ASSESSMENT OF USING GUAVA LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE FOR DIARRHEA

A Practical Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

St. Michael’s College, Basic Education Department
Iligan City

by

Ali, Kamela B.
Dalidig, Danila S.
Gorospe, Fatima M.
Pumbaya, Sittie Nurfayzah M.
Panontongan, Abdhanie T.
Rivera, Meriam R.
Sabuero, Ronamae M.
Tan, Alissandra M.

March 2019
ASSESSMENT OF USING GUAVA LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE FOR DIARRHEA

A Practical Research Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

St. Michael’s College, Basic Education Department
Iligan City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Practical Research 1

by

Ali, Kamela B.
Dalidig, Danila S.
Gorospe, Fatima M.
Pumbaya, Sittie Nurfayzah M.
Panontongan, Abdhanie T.
Rivera, Meriam R.
Sabuero, Ronamae M.
Tan, Alissandra M.

March 2019
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

INTRODUCTION

Many people suffer from the pain that is brought by diarrhea. It is

either treated by herbal medicine like guava leaves or by medicinal drugs

like loperamide or diatabs. But in this generation, medicinal drugs are

very rampant in the society where you can easily find and buy it from the

nearby pharmacies. That’s why the researchers conducted this study

because their purpose is to know if herbal medicines like guava leaves

are still used as an alternative medicine for diarrhea. They want to know

if there are still people specifically the residents from Ubaldo Laya, Iligan

City who prefer to use guava leaves as an alternative medicine for

diarrhea despite of the medicinal drugs that are easily to find.

Diarrhea is loose, watery stools (bowels movements). Having loose

tools in three or more times in one day means you have diarrhea. It is

distressing, unpleasant and can happen to anyone. A common type of

diarrhea is acute diarrhea which could last for about one or two days,

and would often go away on its own with or without treatment. But if it

continues a few more days to at least four weeks then it may be a sign of

more serious problem called Chronic Diarrhea (MedlinePlus, 2016).

Having watery stools more than three times a day without drinking

enough fluids, could lead to dehydration and may cause further

problems if not properly treated. Usually, diarrhea is caused by a virus

that infects your gut. Some people call it “intestinal flu” or “stomach flu”.

Diarrhea may also follow constipation, especially for people suffering

from irritable bowel syndrome (WebMD, 2019).

According to Joseph and M Priya, the (Psidium guajava) is

commonly known for its food and nutritional values throughout the

world. The medicinal properties of guava fruit, leaf and other parts of the

plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Since, each

part of guava tree possesses economic value; it is grown on commercial

scale. The guava plant parts are used for the development of various

industrial and pharmaceutical products. In the present review,

nutritional value of guava fruit and medicinal properties its various parts

have been discussed to provide collective information on its multi-

purpose commercial values (International Journal of pharma and bio

sciences, 2011).

The objectives of the study is to find out if guava leaves are still

used as an alternative medicine for diarrhea. To study and determine the

opinion of the particular respondents regarding on guava leaves that can

cure diarrhea. To find out the respondents’ reasons for using guava

leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea. To reap the medical

benefits of guava leaves, from alleviating diarrhea.

The study was carried out during the second semester of school

year 2018-2019. It comprised of the five months part time of Science,

Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand at St. Michel’s

College. The research took place over a sixteen weeks period comprising

of five chapters, in duration of four hours per week.

Theoritical Framework

Theory of Beers Law. The Potential of Quercetin in Psidium

guajava L. leaves extract as bio-inhibitor for Controlled Released

Fertilizer Nur Kamila Ramli, Zahid Majeed, Anis Shuib, Nurlidia Mansor,

Zakaria Man Advanced Materials Research 2014 Article Preview. This

study was done to investigate the usage of natural products as one of the

materials in fertilizer application. Urease inhibitors that are commonly

used in agriculture are usually chemical based which affects the

environment. Introducing natural products will ensure biodegradability

of the material. Psidium guajava L. (guava) has been reported to have

properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-ulcer

for medical purposes. Guava leaves extract contains an active compound

named quercetin that was successfully reported to exhibit significant

urease inhibitory activities. This theory connects to our research that

Guava leaves can cure ailments like ulcer, diarrhea, etc. This theory

provides information of the various utilization guava leaves.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study contained two variables.

