SUPPORTING EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL

DRIVING IN COMPLICATED AREA

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1. DRIVING IN COMPLICATED AREA OBSTACLES OVERCOMING, LOADING ON THE PLATFORM.

Obstacles overcoming general rules

An obstacle leads to the speed reducing, stopping and, with misoperation to breakage, mired tank,
crew injuring. Therefore by possibility necessary drive round them.
Obstacles - geographical features and buildings which is leads to speed reducing or tank stopping.
Geographical features- rivers, channels, lakes, bogs, sharp hills and sharp descents, ditches, dense
forests, big stones, high banks.
Man-made obstacle – Engineering facilities on the ground designed for tank moving obstructing
and speed reducing or for breaking it. It can be: anti-tank minefield, ground bomb, antitank ditch,
escarpment, counterscarp, tree barrier, dragon's teeth, frozen hills, huge snowball.
Obstacle passing capability depends on: engine towing force and clutch, inertial force, creeper
altitude, allowed hit value for the crew and tank, tank firmness parameters.
Complicated obstacles bridging, as a rule, after the passage sorting, partial obstacles failure or
with the special devices which is increase tanks pass ability (plank bridge, block package, etc.).
In the battle conditions anti-tank obstacles are covering by the enemy fire. For that reason
necessary overcome obstacles on the maximum possible speed.
If it not possible to come round the obstacle, necessary:
- Approach to them on the maximum allowable speed using camouflaging features of the terrain, at
that crew must monitor the enemy activity and neighbor tanks, and be in readiness to fast defeat the
enemy;
- Approaching to obstacle choose the way of passing and moving direction, reduce the speed and
switch the gear-box on appropriate gear to pass the obstacle without stopping and breakages;
- Switch the gear-box on appropriate gear immediately near the obstacle;
- Direct the tank with the square corner to the obstacle and pass it without the gear switching, stopping
and when possible without impacts and tank turning;
- Move away from obstacle fast, at that conduct machine acceleration and switch gear-boxes on the
overgear.
- During the obstacle passing avoid vulnerable tank position.

Particular obstacles passing technique.

Deep corrugation and hills – the most commonly encountered obstacles on the roads and columns
ways, they are passing by all types of good cross-country ability machines in non-stop mode.
Deep depressions and ditches should be passing on the performed pass ways.
 Включити знижену передачу
Activate hill-climbing gear

Збільшити подачу палива

Increase acceleration

Decrease acceleration
Зменшити подачу палива

Machine acceleration
Зробити розгін

Мал. 1 Подолання
HILL валика
OVERPASSING

To overpass hill necessary:

- Direct the tank with the square corner to the hill knap and choose way with minimal crossfall and
altitude;
- Immediately near the obstacle switch gear-boxes on the low gear;
- Hold exploitation RPM on upgrade;
- Approached hill knap reduce the RPM, prevent rolling down and when the tank get over the knap
release acceleration pedal and switch on high gear;
- While tapes touch the ground on the rear slope push acceleration pedal and fast move away from the
obstacle.
 Увімкнути нижчу
Switch gear-boxes on the low gear
передачу

Збільшити оберти
Increase RPM

Оберти утримувати
Hold RPM
рівномірними

Зменшити подачу
Reduce палива
acceleration

Switch gear-boxes
Увімкнути on the
наступну next gear
передачу

Мал.PASSING THE LEDGE

2 Подолання ON UPHILL
уступу на підйомі

To pass the ledge on uphill necessary:

- choose way with minimal angle of climb and ledge altitude, come to the ledge with the square
corner;
- Before ledge switch gear-boxes on the lower gear;
- At the touching moment push the acceleration pedal ( if there necessary to destroy the
wall of the ledge, conduct the tank acceleration and before the hitting at the wall switch out the
clutch, after the hitting move tank rear and repeat operation until the wall destroying);
- Climbing on the ledge without the jumping, hold the exploitation RPM;
- At the moment of overpassing reduce acceleration in order to avoid the hitting and tank
rolling back;
- After the overpassing push the acceleration pedal and fast move away from the obstacle.
 Switch gear-boxes
Ввімкнути on the
нижчу low gear
передачу

Плавно опустити носову

Graduality move частину
down tank nose part

Graduality Плавно
move down tail ofкорму
опустити the tank

Switch gear-boxes
Ввімкнути on the high
підвищену gear
передачу

Мал. 3 Подолання
PASSING уступу
THE LEDGE на спуску
ON DOWNHILL

The ledge on the downhill bridging without cross-country type devices only if the ledge altitude
not more than 0,3 of tape length.
To pass the ledge on downhill necessary:
- Approaching the ledge make the maximum gun angle climb or turn turret on 180°;
- Switch gear-boxes on the low gear;
- Come to the ledge with the square corner; hold the minimum allowable RPM;
- Before the moving down nose part of the tank make little tank brake;
- After the ground touching by the nose part release the brake pedal and gradually move down tail of
the tank;
- Push acceleration pedal, accelerate the tank and switch the gear boxes on the higher gear;
- Turn the turret forward.
 BARRIER OVERPASSING

