a 26xt 5 (omslle area) Stet ayeend a. ring, @ = ¥ (Pst Quadzant) 18,5 Conteold of Solid of Revolution Set up threedimensional coordinate system such tha the x and y axes ate taken afin two dimensions and the axis taken perpendiclar to thom (Fi. 19.18) ‘The plane containing the and y axes i called the xy-plone, The xz-plane and y=-lane late defined in the same manner, Then a point in three dimensions Seven by (x, 9.2). ‘A sold of revolution is symmetric about its axis of revolution ‘and because of Uhl, Its centroid mist He on thie ais. Hen, nly one cootdinate is needed to determine the exact position of the centroid. Thus, the region Rin Fg. 13.18 is revolved about the acasis, the eentrold of the slid generated veil le on the ‘cars, To lente ir exact potion, we only need to find the x. ‘dinate (denoted by 3) ofthe centroid, This centroid is defined ‘toe the point (&, 0, 0) such that My yeasi4) koa! v Myz the moment with sepect to the yz-plano and V is the volute of the soli of revolution. The moment My, i given by Me f xa Physical Applications ofthe Definite Intgral 998 where: xg = x-coordinate of the centroid of a rectangular lewent AY ~ any sloment of volume (disk, washer, or shell) | 1G, 13.18 1 the regon R in Pig, 15.18 is rvolved about the y-axis, ‘then we define te centrod of the solid generatad as the point (0,9, 0) such that Saad Mgz i the moment with respect to the xzplane and V ie the wolume of the sold of revolution, The moment Ma is even by * ye fra wed te a ao ue @ any clement of volume (dik, washer, oF shell) EXAMPLE 1, ‘The firt-quadrant area bounded by y? = x= 2, tnd y = 0 is volved sbont the saxis Find the ‘introld of the solid generated, 300 Differential and Intel Cal Physic Appliestons ofthe Definite Intra 395 Solution: By taking a vocal element (Fig. 13.19) wolring it about the xariywe onan a cular’ dik with dV = © yd. Hinee, the vo ‘ume ofthe sli generated i male he maf ie = 6 EXAMPLE 2, Solve Example 1 by taking & horizontal element Solution; Ifthe horizontal element in Fig. 19.20 is evolved ‘bout the xan, a cylindrical shell generated vith volume dV = 2x ¥(2 —s}Ay, Hence Mio. 13.19, Next, me compute My, by use of (13.14), FIG, 13.20 fs Computing or My, by (28-18), we gt Mya=f ae . yan fete wre xg ER (ance xg= 5 AV = nye)” S2e rave “fine ‘Thon by EA3.14), Ca Merton othe ota (0.0) ae 396 Physical Applications ofthe Definite Integral oon Solving for Mg by (48.18), = as [ina omnes in Example 1. ° THAMPLE®, Pn he cml of» Htc ane of ; a fare Solution: This an be solved in @ number of ways. For our olution, we shall take the yaks ao the asi of Symmetry” of the cone. Hence, we have to fad only. By taking « horzonial element (Fig. 1321), we obtain a circular disk a we revatio it bout the yeas. Since the volume of the disk is aV= extay, then =f EE ay 28 freore five ® eos : Bf eran cne by sin gl (81), we he es a fo jy ann yo ees nO ee ‘ho rom sn tat hn centro eat tance of rom es vst fo-way EXERCISE 138 Find the centroid of the solid ganerated by revolving about the indicated exis the een bounded by the given curves, A ytex: 305 Differential and integral Callus 4 ye nx about the yale 5, yax yt de (dst quadrant); about the ya osx, Kani, x= 0, 472 about the x-axis 7. x2 Ay,y = Asabout the yale 8, y= oF coordinate axes, x = 2; about the xis x= 3,y= 0: about x= 8 aie about x= 2 ay 1 yom, x,y = xb about x Bx,x4 y= Sjaboutx= 0 Find the contro ofthe following solids: 18, Anomlephere of radius. 