First the independent consisting the respondent’s profile and the topic of

this research. The second is the dependent variable which consist the

perception of the respondents in using guava leaves as an alternative

medicine for diarrhea.

Assessment of using Guava Leaves as an Alternative Medicine

for Diarrhea

INDEPENDET DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIALBLE

Respondent’s Profile:
 Name Perception of the
 Age respondents in using guava
 Sex leaves as an alternative
medicine for diarrhea
Guava Leaves

Figure 1.1 Research Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the problem

This study aimed to determine the respondent’s profile,

perceptions, and the effectiveness of using guava leaves as an alternative

medicine for diarrhea.

Specifically, this study has pursue to answer the following

questions:

1. What are the respondents’ profile in term of:

1.1 Name

1.2 Age

1.3 Sex

2. What are the perceptions of the respondents in using guava leaves as

an alternative medicine for diarrhea?

3. Is guava leaves effective as an alternative medicine for diarrhea?

Significance of the Study

The result of this study could provide information on the utility of

guava leaves to the following beneficiaries:

To the Public. The researchers hoping to provide awareness to

the public that using guava leaves as an alternative medicine for

diarrhea can be used.

To the Community. This study can also be important to the

community to inform them that guava leaves can cure diarrhea.

To the Students. The outcome of this research can be a great

help to the students who will experience diarrhea.

To the future researchers. The result of this study can be

informative and can be used by the future researchers if coincidentally

their topic is also about herbals as an alternative medicine.

Scope and delimitations

The focus of the study is to determine if guava leaves are still used

as an alternative medicine for diarrhea. The study will be conducted at

Barangay Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City which is a place commonly known for

using herbal techniques in treating illnesses during the months of

January and March 2019.

Basically, the study will be limited to getting the necessary

information from fifty (50) respondents living in the mentioned

Barangay.
Definition of the terms

To give a better and clearer understanding of this study, the

following terms was defined conceptually and operationally:

Alternative medicine. Alternative medicine is the term for medical

products and practices that are not part of standard care (MedicineNet

Inc., 2018). In this study, it refers to a herbal medicine which is the

guava leaves as a medicine to cure diarrhea.

Assessment. It is the process of making a judgment or forming an

opinion, after considering something or someone carefully (Springer

Nature Limited, 2019). In this research, it is the evaluation in gathering

the opinions from the respondents.

Diarrhea. Diarrhea is characterized by abnormally loose or watery

stools (MacGill, 2017). It is defined in the research as the disease that

can be cured by a guava leaves.

Frequency. The rate at which something occurs or is repeated over

a particular period of time or in a given sample (Oxford dictionary, 2019).

In the research, it is how many times did the respondents used the

guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea.

Reasons. A cause, explanation, or justification for an action or

event (Oxford University Press, 2019). It is a statement or fact from a

particular respondent that explains why are they using guava leaves as

an alternative medicine.
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presented the reviews of various reliable literature

and studies which were all identified as helpful in a completion of the

study.

Related Literature

According to Daswani PG, Gholkar MS, and Birdi TJ, the rural

population in India faces a number of health problems and often has to

rely on local remedies. Psidium guajava Linn (guava), a tropical plant

which is used as food and medicine can be used by rural communities

due to its several medicinal properties. A literature search was

undertaken to gauge the rural health scenario in India and compile the

available literature on guava so as to reflect its usage in the treatment of

multiple health conditions prevalent in rural communities (Pharmacogn

Rev, 2017).

