Acknowledgement

&
Project Overview

The aim of this project report is to estimate and calculate the

approximate design of a 1MW solar PV power plant (utility scale).
The total no. of solar panel required and the different
parameters of the solar panel estimated. A site in Distt.
Bathinda, Punjab is taken virtually to estimate the solar intensity
of the site which is most important for calculation of such type of
report.
A Single Line Diagram (SLD) has been introduced in this report.
Also the brief details of the materials/equipments (solar panels,
inverters, protective gears, transformer, SCADA etc.) used to
set up a 1MW power plant have been highlighted.
A financial overview with a possible income datasheet included
in the project report
Contents

1. Aim of the project

2. Financial overview

3. Global market price trends of solar panel

4. Technical Calculation/Estimation & Specification

i. Solar panel

ii. Inverter

iii. Protective gears

iv. SCADA system

v. Transformer

5. Single line diagram & Schematics

2
 1. Aim of the project

Aim of this paper is to give an overview of a 1MW solar PV power plant (utility

scale).

How the project will work?

1. Using solar pv modules, solar power generates in DC which is converted
into AC power and then using a power transformer the generated and
modified AC power will be fed to the grid.
2. No battery storage introduced here because the plant will only functions in the
daylight and here the generated power will be sold to the grid.
3. For the minimal operation and maintenance of the plant, an off-grid/stand
alone 5KW solar power can be introduced.

The benefits and the installation cost details are highlighted in the next article.

3
 2. Financial Overview

Installation cost, total project cost, maintenance cost and also the total &
net income from the plant over a year are highlighted in this article.

Project Cost
Item Price (Rs./Watt) Amount
Solar Panel INR 15.00 INR 15,000,000.00
Inverter /Controller INR 11.00 INR 11,000,000.00
Structure INR 4.00 INR 4,000,000.00
Protection devices
Wires/Cables
RMS/SCADA INR 5.00 INR 5,000,000.00
Installation
GRID Evacuation
Legal Office INR 1.00 INR 1,000,000.00
Execution INR 1.00 INR 1,000,000.00
Land INR 6.00 INR 6,000,000.00
Misc INR 2.00 INR 2,000,000.00
Grand Total INR 45,000,000.00

Maintenance cost
1. Human resource 20 lacs/ year

2. PV maintenance 1 lacs/ year

3. Site maintenance 1 lacs/ year

4. Total maintenance cost 22 lacs/ year

4
 Income from the 1 MW solar PV plant
The site chosen in Punjab where daily average sun hours=5 hrs
through out the year.
Maximum Solar intensity on the site = 6.18 KW-h/m2/day

Total sunny days available in Punjab = 255 days

Production per Year

Daily Unit Generation 5000
Yearly Unit Generation 5000*365 18,25000
Sale Rate per Unit ( Rs.) 6 INR 1,09,50,000.00

Govt. subsidiaries:
Central govt. or MNRE dept. will pay 30% of the total project cost or
provide low bank loan interest (whichever is less)
For this project, by taking the 30% govt. subsidy over the
installation cost, investment will be:

i. 3.15 cr for PV technology

Payment Break Down Amount in Cr.

Project Cost 4.5
Subsidy as per MNRE (30%) 1.35
Bank Loan 2.5
Self 0.65
Loan Interest Rate 10.50%
 10Yr Return Plan
Sr.No Description 1 Yr Revenue (Lakhs) 10 Years (Lakhs)
A Sale Revenue 109.5 1095
B O & M Cost 22 220
C Bank EMI 40.5 405
D Depreciation 34 340
E Total Exp (B+C+D) 96.5 965
F Profit including Tax(A-E) 13 130
G TAX 2.6 26
H Profit after Tax (F-G) 10.4 104
Net Balance in Bank
I (D+H) 44.4 444