14. sold which consis of «cylinder of radius 2 and neg 42, surmounted by a cone of the sme radius and 3 f high, 15, A solid whichconsists of « hemlophore of radius 8, mr ‘mounted bys sone of the se rade and helght 6. 18.6 Moment of Inertia of «Plane Area Lust 1 be the distance from a particle of mass m toa ted line 2” The product ofthe square of F by the mass mis called the second moment of manent of inertia of m with respect to the ine X Denoting this moment by I). we have hem a Pysical Application af the Definite Integral 399 ‘Suppose the mass is distributed continuously over a region 1 (plane aes, volume, length oF surface area of revelation). To find the moment of R about a fsed line \, divide the region Fintan ements #9 thatthe particles of each element are eqs ‘istant from the lie "The moment of inertia of the entire mass In R (eee Fig, 13:22) given epproximataly by the sum, pa @ MiG. 13.22 “Then we define the moment of inertia of & continuous mass as the limit oft sum (2) a Lends Co infty hati hom 5 Hm, o -by the fundamental theorem, (8) writen as Ba318) - fran ors plane are, B(13.16) i writen as rasan =f 4a 4 400 Differential and Integral Calcul ‘where 1 (called the radius of gyztion) Ie the antance of the Variable element ffom the line A and dA. is the area of that Gloment. ‘Note that the edges of the rectangular element a paral to tho line , the ine sbout which the moment of inelin ietaken, EXAMPLE 1, Find the moment of inertia of the fist-quadrant seve bounded by y" = Sx and x = 4 with rope {othe eax, Solution: Since the moment is taken with respect tothe ‘canis, we draw a horizontal elements shown in Pig 13.28, Then fortis typical element, we nate thet p= yand d= = hy Hees 3A, aa FIG. 13.23 EXAMPLE 2: Find the moment of inertia of rectangle with spect to its bee, Solution; Pace a rectangle of height hand babe b on the ‘vordinate axes as shown in Tig. 1224. Then by HL8.17) we have : feo fey ] -fet ot 3 1 ae Pyslel Applications ofthe Definite Intgral 401 1 we write the rent in the example above jn the form 1 (ity we note thatthe product th ir actualy Uh area of the 3 sven rectangle, Thur we conchide thet the moment of inertia ‘of a reotonle with rempect to Us base ie eouel fo one-third of the aguare of Hts helght times it area, With this in ming, we ean ‘ay that i the base of every soctangularelemeat in a plane ares ‘ies on the line N» then the moment of inet of thet arn ‘A with remoct to 2 ir equal to ihe rsa 3 pom snd by fundamental tore, weave Af man whore h sesprosents the sight (or length) of a rectangular ele mment and dA its comesponding are. EXAMPLE 8: Find Iy of the area in Bxsmple 1 by taking ver tial elfment. mq3as) r= Solution: In Fig. 13.25, wo soo thatthe height of the reo argue clement is hu y ands area i dhe ye, Then by E1318), FIG, 13.25 Differential and inteprat Caleta Piysieal Applications ofthe Definite Inga) + | | L tan “Flan 576 [- gion is bounded by two Anterseeting | 55 SSS tnt fo pena -2 , adie ‘area can be computed from: ‘the following formulas, o 3 re haat ‘2nd Solution: Taking verti element (Pip. 13.7) we see ° Chat = Beend p= x" | Then by ROIS re ic aya 4-4 f type bo fe ne ie (13.20) 1 =4f we aan Age a yf ‘a1 Bren bythe folowing formula (#1949, then te an : -2 Baa21 ¥1G.13.27 EXERCISE 13.6 Find the moment of inrtin of the ares bounded by the given ‘curves with respect to the specie axl A. Bet y= 6,x= 0, y= 0s with respect tothe axis Y= 4; with respect to th x-axis ARE 8 hovcootl lement (Pie. 13.96) sc Aono lement (Pe 13.26), we age Base 9 a arb es op an ea swith respect to the y-axis 5. > 20% x= Gy = dy with mapect