According to Tetali P, Waghchaure C, Daswani PG, Antia NH,

Birdi TJ, Maharashtra is the third largest state in India with a large

tribal population. Documentation of traditional knowledge through

ethno-botanical studies is important for conservation and utilization of

indigenous knowledge. Diarrhoeal diseases are the second largest cause

of morbidity in rural India. Medicinal plants given by the traditional

healers of Parinche in Pune district, Maharashtra are known to be

efficacious for many common ailments, including diarrhoeal diseases (J

Ethnopharmacol, 2009).

According to Joseph and M Priya, the (Psidium guajava) is

commonly known for its food and nutritional values throughout the

world. The medicinal properties of guava fruit, leaf and other parts of the

plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Since, each

part of guava tree possesses economic value; it is grown on commercial

scale. The guava plant parts are used for the development of various

industrial and pharmaceutical products. In the present review,

nutritional value of guava fruit and medicinal properties its various parts

have been discussed to provide collective information on its multi-

purpose commercial values (International Journal of pharma and bio

sciences 2011)

According to Saba (2017), 17 Best Benefits of Guava Leaves For

Skin, Hair And Health, most of us know about the health benefits of

guava fruit, but we are unaware of the fact that even guava leaves have

several medicinal properties and offer an array of health benefits. Being

packed with antioxidants, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents

and beneficial tannins, fresh guava leaves are considered as a natural

pain reliever. The chemicals contained in these leaves such as

polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids and tannins can be extremely

effective in treating various diseases. Owing to the side effects

resulting from the usage of medicines and drugs, herbal plants are being
increasingly considered for the treatment of various diseases and guava

leaf is one of them. Due to its medicinal properties, guava leaf

supplements are nowadays available in the form of capsules and guava

leaf tea.

According to Kumar and Vollmer (Health Econ. 2013), diarrhea is

considered to be the second leading cause of under‐five mortality in

developing countries. About one out of five deaths is caused by diarrhea.

In this paper, we use the newly available data set District Level

Household Survey 3 to quantify the impact of access to improved

sanitation on diarrheal morbidity for children less than 5 years of age in

India. Using propensity score matching, we find that access to improved

sanitation reduces the risk of contracting diarrhea by 2.2 percentage

points. There is considerable heterogeneity in the impacts of improved

sanitation. We find statistically insignificant treatment effects for

children in low or middle socioeconomic status households and for girls;

however, boys and children in high socioeconomic status households

experienced economically significant treatment effects. The magnitude of

the treatment effect differs largely by hygiene behavior.

Related studies

Foreign Studies

According to the study of Gutiérrez RM1, Mitchell S, Solis RV

(2008), Psidium guajava is an important food crop and medicinal plant in

tropical and subtropical countries is widely used like food and in folk

medicine around of the world. This aims a comprehensive of the chemical

constituents, pharmacological, and clinical uses. Different

pharmacological experiments in a number of in vitro and in vivo models

have been carried out. Also have been identified the medicinally

important phyto-constituents. A number of metabolites in good yield and

some have been shown to possess useful biological activities belonging

mainly to phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, terpenoid and triterpene.

Extracts and metabolites of this plant, particularly those from leaves and

fruits possess useful pharmacological activities. A survey of the literature

shows Psidium guajava is mainly known for its antispasmodic and

antimicrobial properties in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Has

also been used extensively as a hypoglycaemic agent. Many

pharmacological studies have demonstrated the ability of this plant to

exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotection, anti-allergy, antimicrobial,

antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardioactive,

anticough, antidiabetic, antiinflamatory and antinociceptive activities,

supporting its traditional uses. Suggest a wide range of clinical

applications for the treatment of infantile rotaviral enteritis, diarrhoea

and diabetes.

According to the study of Daswani P, Brijesh S, Tetali P, Natu

A, Antia N (2010) Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae, is used widely in

traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery,

gastroenteritis, stomachaches, and indigestion. However, the effect of the

leaf extract of P. guajava on the pathogenesis of infectious diarrhoea has

not been studied. The present study evaluates the effect of a hot aqueous

extract (decoction) of dried leaves of P. guajava on parameters associated

with pathogenicity of infectious diarrhoea. The aim was to understand its

possible mechanism(s) of action in controlling infectious diarrhoea and

compare it with quercetin, one of the most reported active constituents of

Psidium guajava with antidiarrhoeal activity.