TIMELINES
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Planning and Development
System Design
Civil
Electrical
Mechanical
Supply of Generating System
Civil Constructions
Module Installation
Evacuation Plan
Testing and Commissioning
 RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk Cause Probability Impact Risk Planning
Need to store the electricity supply for
Winter/Monsoon Weather Low Low uncertain weather conditions
Multiple options from Banks or Financial
Financial Risk Low High Institutes
Subsidy Denied Medium Medium Involve Private Investors on large scale
Land Acquisition Low High Buyers own area options
Material Supplier Low Medium Multiple options to search for
To consult Legal advisors and EPC
Legal Approvals High High consultants
To seek out Multiple buyers or DISCOM
PPA/Buyers backstep Medium High options
Buyer Credibility Medium High To seek out Multiple buyers
Security Bonds/Letter of Credit to be signed
Payment Recovery Medium High along with Legal actions to be taken
Project Manpower Low Medium Search out for other Manpower
Legal advisors and discussions to be carried
Local Interference Low Low out prior to startup
Site Accessibility Low Low Extra Budgeting for any obstacles
Water Availability Low Medium Tube well options
Regular Maintenance and Data redundancy
Data Loss via wires Low High mechanism
Either to check for Grid upgradation or
Grid Capacity Low High additional transformer
Prior Agreements with all stakeholders and
Site to Grid Connectivity Medium High locals
More dependency on Banks or Sponsors or
Private Investors Medium High Buyers
Calculation details of solar modules overall ratings
and no. of solar panel used

Worksheet for determining required number of panels

Total capacity of the plant 1MWp

Avg. sun hrs per day 5

Total power/day 5MW p

Total watt-hrs per day 5x1000x1000 W-h/day

Maximum solar insolation at the site 6.18 KW-h/m2/day

Divide total watt-hrs/day by solar 809061.4887

insolation

Multiply this figure by 1.2(to cover 809061.4887x1.2=970873.7864

system inefficiency)
No. of solar panel=Divide this figure by 3236.3
the Wp(here 300Wp) of the chosen solar ~3236**
panel

**for better efficiency and to utilize the inverter and other components better
we should consider the no. of solar panel=3240
 Solar PV arrangement & overall system rating
Rating of solar panel
Wattp (W) 300Wp
DC Voltage (Vmp( V)) 36.72V
DC Current (Imp (A)) 8.17A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc (V)) 45.50
Short Circuit Current (Isc (A)) 8.65

Setup of panels as per requirements

By calculation and the demand of the plant,

The total no. of solar pv panels to be used= 3236

From 3236 panels, total 3240 panels are considered to generate the required energy-
1MW.
Configuration details:

  3240 panels are divided into 4 groups- each group containing 810 solar panels.
  In each group, 810 panels are further divided into 54 strings
 Each string contains 15 solar panels.

Electrical calculation:
Output voltage of each string 36.72x15=550.8 VDC
Output current of each string 8.17 ADC
Output voltage of each group 550.8 VDC
Output current of each group 8.17x54=441.18 ADC

NOTE: in each string, the solar panels are connected in series to increase the voltage. And
in each group, the 54 strings are connected in parallel to increase the current.

DC output power calculation:

Output power of each string 550.8x8.17=4.5 KW

Output power of each group 243KW
Output power of 4 groups 972KW
  The above specifications are available with TITAN ENERGY SYSTEMS
LTD. Their module spec TITAN M6-72 Polycrystalline (high efficiency) has
 been used as a reference.
 A datasheet/spec. sheet of TITAN M6-72 Polycrystalline has been provided in
this report.
 Please go through it for more details.
 Titan Energy Systems Ltd
a member of SARSA group
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company

PV Module TITAN M6-72

Typical Electrical Characteristics

Type TITAN M6-72
Max Power Pmp (W) 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305

Power Tolerance (W) +0 to 4.9Wp or ±2.5%

Max Power Voltage Vmp(V) 34.33 34.75 35.04 35.18 35.63 36.12 36.51 36.72 36.97
Max Power Current Imp (A) 7.72 7.77 7.85 7.96 8.00 8.03 8.08 8.17 8.25
Open Circuit Voltage Voc (V) 43.27 43.70 43.99 44.28 44.42 44.78 45.00 45.50 45.58
Short Circuit Current Isc (A) 8.30 8.34 8.39 8.46 8.49 8.53 8.56 8.65 8.68
Electrical parameters tolerance ±5%
Max System Voltage VDC 1000
Number, type and arrangement of cells 72, Multi-Crystalline, 12 x 6 Matrix
Cell Size 6” x 6” / 156 x 156 mm
No. of By-pass Diodes 3
Max Series Fuse (A) 15