tox = 0 6 ay=4, with spect to the yaxie 404 Difeventiat and inowrlCaleuus 1. y= Bay ~ Bu: with spect to the wns, 8, y=s) y= xswith spect to the xa 9, y= de? y= dwithrepectto the y ais asa wlth eespet tox = 1 ©, y= 4swith respect to y= 4 By 3» O; with spect tox = 2 18, y= a,y= 242+ y= G:with wpectiox= 0 1187 Moment of inertia ofa Soll of Revolution For a slid of revolution, the general fornuls defined by 1818.17) becomes nasa) = fav where + fs the midis of gyration of the volume clement (2¥) Ith respect to the as of mvoution(), [EXAMPLE 1, Pind the moment of inertia with respect to the ‘cals of the solid generated by revolving tho aon bounded by y= x", v= O-and x = 2 about the Solution; Taking a horizontal cloment (Fig, 19:28) and. evolving about the xxi, we obtain a cylin (ica sell with radi r= y and volume QV = 24 ¥(2— m)ay. Then by (13.23), ¥ 2s yO—xbdy Physical Applications of the Definite Integral 405, FIG. 13.28 EXAMFLE2, Find the moment of inertia of a right cirelar vines with serpect to ts axis Solution: A right circular cylinder is generated by revo ‘ing a rectangle about one of ite edges. Consider ‘rectangle of height and base Ras shown in Tig. 1820, I we take a vertical element and re tule ie about the yeaxis, we generate a cylin. ee eae Sia lh apcen rs Tn, Rees Le a ' pea FIG. 18.29, pe owe ae peeve dey rere: V = aR*HL 400 Ditteretil and Intogral Calta ‘The result above tells ws that the moment of inertia of @ right eiteuay cylinder with respect to it axe equal 9 one-half Of the sare ofits rods times its volume. Tho importance ofthis ‘ete pron below. Consider an area NPQ with MN fying alone tine A as shown in Fit. 19.90. Bvery rectangular element. perpedicuat to the tne b when revolved about wll generate acu dik Since the circular dik ss eitelarevinder of sal eight, en its moment of inertia with respect to the line i given ‘elt in Example 2 shore, At tis poi Hep 20 os Slude that the moment of inertia ‘of the soll generated. by revolving the ates HNPQ sbost equal to the ito the um fof the moment of inert of the disks ar Whe number of dks {or elements) bocomes infinite. That, t= tim 2 4m ay, 0 by th fandanetalnoren, we re pus2y 1 =} [av 1m using B(18.24), one should bear in mind Ut with reference to the rectangular element, the letter h represents the height (or length) of the element and a represents the volume of the lide gencrated by reviving that element about \- Tho use of ‘his formula lustated below FIG. 13.30 EXAMPLE 8, Find I, of the solid generated in Example 1 by: taking vertical element Solution: Take a vertial element as shown in Fig. 13.31 Note that b= y-and dV = 9 9Pdx. Hence by 5113.28), wo got nyse! Applications ofthe Definite Integr ae xe 2 ° (since y= x4) FIG. 13.81 [Now consider a sold that is generated by revohing about = coordinate axis the area of the region bounded by two inn Scoing cures. The soment of inertia of tis sold with respect orn coordinae exis may be found by taking vertical of bork ont element If the area is revolved sbout the x-axis, we may compute ofthe slid generated by any of she fellowing formulas: 4 (@) Ua vertical element is taken (ote Fig, 10:2), use nasa) t-Ff" oy) (©) fe horizontal clement is taken (2° Fig, 13.18), use a H1326) I, ef Oy Hy aa ieee formulas: - (a) Ifa verti! clement i taken, ase naam iy-2e{" tyre” 408 Differential and Integral Cale (©) Ia borzontal element i taken, use (13.28) ‘The students encouraged to driv the fonmulas above, ‘The arn between two intersecting curves may lzo be revoled bout a line that i distinct Grom any of the coordinate exes I the student has a clear idea of how the formulas above were dy rived, then je should find no diffoulty in wetting up his own for ‘mula fortis particular cae PXERCISE 13.7 ‘ If the area bounded by the given curves is revlved about the specified axis, fnd the moment of inertia ofthe told yeneratea’ ‘with pect to tho ss of erosion: 1, y=2V¥,y=0,x~ dsahoutx=0 about the yanis b,x 0,y = O;about che yanis y-Exs0.x HY be tay 2. 