According to the study of Journal of Smooth Muscle Research

(2008), drinking guava leaf tea, taking its extract as a capsule, or adding

a few drops of the essential oil to a cup of warm water can help loosen

the bowels to treat diarrhea. In 2008, a researchers sought to test the

anti-diarrheal properties of guava leaves on rats. They found the extract

was able to delay the onset of castor oil-induced diarrhea, decrease the

frequency of defecation, and reduce the severity of diarrhea in the rats.

This science merits the folkloric use of the plant as a natural remedy for

managing and controlling diarrhea.

According to the study of Noer Laily et al., Guava Psidium guajava

has been used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases. In

Indonesia, Guava leaf is commonly used to treat diarrhea, gastroenteritis

and other digestive complaints, while the Guava fruit has been used to

increase platelets in patients with dengue fever. Many studies have been

done to scientifically prove efficacy in the treatment of guava leaf. Among

them were the benefits of guava leaf as a remedy antiarthritison animal

testing using hydro alcoholic extract. Another study proved that the

flavonoids content in extract of guava leaves acts as an antibacterial

activity, while the antidiarrheal properties of guava leaf extract caused by

quercetin content. (Procedia Chemistry 14 2015)

According Goncalves, Flávia A. et al. (2008), Guava leaf tea of

Psidium guajava Linnaeus is commonly used as a medicine against

gastroenteritis and child diarrhea by those who cannot afford or do not

have access to antibiotics. This study screened the antimicrobial effect of

essential oils and methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate extracts from guava

leaves. The extracts were tested against diarrhea-causing bacteria:

Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. Strains that

were screened included isolates from seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus

kroyeri (Heller) and laboratory-type strains of the bacteria tested,

Staphylococcus aureus strains were most inhibited by the extracts. The

methanol extract showed greatest bacterial inhibition. No statistically

significant differences were observed between the tested extract

concentrations and their effect. The essential oil extract showed

inhibitory activity against S. aureus and Salmonella spp.

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter presents the different research methodology employed

in this study, particularly the research design, locale of the study, the

respondents, sampling procedure, data gathering procedure, instrument

used, scoring system and the statistical treatment that will be used in

analyzing and interpreting the data.

Research Design

This research will utilize descriptive design of research. It will be

employed in order for researchers to determine the feedback of

respondents on using guava leaves as an alternative medicine for

diarrhea.

Locale of the study

This study will be conducted at Barangay Ubaldo laya, Iligan City.

We choose Ubaldo Laya as the locale of our study because it is one of the

Barangays in Iligan City that is commonly known for using herbal

techniques in treating illnesses such as diarrhea, wound, diabetes and

etc.
 Figure 1.2: Map of Barangay Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City

Respondents

The participants of the study are the inhabitants of Ubaldo Laya,

Iligan City. Formulated questions will be given to the respondents. In

addition, focus group discussion will also be employed.

Sampling Procedure

The researcher decided to interview a total of 50 respondents from

Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City. The researchers will utilize purposive sampling.

This non-probability sample is based on the characteristics of the

respondents. The researcher would take the opportunity to know what

are the reasons and perceptions of the respondents on guava leaves as

an alternative medicine for diarrhea.

Data Gathering

To conduct the research formally, the researchers will submit a

letter of intent to the Barangay Council to conduct the survey to the

respondents. The researchers will select the respondents randomly

among the inhabitants of the chosen Barangay. Demographic profile of

the respondents will be obtained. Then the researchers will segregate the

survey forms to be given to the respondents. For each selected

respondents, a survey form will be given. After answering, the

researchers will collect all the informations and will be tabulated and

analyzed.