High Efficiency PV Modules Pm Temperature Co-efficient (γ) (%/°C) -0.41

Isc Temperature Co-efficient (α) (%/°C) +0.04
Strengths
Voc Temperature Co-efficient (β) (%/°C) -0.32
• Positive power tolerance
NOCT at STC (°C) 45±1
• High Efficiency Multi Crystalline Modules

• TUV Certifications: Mechanical Characteristics

EN IEC 61215 : 2005
EN IEC 61730-1 : 2004 / 2007 Junction Box Tyco / ZJRH / Huber + Suhner
EN IEC 61730-2 : 2004 / 2007 Type of connector Tyco / MC4
EN IEC 61701 : 2010-02 Dimensions (L x W x Th) mm 1975 x 988 x 50
• Withstands heavy loading due to snow & ice; Weight Kg 27.0
Has higher safety margin for storm weather
and gale winds No. of Drain Holes in Frame 12
• Qualified for Highly corrosive Wet- Glass Type and Thickness 4 mm Thick, Low iron, Tempered
Atmospheres & Environments
Packing Configuration
Product Guarantee : 5 years
Packing Configuration 20 Modules in each pallet
Limited Power Warranty : 90% @ 12 Years
1 * 20 Ft 200 Modules
80% @ 25 Years
1 * 40 Ft STD/HQ 400 modules
Certifications
Absolute Ratings
Operating Temperature (°C) -40 ~ +85
Storage Temperature (°C) -40 ~ +85

NOTE: The data presented may change due to further improvements in the product.
 PV Module TITAN M6-72

Typical I-V Curves

10.0
1000 W/m2 at 25O C

8.0
(A) 800 W/m2 at 25O C
Current

6.0
600 W/m2 at 25O C
4.0
400 W/m2 at 25O C

2.0
200 W/m2 at 25O C
1000 W/m2 at 50O C
0.0 10.0
20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
Voltage (V)
Current/voltage dependence on irradiance and module temperature.
These I-V curves indicate the effect of temperature and light intensity on module Performance.

Dimensions
Sl.No.Label
100+1mm
Terminal Box 237.5+1 mm

DATA Label

Warning Label
592+1mm
375+1 mm

3.9 mm Ø EARTHING
Embossed HOLES - 2 nos
Earth Symbol (One on each long member)

8X12- MOUNTING
SLOTS - 10 nos 100+1mm
591+1mm (5 on each long member) 1975± 1 mm
1975 ± 1mm

4 Sq mm Cable, 1Mtr Length

with Connectors

4.5mm Ø DRAIN HOLES -12 nos 375+1 mm

592+1mm

943.5+1 mm

100+1mm

100+1 mm
50+0.5 mm
988± 1 mm 988+1 mm

FRAME
FRONT VIEW SIDE RAIL REAR VIEW

PV Module Products
M6-72 Family Series (305Wp to 125Wp) : M6-72, M6-60, M6-54 & M6-36 - Certified for IEC Standards
M6-60: Certified for UL (USA & Canada) Standard; M6-72: Certification for UL (USA & Canada) is in Progress
S6-60 Family Series (250Wp to 120Wp) : S6-60, S6-54 & S6-36 - Certified for IEC Standards
S6-60 - Certified for UL (USA & Canada) Standard
S6-72 Family Series (300Wp to 285Wp) : Certification for IEC & UL (USA & Canada) Standards
S5-96 Family Series (250Wp to 75Wp) : S5-96, S5-72, S5-60, S5-54 & S5-36 - Certified for IEC Standards

Corporate Office (India) : Sales Office (Europe) :

TITAN Energy Systems Ltd, TITAN Energy Systems Ltd,
16, Aruna Enclave, Trimulgherry, Basel, 4052
Secunderabad – 500 015, INDIA Switzerland
Phone: +91 (0)40 27791085, 27790751 Phone: +41-6150-0052-9
Fax: +91 (0)40 27795629
Email: info@titan-energy.com Email: info.eu@titan-energy.com

www.titan-energy.com
 Inverter Details & Specification
Type of the inverter: central inverter considered

Recommended specification

Input (DC)

Max input power 300 kWp

DC voltage range, mpp (UDC) 450 to 750 V (- 825 V)
Maximum DC voltage (Umax (DC)) 900 V (1000 V)
Maximum DC current (Imax (DC)) 600 A
Voltage ripple < 3%
Number of protected DC inputs (parallel) 2 (+/-) / 8