8 4. y= 6,17 1,x= 3,y= Ojabouty = 0 5. + Sy=6,x=0,y= O;shout the xaxie 8. y=x1,y= 0;x= 3:abouty = 0 ay shout x 8. y? 4x,x" = yraboutx=0 9. xy=4,y=x,y= Lyabouty = 0 10, x=y" ,x= 8-9" (Gist. quadrant area), shout x= 0 Physical Applications ofthe Definite Integra 400) y= Bxsabout the yaxis 1a, x= Vy = 4.x Ojabout 1x= Ly = Opabout x 2 3 y= mabouty=1 My 15, y= 2x.x= Ly = Ojabout x= 2 chapter 14 “The intgel of function which involet two or more ve rblot i ealed' multiple integra. In this chapter, we shal iit bur aleussion to the integral of « Function of two variables, We all see that function of Evo vatables can be intewated with ‘apest tone variable while Molding the other variable constant. Mee thls press double integration, Double Integration 14.1 The Double Intogal Let B be « raion in the coordinate plane. The lt f(x, ¥) ‘oe a fanction that is defined and continuous in R,Divide into faubregions of eas Ay, BA, «= Ay If (3, 9) #8 any Point belonging to 4, then f(x.) she velue ofthe function at tht point Form the Sum aye 7,)BAy + flay ¥:) OA, ++ qr FQ) OA, nina station, we write the eam (1) a8 DL flay yp aay @ ‘The limit of the sum (2) at increases indefinitely called the double integral of (x, 3) over the region Rand is denoted by the as Sica “i ‘The symbolic dfation of the double integra ean now be writen fifrernncim, Zresr90m 0 : ou aa Differential and tay Calton Just asthe definite incor (cell Chapter 12) «fires an be Interpreted at an area, so the double intemal J fren can be intereted as volume, Consider te region Ron the 3 plane (Pig. 14d) an let += t9) repevent a surface above this repon, Tet V be the volume of asd 8 whieh & bounded hove by the surface 2 fas) wn below by the fxn Bo Aeterine. V, divide into etanglar sibregine of areas SA OAs). <, BAy. The th subregion of aon shown fn Wig. Ti. Note Bhat the product sh) or tay 3) 2) repromats ihe volume of puullpiad having © bale BAL fod an aliside 2 =f 9). Hence, te som (2) aoe repre the sam ofthe wohume ofr pallepipeds This sn approx ales the volume Vof the said. I'm therfore, natural to define the volume V of the sold arth Hit of the sur (2) antes tinny. thats, Vein tty, yn, ° ‘ory definition (4) above, we have ve f fessnn a rigs142 a8 Double Integration 14.2°TheIerated Integral Be ee oe eee Se pen eg eet ee = ‘Consider the gion Fn the xy-pane (Fig, 14.2) bounded by the curves y =, (2) and y = 6 (2) and the fines x = a and oS ere « 2 band the functions g, and gy are continuous Gn the inteyal a, b),-Ablo let x = f(x,y) br-enntinuous and ee i FIG.142 oanegative nH, yam plane section pars to the yxplane “hi pani Uvough the clinrcl solu standing on K. Then i the method used in et, 327 of Chapter 12, the volume V Of the solid en by ve i Aix a where x is any number in [a,b], Because th Volume of a solid [Salo determined by the double intgeal (eve equation (6) inthe previ ection), then we hav te relation au Differential and Integral Caleulue Sfteom Since A(x) is a measure ofthe aes ofa plane region, then we can find ie by intopration, If we regard a fixed, the heght