Instrument used

The main instrument to use in the data gathering will be the

questionnaire made by the researchers themselves and voice recorder to

record the responses of the particular respondents. It will be distributed

to the 50 selective respondents which are from Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City

Statistical treatment of the study

The researcher will collect the data, put it in a tabular form and

will be interpreted to sum-up the study through analysis. Frequency and

percentage distribution will be used in this study as a statistical tool.

 Percentage Frequency Distribution. A display of data that

specifies the percentage of observations that exist for each data point or

grouping of data points.

Formula:

𝐹
𝑃= × 100%
𝑛

where:

P-Percentage

F-Number of respondents

n-Number of total respondents

100-Constant
 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the interpretation and analysis of the data

gathered on significant human experiences as reflected in the

assessment of guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea.

This chapter has two parts: (1) The profile of the respondents in

terms of demography and (2) Answering the questions that the

researchers sought for.

Problem no.1

Respondent’s Profile

Table 4.1 Distribution of Respondent’s Profile in term of Age

Age Frequency Percentage

15-25 12 24%

26-35 9 18%

36-45 9 18%

46-55 6 12%

56-65 8 16%

66-75 6 12%

Total 50 100%
 Table 4.1 shows the age of demography of the respondents. The

researchers gathered a total of 50 respondents with a total of 100% from

Ubaldo Laya, Iligan City. The researchers found out that twelve (24%) of

the respondents are 15-25 years old. While nine (18%) of the respondents

are 26-35, and 36-45 years old. On the other hand, six (12%) and eight

(16%) belong to the age range of 46-55, 56-65, 66-75 years old

respectively.

The result shows that most of the respondents who are using

guava leave as an alternative medicine is 15-25. It shows that teenagers

mostly use guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea because

they are the one who always experience diarrhea because of their hobby

of eating everything they want to eat even if it’s not healthy and not safe.
Analysis

Problem no.2

What are the perception of the respondents in using Guava Leaves

as an alternative medicine for diarrhea?

Table 4.2 Responses of the respondents on question no.1 (Why did

you use guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea?) of
the In-depth Questionnaire.

Responses
Frequency Percentage
(YES)
1. Kai epektibo man 10 20%
2. Safe 5 10%
3. Used by our family 2 4%
4. Maayo sa akoang lawas 1 2%
5. Tambal sa kalibanga 2 4%
6. Dali ra pangitaon 2 4%
7. Dali maka cure 1 2%
8. Na andam na 2 4%
(NO)
9. Ga palit og tambal 16 32%
10. Kai pait 1 2%
11. No response 8 16%

Total 50 100%

Table 4.2 shows the responses of the respondents on question no.1

(Why did you use guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea?) of

the In-depth questionnaire. 20% of the respondents uses guava leaves as

an alternative medicine for diarrhea because it is effective. 32% of the

respondents prefer to buy medicinal drugs.

 Based on the responses given by the respondents, most of them do

not use guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea and prefer

to buy medicinal drugs because it cures their diarrhea as quick as

possible. Although it contain side effects, they chose it as their

medication to lessen the pain brought by diarrhea without consuming a

lot of time.

Table 4.3 Responses of the respondents on question no.2 (What is

your assessment in using guava leaves as an alternative medicine
for diarrhea?) of the In-depth Questionnaire

Responses
Frequency Percentage
(YES)

1. Wash and boil 19 38%

2. Diretso usapon 16 12%

(NO)

3. No responses 25 50%

Total 50 100%

Table 4.3 shows the responses of the respondents from the

question no.2 (What is your assessment in using guava leaves as an

alternative medicine for diarrhea?) of the In-depth Questionnaire. 38% of

the respondents washes first the guava leaves and then boil it for a few

minutes. The respondents wash first the guava leaves to wash out the

different kinds of bacteria or germs that are present on the guava leaves
and to make it clean and then boil it for a few minutes to produce the

nutrients.

Problem no.3

Is using Guava leaves effective as an alternative medicine for

diarrhea?

Table 4.4 Responses of the respondents on Question no.3 (Is using

guava leaves effective as an alternative medicine for diarrhea?) of
the In-depth Questionnaire.