To overpass barrier with the altitude not to exceed creeper altitude necessary:
- Approaching the ledge make the maximum gun angle climb or turn turret on 180°;
- Switch gear-boxes on the low gear, direct tank with the square corner to the barrier and one of
the tapes on the vertical columns in order to avoid planting by the hull floor.;
- During the moving upgrade push the acceleration pedal and hold certain RPM;
- When the tank get over the barrier reduce acceleration pedal and switch gear-boxes on high gear
and graduality move down nose part
- After the tape touching the ground graduality move down tank using combined braking;
- Turn the turret forward.
Fallen trees, balks, tubes, laid on the ground should be overpassed as well as the barriers. If they
are sliding or tank start skidding necessary: move back and approach at the obstacle with the oblique
angle (approximately 50 – 600).

CHUNK OVERPASSING
Craters, as a rule, should be traveled through. If there no possibilities to bypass crater (diameter
not more the width of the tracking ruts), they should be passed between the tapes.
Big craters should be overpassing as well as antitank ditch, at that tank directed at the center of the
carter.
 Switch gear-boxes Graduality move
on the down
low gear tank nose part

Trenches, fosses and other that type obstacles can be overpassed depending on tank technical
capability. The fosses with width up to 0,3 of ground contact area overpassing with the square corner at
Acceleration
the obstacle on any allowable speed. The obstacles with width 0,3 - 0,45 of the ground contact area
Inertial force Розгін

Сила інерції

Resultant force Force of gravity

Рівнодіюча Сила ваги G

Braking
Inertial force
Гальмування
Сила інерції
Resultant force

Рівнодіюча
Force of gravity

OVERPASSING OF FOSSE WITH

Сила WIDTH
ваги G
UP TO 0,3 OF GROUND CONTACT AREA
Мал. 7 Подолання рову шириною більше 0,3
OVERPASSING
довжини машини
should be overpassed on the lower gear.

While the central weight tank point approaching at the front wall of the fosse, suddenly increase
acceleration to speed-up the tank and raise nose part.
Escarps, counterscarps and anti-tank ditches with big size cannot be passed by the tank. They must
be passed with the help of special passages or road bridges.
The passages in anti-tank ditches makes by the cutting(destroying) the walls in order to make
entrance crossfal not more than 25 - 30°, and way out crossfal 15 - 20°.
To pass the fosse with the help of special passages necessary:
- make the maximum gun angle climb and turn turret on 180°;
- direct tank at the center of the passage;
- immediate before the entering in the passage activate low gear and glide to the descent holding
minimally stable RPM;
- while the central weight tank point passed the edge of descent in the fosse, reduce the acceleration
and brake tank by the combined braking or engine;
- after the tape touching the ground increase acceleration and move on the upgrade through the passage
holding maximum exploitation RPM;
- when the central weight tank point passed through the edge on the upgrade reduce the acceleration ,
avoid rolling back, then push the acceleration pedal and, if possible, activate highest gear.
 Мал. 8 Подолання рову OVERPASSING
FOSSE (контрескарпу) по
WITH HELP OF PASSAGE
проробленому проходу

In case of tank rolling back, engine stopping or skidding on upgrade needful to push the clutch
pedal, move tank on the bottom of the fosse and make another attempt.
If the danger of skidding appears needful to activate rear gear and move out from fosse.
Anti-tank ditch can be overcoming with help of the tank inertness. Necessary accelerate the tank
from the lowest ditch point excluding sudden hits.
Anti-tank ditch overpassing with help of track bridge conducting according to the rules of limited
passage driving.
If the escarps overcoming with help of track bridge and with angle of climbing 150°, is needful:
- direct tank with the square corner to the escarp on the landmark of the bridge and activate low gear;
- during the moving on the bridge hold the certain RPM and don’t turn the tank;
- while the central weight tank point passed the escarp knap reduce the acceleration;
- after the driving down from the bridge increase acceleration and move fast from an obstacle.

Мал. 9 Подолання
ESCARPS ескарпуWITH
OVERCOMING за допомогою колійного
HELP OF TRACK
мосту BRIDGE

To overpassing the escarp is needful:

- make the maximum grade ascending ability of the gun or turn the turret on 180°;
- approaching to the escarp direct tank according to axis of the passage;
- shift to the lower gear and hold minimal certain RPM;
- during the moving through the passage don’t make any turnings and use combined braking only;
- after the driving out from the bridge, if possible, increase acceleration and shift gear-boxes on highest
gear;
On the counterscarp entrance gabarits should marked.
 The obstacles from armored concrete, metallic and stone hurters should be over cross on the
passages made by engineers or artillery fire. Some of the hurters can be hasty crossing by the tracked
machines. For this necessary accelerate the tank, point it at the hurter and push the clutch pedal.