fi 9) ot ‘AG bacomes a function afy alone Hence, (3) Ato = [sayy o 03) [ Acts ® Substituting (3) n (2), we get roan ff tomas f’ fiitowes ‘The integral on the right side of E(L4.1) is called an iterated ‘integral the fact that iis an Integral ofa integral. The the iterated intgral is the value of the double integra presion 09 a ybdydx 108) { £(14.1) indieates intogration of f(xy) with spect to 4 kept constant. The ent of theft integration fea ‘ofx which s thon intoeated with resect tox Now consider: téglon! R that ie bounded by he 2 =A) x= 1; GD and the lings 3 ery dG Tet x > f(x, 9) pes suetce above RTE we lake plane ‘parallel to the xz-plane and then flow the same are hove, we oll have the relation waaay ff torna « Double Intgzation 418 Thin tine, the expretion dudy indicates that y is rearded a a natant in the fet integration. our ee ion: This takes the form B42 yeh nde bi ‘integration of x* — y with respect to y while riept conta. Te tense = 4, 2x — “$:ahout the yas 8, Aves bounded by x? = 2 — y, x? = y; about the xxi 4. Area bounded by ¥ 19 = 2x + 8; about the ante 5, Fint-qundrant ares bounded by ¥ about x= 2 wee 2andy= 6, Area bounded by x* + y? = 9, x= 8,y = Siabout x ‘Upper half of the aes bounded by r= 1+ cor, about the pole axis 8, Ares bounded by x = Vain@ and @ = about the nora! sae 9, Fist quadrapt area bounded by 1 = 2asind- and @ = 4; about = 10, Upper half of the area bounded by r= 3+ cos@-and = 4; about = 0 14.8 Centroid ofa Plane Area 1-was dacusted in Section 19.4 thatthe rectangular coord rates (537) of the centroid of «plane szea canbe determined by the equations defined by B(911), thats 128 Differential an negra Cale shore 4 the moment of ais with ee Dect tothe sass ‘it [iak te noms oe wil ede Recall aio that 4 andy are the entra! coordinates ofthe element of area he ceatoid of plane aes ray se bs cone ate by double integation, Tats, compute Ny My ahd A Sy tte of double integrin Ad, FIG. 14.14, Consider the region R in Fig. 14.14 where typical element ‘of area (AA = dyes = dxdy) is chosen If x und) a sal then dA is almost a point. Henee, we have 3g "and yy Slow: we may define to fist moment My in terms of» double inter wrollows ass) sya f sie Likewise, My may be defied as Basin My=ff yaya Note tht in double ntepatin, x, andy, canbe expesed ‘mom direc. In sng Itorton, t,mndy depend on rhther ‘te element chosen is parallel or perpendiculir to the axis about ‘which the mament I taken, Double Integration bad 1 the onder of itopation sn the equation R410) and (04.11) are reversed, we have eqs: My [fsa Ie dhe squstions of ie bounding curves are in polar eoont rats, we have the flowing formulae vous) aya ff Pome by, oe togatin fhe sented of he Soliton’ Wee to Pig. 1418, By B(4.3), the aren of the fun bout given eres + fifpou St, By B(L40), off Ditferetil and Intel Callus FIG: 14.15 ‘Double Iteration aa ‘torte, the ent nat( 2, fo)» 1 ir lett to the student to show thet the centroid ofthe area 4m the problem above can also be computed by using E(14.12) snd (413). EXERCISE 144 Find by double intgmtion the centroid ofthe area bounded by {he gen eve. a, xt = yet y= 6.x O(fist quadrant) 2, Bt y= 18,x>0,y=0 8 at, 4 xe dy—ytay 5 yaw yo te 6 y= VBRE,x= 0.y=0 1 yeux hye B yea Be-3yr ded 9, emxcy=? 