Responses
Frequency Percentage
(YES)
1. Kai naka try naku,
13 26%
Tested
2. Mu less ang kalibanga 2 4%

3. Mawala after muinum 6 12%

4. Dahil sa pait 2 4%
5. Depende kung unsa nga
2 4%
diarrhea
(NO)

No responses 25 50%

Total 50 100%

Table 4.4 shows the responses of the respondents from the

question no.3 (Is using guava leaves effective as an alternative medicine

for diarrhea?) of the In-depth questionnaire. 26% of the respondents uses

guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea because it is

effective and tested base on their experience.

 Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AN RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study is to determine whether or not people in Barangay

Ubaldo Laya use guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea.

People nowadays don’t need to use herbal medicines to cure the kind of

illnesses they suffer from. Because as for now, there are many medicinal

drugs that can be easily swallowed unlike herbal medicines, it take a lot

of time to process. So, the researchers interviewed the residents of

Barangay Ubaldo Laya especially the people who lives now far away from

the city to buy medicinal drugs.

The following are the finding of the study:

1. Answers to the prepared questions from the randomly selected

respondents divulged that from the total number of the

respondents (50), majority or 24 % of them are in the adult ages

ranging from 15-25 years old. while respondents whose ages are

within 26-35 years old comprised 18% of the sampled population

followed by ages 56-65 representing 16% and lastly, the age

bracket with the lowest percentage (16%) of the respondents were

46-55 and 66-75.

2. Results of the research reveal that majority of the respondents

prefer to buy pharmaceutical drugs to treat diarrhea because oral

 intake of the said drugs leaves no after taste or better yet no

bitter taste just like that of guava leaves decoction Surprisingly,

20% of the respondents answered that they are using guava

leaves because they find guava leaves effective in treating

diarrhea, while a remarkable percentage of the study

population(16%) did not have any comment regarding the use of

guava leaves as medicine.

3. Results of the assessment on how the respondents would use the

guava leaves. Half of the respondents (50%) were unable to share

how they would use the guava leaves. While 19 individuals or

38% of the respondents answered that they would wash the

leaves first and boil such to come up with a decoction. Some

others or around 16 individuals or 12% of the respondents

answered that after washing they eat it directly the guava leaves

without subjecting the leaves anymore to heating.

4. Results of the fourth question is parallel to the findings in the 3rd

question on why the respondents would use guava leaves. Again

25 respondents comprising 50 % of the studied population did

not responded to the question on the efficacy of guava leaves.

While thirteen (13) persons or 16% of the respondents said that

they have tested and proven the effectiveness of guava leaves in

 treating diarrhea, while 6 or 12% observed that after taking

guava leaves, diarrhea will disappear after a few minutes. While

out of the 50 respondents there were 2 (4%) individuals who said

that the pain will be gone after few minutes in spite of the bitter

taste.

Conclusion

From the findings of the study , the researchers found out that most

of the respondents are teenagers. They use artificial medicines compared

to herbal medicines. The residents of Ubaldo Laya prefer to use such

artificial medicine for it alleviates their diarrheas as quick as possible

according to them. Although artificial medicines contain side effects.

residents of Ubaldo Laya chose to risk. They chose to use medicinal

drugs like loperamide and diatabs because it does not take a long time to

lessen the pain that is brought by diarrhea. They just have to drink the

capsule and wait for it to heal their diarrhea. Unlike from herbal

medicines like guava leaves which can cause hassle to them because

they still have to wash the guava leaves and boil it in the water to

alleviate their diarrhea and also according to them they don’t like it’s

taste because it tastes bitter.

Recommendation

Based on the findings of this study, the researchers recommend:

To the Students

The students may read this research to be updated about using

guava leaves as an alternative medicine for diarrhea.

To the Community

They may inform that guava leaves nowadays is less effective in

treating diarrhea.

To the Future Researchers

Future researchers may conduct another research related to this

topic, so that they may be able to understand, strengthen, and put

extension to this particular topic.

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