Мал.THE
CROSSING 10. Подолання
HURTERS надовбів
AFTER після їх руйнування
THEIR DESTROYING

Hedgehog obstruction must be previously disrupting or shooting up by the artillery fire. One row
obstruction can be overpassing by the tracked machine with help of runover on the second or third gear
pointing the tape on the center of the hedgehog.

Мал. 11. Подолання

HEDGEHOG їжаків
OVERPASSING

Defense wiring can be overpassing only by the tracked machines with higher speed, targeting tapes at
the columns locating on the one direction, without turns, gear shifting, stopping and sudden RPM
changing.
 WIRING DEFENSE OVERPASSING
Nearly invisible wire walls and spirals (anti-personal obstruction) can be overpassed by all types
of machines only through special passages or bridges.
Obstruction and destroying sections overpassing on the low gear, respecting safety measures in
order to avoid breakage of the machine. Different obstacles located on the way must be passed
according to rules listed above.

MINE OBSTACLE OVERPASSING

Tanks provided with mine-clearing attachment can overpass minefield by themselves without the
passages. Other machines overpassing mine obstacles with help of solid or track passages.

Мал.
OVERPASSING MINE 13. Подолання
OBSTACLES WITHвибухових
HELP OFзагороджень проходами
SOLID OR TRACK PASSAGES

As a rule, effective gaps (not less than 6 meter) making by the engineer units with explosive.
Different types of machines can pass through effective gap. Track lanes making by tanks provided with
mine-clearing attachment.
Tank with the mine-clearing attachment has lower pass ability, low smoothness of movement, and
worse view from the driver’s compartment. For another thing, mine-clearing attachment increase the
gabarits , common weight of the tank, load on the front wheels and engine.
For this reason the tank commander have to keep observation in all time and alert driver about the
coming obstacles, help him to overpass them.
During the driving tank with mine-clearing attachments must be respect next rules:
- right speed choosing have to provide normal exploitation working regime without tank stop, engine
overloading and overheating and smoothness of movement disfunction;
- overpass the obstacles on low gears with square corner, avoid mine-clearing attachments hitting;
- fosses, ditches, trenches should be overpassed on the first gear;
- turn the tank smoothly, shift the gears fast, and avoid tank jerking.
 Approaching to the mine obstacle is needful to activate first gear, mine-clearing attachment working
section switching from derived position to the operational, close all hatches and give to the gun
maximum angle of climb.
During the tank driving with mine-clearing attachment in operational position is needful:
- move straight-line, on the first gear with speed not above 13 кm/h;
- turn the tank smoothly with radius not lees then 65m, exclude tape out-coming from the borders of
the streaks. Sharp and impetuous turns are forbidden.
After the minefield passing working section of the mine-clearing attachment switching in to the
derived position by the commander order.
To avoid mine-clearing attachment breakage is forbidden to use it on the frozen ground with deep
of the freezing more than 5cm, in the bushes with big quantity of the stones, boulders and other hinder
items. For the using mine-clearing attachment in winter time there is winter equipment. During the
driving with the mine-clearing attachments is needful to monitor the engine temperature on order to
prevent overheating..
The speed of movement in the traveling position should not exceed 18 -24 кm/h.
The speed of movement in the operating position on the mountainous area should not exceed 6–8
кm/h.
Effective gap in the minefield can be laid by the 2-3 tanks moving ledge.
On the snow with deep more than 20 сm, quicksand or tillage the trundles can stop turning. In that
case is needful to continue moving, because mines little by little moving out from shoveled vallum.
Move straight-line only, otherwise gains possibility of getting mine under the tapes.
During the moving through the passage in the minefield is needful:
- approach to the minefield on the maximum possible speed;
- direct the tank on the passage center and then, move evenly without stops and sharp turning;
- after the minefield passing increase moving speed.

EMBARKATION

Fighting equipment transportation is conducted by heavy tank transporter, railway, water or air
transport. Embarkation and debarkation are conducted in self-propelled mode, by winch or cargo crane.
Order of heavy hauling truck embarkation:
- place the truck on level, check the security of truck hitch group and connection brake hoses; put on
handle brake on the truck and parking brake on semitrailer, put the wheel stops;
- unlock the landing ramp, move up and gradual move down, following safety precautions;
- landing ramp establish in operation position adding two upholders under front ramp support group
(upholders takes from hauling truck SPTA), emphasis upholders correspondence, fitting ramp support
to platform and upholders. (fig.14);
- clear out the platform (mud, ice or oil pollution extract from the platform);
- detachable equipment remove in case of trailer size exceeds;
- tank (BTR) turret in-stow and locked position, antenna is dismantle, upper hatches are closed;