Output (AC)

Nominal AC output power (PN (AC)) 250 kW

Nominal AC current (IN (AC)) 485 A
Nominal output voltage (UN (AC)) 300 V
Output frequency 50 / 60 Hz
Harmonic distortion, current < 3% Yes
Power factor compensation (cosϕ)
Distribution network type TN and IT

 To meet the above stated criteria, central inverter manufactured by ABB is

 considered.
  PVS800-57-0250kW-A inverter manufactured by ABB considered.
 Total 4 inverters of PVS800-57-0250kW-A type required to generate the 1MW
 power.
 Brief details of this inverter can be collected from the official website of
ABB.
 Solar inverters
ABB central inverters
PVS800
100 to 500 kW
ABB central inverters raise reliability,
efficiency and ease on installation to new
levels. The inverters are aimed at system
integrators and end users who require
high performance solar inverters for large
photovoltaic power plants and industrial
and commercial buildings. The inverters
are available from 100 kW up to 500 kW,
and are optimized for cost-efficient multi-
megawatt power plants.
World’s leading inverter platform The
ABB solar inverters have been
developed on the basis of decades of
experience in the industry and proven
technology platform. Unrivalled
expertise from the world’s market and
technology leader in variable speed AC
and DC drives is the hallmark of the
new solar inverter series.
Based on ABB’s highly successful
platform of industrial drives - the most
widely used industrial drives on the
market – the inverters are the most
efficient and cost-effective way to
convert the direct current generated by
solar modules into high-quality and CO2-
free alternating current that can be fed
into the power network.
Solar inverters from ABB
ABB central inverters are ideal for large
photovoltaic power plants and medium
sized power plants installed in
commercial or industrial buildings. High
efficiency, proven components,
compact and modular design and a
host of life cycle services ensures ABB
central inverters provide a rapid return
on investment.
Highlights
− High efficiency and long operating life
− Modular and compact product design
− Extensive DC and AC side protection
− Power factor compensation as
standard
− Fast and easy installation
− Complete range of industrial-type
data communication options,
including remote monitoring
− Life cycle service and support
through ABB’s extensive global
service network
ABB central inverters
Maximum energy and feed-in revenues
ABB central inverters have a high
efficiency level. Optimized and accurate
system control and a maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm ensure
that maximum energy is delivered to the
power network from the solar modules.
For end users this generates the highest
possible revenues from the feed-in tariffs
now common in many countries.
Proven ABB components
The inverters comprise proven ABB
components with a long track record of
performance excellence in demanding
applications and harsh environments.
Equipped with extensive electrical and
mechanical protection, the inverters are
engineered to provide a long and
reliable service life of at least 20 years.
Compact and modular design
The inverters are designed for fast and
easy installation. The industrial design
and modular platform provides a wide
range of options like remote monitoring,
fi eldbus connection and integrated DC
cabinets. The inverters are customized and
confi gured to meet end user needs and are
available with short delivery times.
Effective connectivity
ABB’s transformerless central inverter
series enables system integrators to
design the solar power plant using a
combination of different power rating
inverters, which are connected to the
medium voltage grid centrally.
In certain conditions, the ABB central
inverter’s topology allows a parallel
connection directly to the AC side,
enabling electricity to be fed to the grid
via a single transformer. This avoids the
need for each central inverter to have its
own transformer, thereby saving cost
and space. However, in systems where
the DC side needs to be grounded,
an inverter dedicated winding within a
transformer, or a separate transformer,
must be used always.