40, y=9 x=2,9=0 21, upper loop of = sn? 12, 1= Gane 418, inside = cos, outside r= 2 2 + cose) a2 Diterentil and Integral Cae Double Tnteaton sa ci ena ode a a ne ome on Boatey Bae caged ; Lei men ert tmp i ect ng wows tee ffceaiy j snp he ung mi aint Be sue Tpetants of Inertia Ty, Aye nd Te oul integra Hence, we may conclude that the moment of inertia of the total 41423) area'in Fig. 14.14 with eset to the x-ata ie ven by SS wt) ef frene masao. |, ffrewemie ‘omen tera with pc othe a a ied ink Rutz) to fesse lary. That oe ee Pedicure ‘The moment of inertia of the ne A shout a lie perpen lieu to the xy lane and passing through the origin ie lied the polar roment of inertia of the ate with respect to the cgi Itindenoted by 1g and defined by the relation Fuse thy If ve subsite the expresione for ty and ly trom 1B(14.10) ana (14.17) eapetively into B(24 18) we get pas) -f fers rnne 21419) i Formula which we esa us to find I, directly Tha i, Lie we do not have to compute for fy and independently in order [Sve “fel » = f wan Se By EULA) or by BA4.19), Altern sn: yy dy may ao be fond eran ie onc 2 tpn The eae me ‘Sow the dt ofthe compatan ee 387k By B(14.20), ff 2 ‘Double Integration 438 fife Fig 14:7 EXERCISE 14.5 Find ply and fof the aren bounded by the ye ces A xe y.x=22- ayy 2 ya2VRas yoo ° 3. yrange $s Arye dtety-8 8 yaa Bay 6. Find Ig of one oop of = c0:20, 1. Find lp ofthe ares bounded by r= 1+ cow, & Findly ofthe area bounded by ro¥@ = 1, 0 = 0,0 = 9, Find Iy of the are bounded by F= 2sin@. 10, Find lp of the area bounded y ¢= scox20 xs 8 a1, nx + ArctanS pe + aaa +o EXERCISEL.1 Page 286 2 Pwestt Lao , 96300 Ls 2. dna 4840 3 se 8 net mot, 2070 5 40 2 aE 4. Baton? +380 +22), 3905, Le : 1, ave 8. Saye & 10. 0 f 8 si 11S tan, Ei ma 1 Ei nn, isa if a. 108 18 Yay ie 2, 5128 2 m. 1a6 ny : 2. EXERCISE 1.2 Page 302 EXERCISE 12.1 Page 201 Le Mt Z int a0 5, «ins —1) 1, 46/9 9. 972 11 56/8 1s. being xuretst 12.2 er 2. on 8 an vit oat a2 13. 54 2 nes 19. 92 a 23. 92/3 2. 1p cy Ditfecetial and Integral Calton ANSWERS, EXERCISE 12.3 Page 382 1. ose 8 nati 5, or 1 op 9, br 8 I a, n+ avE 1a, 5OArctan 34 12 15, «VTP Page 328 BXBRCISE 12,4 Page 399 4. tees 8, 1250/8 5. oF 1, Be (3—4In2) 9. san 5 } 1. $ (8) 18. 9 EXERCISE12.5 Page 246 1. sea wm Ditferentil and Integral Caleta 8. 16/6 5. anta'h BXBRCISE 12.6 Page 19 1 aei5 3. ama 5. £4 VTr~ 35) 2.120646 8 Fen 1. 16878 13, Bia? 15. 2stb EXERCISE 12.7 rage 354 1. 816 3 a 5. 64s 7. 16 8. ata ANSWERS a9 an, Eencor? 4 ry EXERCISE 12.8 Page 389 1 8 6. 1 1, 35/27 6 bya + vB) Ps 16 EXERCISE 12.9 Page 365, 26. 164 2s (2VI—1) (10/703) 1 [etm arya | arytt—1 (vasa) emyiFar Gr at/a ana Differential and Integral Callus q ANSWERS, “a 1 we 2 done 19, arb +22 Arasino EXERCISE 3.1 Page 370 9. 545 EXERCISH13.4 Page 991 1, ab6w Bb 4 aa) 4, s0W we H ( 3) 8. 108 16 1. tee s. 9. 2VEwib base (ers) 11, 8 eve som 8 (es ata) EXERCISE 18.2 Page 377 ia) "HB n(2.3) 1. 640% 2.3 5. 25L may sp ; 5. 4960rw fb ica 2. 168 EXERCISE 13.5 Page Su7 9. 240ew feb 1. 0.25,0) 20, ni. ayTa (48,0. BXERCISE 13.9 Page343 5. #9 = 4. 26, 126/6 20,0) 8. 256n8 1 (0.8.0) 5. 45/5 : ‘ e29 76 4, as. (0.25.0) 3 tom the centr Setrom th 15.261 fom the botzom EXERCISE 19.6 1 8 Page 403 4 a sians 3215, Ws ens 13.192 EXERCISE 13.7 Page 408 0060/9 brn Pani sans sens inns 2004/70 26415 Dittereatial andl Integal Cates 1 18. 26. x, EXERCISE 14.2 a7 Page 417 2 89 $e-2 ar Hur +4) 16 suis svmI5 Page 422 1a 3 125/24 ® 2 ace) A e-ays+ d (r-ay8+ 9, 478 Difeential and Integral Calculus ANSWERS “0 19. £e-avp ose | ; ose axERcIsE 14.3 i XERCI Page 427 3. ard 1. buys 9.1648 3 Ree 8. aayEens 2 wa wees ; 9. date /3 : S 1536 BXERCISE 14.4 Page 481 a 198) Y »(f28) 2. an a @ 0) 9. Bele | sea) 1.(0. $2) 13 (549-0) EXERCISE 14.5. Page 435 hen

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