Fig.14. Trailers landing ramp establishing

- armored vehicle place back of the truck on trailer axle line;

- commander standing on the trailer, on the front upper part between spare wheels, give the signal for
embarked vehicle driver, who shifting into low gear approach landing ramp and stop the vehicle;
- commander gives the signal “Move forward” if the approaching line and axle line of the truck are
corresponded. In case of significant deviation, commander gives “Move back” signal, approaching
line is aligned and vehicle approach landing ramp again;
- ground contact area of caterpillar tape place on platform horizontal baseline part of trailer;
- elevate and hold the landing ramp, cutoff engine, reverse gear select, handle of manual fuel feeding
set in zero position, switch off the battery switcher, set the parking brake and lock;
- gun barrel decrease to the minimum, avoid trailers part contact and consider laden height, lock the
turret, close hatches (the gun barrel turn to the front or backward position);
- if the weight of vehicle is more than 30t, vehicle is secured by draw-strings on the trailer
(fig.15), by wood block fixed between road wheels, the axial displacement is prevented. If vehicle
equipped with winch, the winch rope is hooked to trailer front part;

Draw-strips

Fig. 15. Tank placing and securing on the trailer: а – side-

view; б – overhead view; в – draw-strips fastened
to trailer rear hooks
- during light tanks and trucked APC transportation (up to 30t) is essential to install at least
two wood blocks to avoid axial displacement, and two wood block at each side to avoid sidewise
displacement.
During heavy trucked vehicles transportation bumper guards reposition in first position
(constrict). All vehicles are secured by draw-strips in case of bumper guards lack.
Debarkation of vehicles from trailer in self-propelled mode conducted in reversal order.
Restrictions during embarkation-debarkation operations:
- turn the vehicle on the trailer platform;
- avoid caterpillar tape sag to the one side of trailer;
- avoid the crew members standing nearer 10m behind and alongside of trailer, or tow rope operating
length area, wherewith embarkation or debarkation conducted.
During transportation commander and driver of transportable vehicle may reside in heavy haling
truck cabin. Other crew members travel by special vehicle. In time of war according to commanders’
order, the crew is allowed to occupy proper locations in tank on the trailer.
For the flatcar embarkation-debarkation loading ramp and elevated approach are served (fig.16).
 Fig.16. Flatcar embarkation:
а – from elevated approach; б – from side loading ramp; в – from
end loading ramp
Before flat-car embarkation: check the detachable equipment fastening, remove the whip
antenna, turn the gun on rearward position and lock the turret, open the flat-car side wall and gangway
install.
The unit commander control the first tank embarkation (the first flat-car reaching), further
moving the vehicle from one flat-car to the next is controlled by tank commander, who directed the
driver on at least 5m distance in front of moving tank
During flat-car embarkation:
- approaching the loading ramp (elevated approach), shift to first gear and, sharp turn avoided, move
on to flat-car;
- on the loading ramp and flat-car move shifted first gear, slowly, avoid jerking and stops, keeping the
15-20m pace between vehicles;
- drive and place vehicle in the middle of platform, moving direction equate smoothly, avoid jerking;
- be ready to stop immediately after commanders’ signal.
In case of side loading ramp embarkation, turn the vehicle on 30 0 to flat-car and by often but
smoothly turns correspond the vehicle and flat-car centerlines, then move on the order mentioned
above.
Truck vehicles are secured on the flat-car according to the special railway transportation manual.

Fig.17. Flatcar tank placing

On the flat-car vehicle place properly in order to equaled axle weight (fig.17) and distance
between caterpillar tapes and flat-car sides (overhang tape difference on opposite sides must not
exceed 10cm).
In case of grousers secure of vehicle: four grousers fasten under second and next to the last road
wheels of the tank, cutoff engine, select the reverse gear, handle of manual fuel feeding set in zero
position, switch off the battery switcher, set the parking brake and lock, fuel tanks close off and
hatches lock.
During wheeled vehicle fastening:
- after embarkation (fig.18) and on flat-car placing, set vehicle on parking brake, secure by
four metal draw-strips (two in front and another two at rear) and 8 brake shoes (woodblock) fitted
near every wheel (fig.19), shift to lower gear, lock hatches and doors, battery disconnect;

Fig.18. Side loading ramp BTR – 70 embarkation

- in case of route sizable inclination fill half of the fuel tanks (motor tank trucks and fuelling vehicles
empty or fully fueled transported); in winter time the cooling system water poured off.

Fig.19. BTR – 70 flat-cars fastening

Flat-car debarkation conducts in inverse order of embarkation.

If flat-car debarkation of trucked vehicle to the ground required:
- fit the support blocks under flat-car corners;
- shift to first gear and turn the vehicle on 900 towards debarkation line;
- minimal RPM maintaining move down the vehicle.