Technical data and types

Type designation PVS800-57-0100kW-A PVS800-57-0250kW-A PVS800-57-0500kW-A
100 kW 250 kW 500 kW
Input (DC)
Recommended max input power (PPV) 1) 120 kWp 300 kWp 600 kWp
DC voltage range, mpp (UDC) 450 to 750 V (- 825 V*) 450 to 750 V (- 825 V*) 450 to 750 V (- 825 V*)
Maximum DC voltage (Umax (DC)) 900 V (1000 V*) 900 V (1000 V*) 900 V (1000 V*)
Maximum DC current (Imax (DC)) 245 A 600 A 1145 A
Voltage ripple < 3% < 3% < 3%
Number of protected DC inputs (parallel) 1 (+/-) / 4 2) 2 (+/-) / 8 2) 4 (+/-) / 16 2)
Output (AC)
Nominal AC output power (PN (AC)) 100 kW 250 kW 500 kW
Nominal AC current (IN (AC)) 195 A 485 A 965 A
Nominal output voltage (UN (AC)) 3) 300 V 300 V 300 V
Output frequency 4) 50 / 60 Hz 50 / 60 Hz 50 / 60 Hz
5)
Harmonic distortion, current < 3% < 3% < 3%
Power factor compensation (cosϕ) Yes Yes Yes
Distribution network type 6) TN and IT TN and IT TN and IT
Efficiency
Maximum 7) 98.0% 98.0% 98.0%
Euro-eta 7) 97.5% 97.6% 97.6%
Power consumption
Own consumption in operation < 350 W < 300 W < 600 W
Standby operation consumption < appr. 55 W < appr. 55 W < appr. 55 W
External auxiliary voltage 8) 230 V, 50 Hz 230 V, 50 Hz 230 V, 50 Hz
Dimensions and weight
Width / Height / Depth, mm (W / H / D) 1030 / 2130 / 644 1830 / 2130 / 644 3030 / 2130 / 644
Weight appr. 550 kg 1100 kg 1800 kg
1) Inverter limits the power to a safe level 5) At nominal power * Max 1000 VDC input voltage as an option
2) Optional MCB inputs, 80 A each 6) 300 V output must be IT type with mppt range 450 to 825 V. If DC is >
3) Grid voltage (+/- 10%) 7) Without auxiliary power consumption at 450 V UDC 1000 VDC inverter is not damaged, but will
4) Grid frequency (48 to 63 Hz) 8) 115 V, 60 Hz optional not start.

2 ABB solar inverters | Product flyer for PVS800

ABB central inverter design and grid connection

PVS800 inverter

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Control
and
monitor

PVS800 inverter

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Control
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Type designation PVS800-57-0100kW-A PVS800-57-0250kW-A PVS800-57-0500kW-A

100 kW 250 kW 500 kW
Environmental limits
Degree of protection IP22 / IP42 9) IP22 / IP42 9) IP22 / IP42 9)
10) -15 °C to +40 °C -15 °C to +40 °C -15 °C to +40 °C
Ambient temperature range (nominal ratings)
Maximum ambient temperature 11) +50 °C +50 °C +50 °C
Relative humidity, not condensing 15% to 95% 15% to 95% 15% to 95%
Maximum altitude (above sea level) 12) 2000 m 2000 m 2000 m
Maximum noise level 75 dBA 75 dBA 13)
75 dBA 13)
Cooling air flow 1300 m /h3
1880 m /h3
3760 m3/h
Protection
Ground fault monitoring 9) Yes Yes Yes
Grid monitoring 9) Yes Yes Yes
Anti-islanding 9) Yes Yes Yes
DC reverse polarity Yes Yes Yes
AC and DC short circuit and over current Yes Yes Yes
AC and DC over voltage and temperature Yes Yes Yes
User interface and communications
Local user interface ABB local control panel ABB local control panel ABB local control panel
Analog inputs / outputs 1/2 1/2 1/2
Digital inputs / relay outputs 3/1 3/1 3/1
Fieldbus connectivity Modbus, PROFIBUS, Ethernet
Product compliance
Safety and EMC CE conformity according to LV and EMC directives
Certifications and approvals VDE, CEI, UNE, RD, EDF
Grid support 9)
Reactive power compensation, Power reduction, Low voltage ride through

9)
Optional
10)
Frosting is not allowed. May need optional cabinet heating.
11)
Power derating after 40 °C
12)
Power derating above 1000 m. Above 2000 m special requirements.
13)
At partial power typically < 70 dBA
Product flyer for PVS800 | ABB solar inverters 3
ABB central inverter data communication principle
Central inverter
250 kWp solar array
Medium voltage
Modbus transformers
3-phase 20 kV
250 kWp solar array
Central inverter
Accessories Options
− Solar array junction boxes with string − Increased IP ratings for cabinets
monitoring − Integrated DC input extension
− Remote monitoring solutions cabinets
− Warranty extensions possible − AC output grounding switch
− Solar inverter care contracts − Cabinet heating
− I/O extensions
− Extended voltage range, 1000 VDC
max.
− DC grounding (negative and positive)
− Fieldbus and Ethernet connections
Integrated DC input extension cabinets Junction box with monitoring
Central inverter
250 kWp solar array
3AUA0000057380 REV F EN 21.4.2011 #15642
Local PC
Field bus
Adapter module
Internet
Remote PC
250 kWp solar array
Central inverter
Support and service
ABB supports its customers with a
dedicated service network in more than
60 countries and provides a complete
range of life cycle services from
installation and commissioning to
preventative maintenance, spare parts,
repairs and recycling.
For more information contact
your local ABB representative or visit:
www.abb.com/solar
www.abb.com
© Copyright 2011 ABB. All rights reserved.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
Protection and safety measurements
A schematic of the protection system
The main protections and protective gears are named

here. DC Side Protection

1. Fuses

A. for string protection

B. Fuses for array/inverter input protection

2. Fuse holders-

A. For string protection

B. Panel mount fuse holder
C. In-line fuse holders
D. Array/inverter input protection
E. Dead front fuse covers

3. Surge protection devices

4. DC switch

A. Load break disconnect switches

B. High power switches

5. Cooling devices

A. Air and liquid cooled solutions

6. Wire management solutions

A. Finger-safe power distribution blocks

B. Finger-safe comb wiring bar

7. Ground-fault protection
AC Side Protection

1. Circuit breaker

2. Bar contractor

3. Insulation monitoring device

  For safety purpose and protection of the
modules and plant equipments , protective gears
from Schneider Electric have been considered
 for maximum benefits.
 Details of safety measurements and
protective gears provided by Schneider
Electric given in their official website.
 Solar SCADA system
Data acquisition system for a solar plant is very important because it is important to
monitor the over all system condition including input/output condition, temperature,
solar insolation, weather condition, voltage/current fluctuation, output power condition,
surge effect, load dispatch etc.

So, in this point of view a compact system with well service provider need to be
pointed out.
ABB provides the monitoring facility/SCADA for solar (PV) power plants and the
ABB inverter itself has an in-built SCADA system.

So, for monitoring and controlling of the over all power system of
the plant, ABB SOLAR SCADA system is recommended here.
 Block diagram & SLD
Block diagram representation of the system with SCADA &
Data Logger facility
YIELD ASSESSMENT OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT
Report number: PV-2037-1209-6
Issued: 23 September 2012 01:12 CET (GMT +0100)

1. Site info 2. PV system info

Site name: Durgapur Installed power: 1000.0 kWp
Bardhaman, West Bengal, India Type of modules: crystalline silicon (c-Si)
Mounting system: fixed mounting, free standing 2 angles
Coordinates: 23° 32' 37.84" N, 87° 22' 44.67" E Azimuth/inclinations: 180° (south) / 48° (winter), 17° (summer)
Elevation a.s.l.: 69 m Inverter Euro eff.: 97.5%
Slope inclination: 1° DC / AC losses: 5.5% / 1.5%
Slope azimuth: 61° northeast Availability: 99.0%

Annual global in-plane irradiation: 1942 kWh/m2 Annual average electricity production: 1470.7 MWh
Annual air temperature at 2 m: 26.3 °C Average performance ratio: 75.8%

Location on the map: http://solargis.info/imaps/#loc=23.543845,87.379074&tl=Google:Satellite&z=14

3. Geographic position

Google Maps © 2012 Google

4. Terrain horizon and day length

Left: Path of the Sun over a year. Terrain horizon (drawn by grey filling) and module horizon (blue filling) may have
shading effect on solar radiation. Black dots show True Solar Time. Blue labels show Local Clock Time.
Right: Change of the day length and solar zenith angle during a year. The local day length (time when the Sun is above the
horizon) is shorter compared to the astronomical day length, if obstructed by higher terrain horizon.

© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o. page 1 of 4

Site: Durgapur, India, lat/lon: 23.5438°/87.3791°
PV system: 1000.0 kWp, crystalline silicon, fixed 2 angles, azim. 180° (south), inclination W 48°, S 17°

5. Global horizontal irradiation and air temperature - climate reference

T
Month Ghm Ghd Dhd 24

Jan 126 4.05 2.10 18.1

Feb 139 4.96 2.23 22.1
Mar 184 5.93 2.56 27.1
Apr 192 6.42 2.93 31.8
May 190 6.12 3.28 33.7
Jun 152 5.08 3.17 32.0
Jul 140 4.51 2.98 29.3
Aug 140 4.51 2.92 28.4
Sep 132 4.40 2.66 27.4
Oct 141 4.56 2.34 25.2
Nov 127 4.25 2.13 21.8
Dec 119 3.83 2.04 18.7
Year 1782 4.88 2.61 26.3

Long-term monthly averages:

2
Ghm Monthly sum of global irradiation [kWh/m ]
2
Ghd Daily sum of global irradiation [kWh/m ]
2
Dhd Daily sum of diffuse irradiation [kWh/m ]
T24 Daily (diurnal) air temperature [°C]

6. Global in-plane irradiation

Fixed surface, azimuth 180° (south), inclination. winter 48°, summer 17°

Sh
Month Gim Gid Did Rid loss

Jan 166 5.35 2.33 0.08 0.0

Feb 168 5.99 2.39 0.10 0.0
Mar 189 6.09 2.51 0.12 0.0
Apr 196 6.54 2.98 0.02 0.0
May 185 5.96 3.23 0.02 0.0
Jun 146 4.87 3.08 0.01 0.0
Jul 135 4.35 2.90 0.01 0.0
Aug 139 4.48 2.89 0.01 0.0
Sep 137 4.57 2.71 0.01 0.0
Oct 157 5.06 2.35 0.09 0.0
Nov 163 5.44 2.32 0.09 0.0
Dec 161 5.18 2.28 0.08 0.0
Year 1942 5.32 2.67 0.05 0.0

Long-term monthly averages:

Gim Monthly sum of global irradiation [kWh/m2] Shloss Losses of global irradiation by terrain shading [%]
2
Gid Daily sum of global irradiation [kWh/m ]
2
Did Daily sum of diffuse irradiation [kWh/m ]
2
Rid Daily sum of reflected irradiation [kWh/m ]

Average yearly sum of global irradiation for different types of surface:

kWh/m2 relative to optimally inclined

Horizontal 1782 93.5%
Optimally inclined (24°) 1905 100.0%
2-axis tracking 2256 118.4%
Your option 1941 101.9%

© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o. Report number: PV-2037-1209-6 Issued: 23 September 2012 01:12 CET (GMT +0100) page 2 of 4
Site: Durgapur, India, lat/lon: 23.5438°/87.3791°
PV system: 1000.0 kWp, crystalline silicon, fixed 2 angles, azim. 180° (south), inclination W 48°, S 17°

7. PV electricity production in the start-up

E
Month Esm Esd Etm share PR
Jan 131 4.24 131.3 8.9 79.2
Feb 129 4.61 129.1 8.8 77.0
Mar 141 4.55 141.0 9.6 74.6
Apr 142 4.74 142.1 9.7 72.5
May 134 4.32 134.0 9.1 72.6
Jun 107 3.59 107.7 7.3 73.7
Jul 101 3.27 101.5 6.9 75.2
Aug 105 3.39 105.1 7.1 75.7
Sep 104 3.47 104.1 7.1 76.0
Oct 120 3.88 120.3 8.2 76.7
Nov 127 4.24 127.3 8.7 77.9
Dec 127 4.10 127.2 8.6 79.2
Year 1470 4.03 1470.7 100.0 75.8

Long-term monthly averages:

Esm Monthly sum of specific electricity prod. [kWh/kWp] Eshare Percentual share of monthly electricity prod. [%]
Esd Daily sum of specific electricity prod. [kWh/kWp] PR Performance ratio [%]
Etm Monthly sum of total electricity prod. [MWh]

8. System losses and performance ratio

Energy conversion step Energy output Energy loss Energy loss Performance ratio

[kWh/kWp] [kWh/kWp] [%] [partial %] [cumul. %]

1. Global in-plane irradiation (input) 1941 - - 100.0 100.0
2. Global irradiation reduced by terrain shading 1941 0 0.0 100.0 100.0
3. Global irradiation reduced by reflectivity 1886 -55 -2.8 97.2 97.2
4. Conversion to DC in the modules 1637 -249 -13.2 86.8 84.3
5. Other DC losses 1547 -90 -5.5 94.5 79.7
6. Inverters (DC/AC conversion) 1508 -39 -2.5 97.5 77.7
7. Transformer and AC cabling losses 1486 -22 -1.5 98.5 76.6
8. Reduced availability 1471 -15 -1.0 99.0 75.8
Total system performance 1471 -470 -24.2 - 75.8

Energy conversion steps and losses:

1. Initial production at Standard Test Conditions (STC) is assumed,

2. Reduction of global in-plane irradiation due to obstruction of terrain horizon and PV modules,
3. Proportion of global irradiation that is reflected by surface of PV modules (typically glass),
4. Losses in PV modules due to conversion of solar radiation to DC electricity; deviation of module efficiency from STC,
5. DC losses: this step assumes integrated effect of mismatch between PV modules, heat losses in interconnections and cables,
losses due to dirt, snow, icing and soiling, and self-shading of PV modules,
6. This step considers euro efficiency to approximate average losses in the inverter,
7. Losses in AC section and transformer (where applicable) depend on the system architecture,
8. Availability parameter assumes losses due to downtime caused by maintenance or failures.

Losses at steps 2 to 4 are numerically modeled by pvPlanner. Losses at steps 5 to 8 are to be assessed by a user. The simulation
models have inherent uncertainties that are not discussed in this report. Read more about simulation methods and related uncertainties
to evaluate possible risks at http://solargis.info/doc/pvplanner/.

© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o. Report number: PV-2037-1209-6 Issued: 23 September 2012 01:12 CET (GMT +0100) page 3 of 4
Site: Durgapur, India, lat/lon: 23.5438°/87.3791°
PV system: 1000.0 kWp, crystalline silicon, fixed 2 angles, azim. 180° (south), inclination W 48°, S 17°

9. SolarGIS v1.8 - description of the database

SolarGIS is high-resolution climate database operated by GeoModel Solar s.r.o. with geographical extent covering Europe, Africa
and Asia. Primary data layers include solar radiation, air temperature and terrain (elevation, horizon).

Air temperature at 2 m: developed from CFSR data (© NOAA NCEP); years: 1991 - 2009; recalculated to 15-minute values. The data
are spatially enhanced to 1 km resolution to reflect variability induced by high resolution terrain.

Solar radiation: calculated from Meteosat satellite data; years: 1999 - 2011; 30-minute values - global horizontal and direct
normal irradiance.

This estimation assumes year having 365 days. Occasional deviations in calculations may occur as a result of mathematical rounding
and cannot be considered as a defect of algorithms. More information about the applied data and algorithms can be found at:
http://solargis.info/doc/pvplanner/.

10. Service provider

GeoModel Solar s.r.o., Milana Marečka 3, 84107 Bratislava, Slovakia; Registration ID: 45 354 766, VAT Number: SK2022962766;
Registration: Business register, District Court Bratislava I, Section Sro, File 62765/B

11. Mode of use

This report shows solar power estimation in the start-up phase of a PV system. The estimates are accurate enough for small and
medium-size PV systems. For large projects planning and financing, more information may be needed:
1. Statistical distribution and uncertainty of solar radiation
2. Detailed specification of a PV system
3. Interannual variability and P90 uncertainty of PV production
4. Lifetime energy production considering performance degradation of PV components.

More information about full PV yield assessment can be found at: http://solargis.info/doc/pvreports/.

12. Disclaimer and legal information

Considering the nature of climate fluctuations, interannual and long-term changes, as well as the uncertainty of measurements and
calculations, GeoModel Solar s.r.o. cannot take full guarantee of the accuracy of estimates. The maximum possible has been done for
the assessment of climate conditions based on the best available data, software and knowledge. GeoModel Solar s.r.o. shall not be
liable for any direct, incidental, consequential, indirect or punitive damages arising or alleged to have arisen out of use of the provided
report.

This report is copyright to © 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o., all rights reserved.
SolarGIS® is a trade mark of GeoModel Solar s.r.o.

13. Contact information

This report has been generated by Mr. AMRIT MANDAL, KOLKATA, 700023 WEST BENGAL, India

© 2012 GeoModel Solar s.r.o. Report number: PV-2037-1209-6 Issued: 23 September 2012 01:12 CET (GMT +0100) page 4 of 4