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Documente Profesional
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Introduction
Page 001
INTRODUCTION
References
References
1. SNI 2847:2013, Persyaratan beton struktural untuk bangunan
gedung (2013)
2. Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design, Wight & MacGregor
(2009)
3. Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings,
Paulay & Priestley (1992)
4. Reinforced Concrete Structures , Paulay & Priestley (1975)
Learning Methods
Page 002
INTRODUCTION
Page 003
INTRODUCTION
Lecture Objectives
Theory
1. Cadets can explain scope of concrete structures works
2. Cadets can explain basic engineering for concrete structures
3. Cadets can explain and calculate beam member for concrete
structures
4. Cadets can explain and calculate plate in concrete structures
5. Cadets can explain and calculate column member in concrete
structures
6. Cadets can explain and identify concrete structure failure and
limitations for serviceability
Lecture Objectives
Practice
7. Cadets shows practical capabilitites in doing concrete mix design
8. Cadets shows practical capabilitites in doing concrete casting
9. Cadets can shows quality assurance and testing for concrete mix
design
Page 004
INTRODUCTION
Lecture Course
Theory
1. Concrete Structures
2. Introduction to Concrete Structures
3. Beam Concreting
4. Bending-Beam with Single Reinforcement
5. Bending-Beam wth Double Reinforcement
6. Bending- T and L Beam
7. One Way and Two Way Slab
8. Shear Design for Concrete
Lecture Course
Theory
9. Torsion Design for Concrete
10. Combined Axial and Bending- Column
11. Development of Reinforcement
12. Deflection and Serviceability for Concrete Structures
13. Concrete Technology
Page 005
Page 006
Page 007
Page 008
Page 009
i.e :DKI Jakarta : Peraturan Daerah Khusus Ibukota
Jakarta, No.7 tahun 1991, tentang Bangunan dalam
Wilayah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
Page 010
Page 011
Page 012
Page 013
40
Minimum specified
Number
30
20
10
54 60 66 72 78 84 90
Page 014
80
50
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 18
Bar Size
60 57.4
N = 1844
Frequency (%)
50 x = 0.06 in
40
= 0.28 in
30
Range = 2.25 in
20 15.8
12.9
10 6.2
3.0 1.8 2.3
0.1 0.2 0.3
Page 015
40
Minimum specified for any bar
Minimum specified for any lot of bars
30
Number
20
10
40 40
Number of Columns (%)
Number of Beams (%)
35 35
30 30
25 25
Average = 1.01 Average = 0.98
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Mtest / Mcalc Ptest / Pcalc
Page 016
Page 017
Office 2.4 – 4.79
Multifunction Hall 2.87 – 4.79
Stage 7.18
Recreation park (bowling, 3.59
swimming pool, etc)
Corridor 4.79
Ballroom, Dancing Hall 4.79
Garage 1.92
Sport centre 4.79
Hospital 1.92 – 3.83
Library 2.87 – 7.18
10-6
Lightning
10-7
10-8 Vaccinations
Page 018
Page 019
Cube Specimen Cylinder Specimen
(150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm) (150 mm x 300 mm)
(MPa) (MPa)
15 12
20 16
25 20
30 25
35 30
40 35
45 40
50 45
55 50
Page 020
Page 021
1
1
Crack
Page 022
2
2
Page 023
Rectangular Beam with Tension Reinforcement
(Single Reinforcement)
One-Way Slab
T and L Beam
Two-Way Slab
Page 024
4
Page 025
Span : m (meter)
Element dimension : mm (millimeter)
N (Newton) ; kN (kilo-Newton)
1 kg = 1 x 9.81 = 9.81 N
1 ton = 103 x 9.81 = 9.81 x 103 N = 9.81 kN
MPa (1 MPa = 1 N/mm2)
kN/m3
5
Page 026
In bending, plane section remains plane.
The strains in each point is proportion to
its distance to the neutral axis.
(SNI 2847-2013 sec. 10.2.2)
Where :
c c = concrete strain
Neutral
Axis s = steel strain
=
8
Page 027
10
Page 028
E
1
11
SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.4
Where :
fs = stress of steel ; fy = yield stress
s = strain of steel ; y = yield strain
Es = Modulus of elasticity = 200.000 MPa
For : s < y fs = Es . s
s y fs fy 12
Page 029
Where:
fc’ = compression stress of concrete (based on cylinder specimen)
fct = tension stress of concrete 0.5 fc’ (MPa)
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete 4700 fc’ (MPa)
cu = Ultimate compression strain of concrete 13
Compression strength of concrete, fc’, ksi
12
800 80
11
10 68.9 70
700
9
600 60
8 55.1
7 500 50
6 41.3
400 40
5 34.4
27.6 300 30
4
20.7
3 200 20
2
100 10
1
0 0
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
14
Page 030
•
1.0 •
•• • •
••
0.8
• • •
•• •• •• •
1 = 0.85 •
• • •• • • • • •• • • • •
0.6 • • •
• • •• • • • ••
1k3 1 = 0.65
0.4
Values of 1
for k3 = 0.85
0.2
0.0
0 4 8 12
Concrete strength (ksi) 15
(SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.7).
a= 1c C = 0.85 fc’ a b
As
T = As. fy
16
Page 031
(SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.2.6).
about stress - strain relationship (f - ) of concrete
C=T y Mn
fc’
y
C 0.67 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.37 c Ts (d-0.37c)
fc’
y
C 0.64 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.35 c Ts (d-0.35c)
fc’
y
C 0.76 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.40 c Ts (d-0.40c)
0.85 fc’
y
C 0.72 b.c.fc’ = As.fy 0.42 c Ts (d-0.42c)
Page 032
20
Page 033
21
cbal 0.003
d = 0.003 + y
Multiplied with Es = 2.105 MPa
cbal = 600 d ……… (1)
600 + fy
22
Page 034
23
24
Page 035
25
26
Page 036
SNI 2847:2013 sec. B10.3.3
27
SNI 2847:2013 sec. 10.5.1
28
Page 037
29
Page 038
31
32
Page 039
fc’ = 20 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
b = 300 mm
h = 500 mm
Øseng = 10 mm
a. Check the failure mechanism of this section, UNDER or OVER-
REINFORCED FAILURE ?
b. Based on (a), find the depth of neutral axis, c,
and ultimate moment, Mu that could be resisted by this section.
c. If the reinforcement 4D16 is replaced with reinforcement 6D19,
how much Mu would be increased ?
33
A beam of reinforced concrete resists the uniformed dead load (q D)
and live load (qL) as drawn below :
Page 040
A rectangular section of reinforced concrete as drawn below :
a. If fc’ = 20 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,
find the ultimate moment Mu that could be
h
3D22 resisted by this several value of dimension :
3D22
b = 300 mm
b h = 300, 400, 500, 600 mm
Drawn your results as graphical model.
fc’ = 25 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
36
Page 041
Page 042
Page 043
A A A A
A-A A-A
Slab is supported by Cantilever Slab
brick wall fixed at the beam
Page 044
Partially rotate
Page 045
b L b
Leff = L + b
Main Reinforcement h
smax 3h or 450 mm
10
Page 046
11
a
c
H=0 C = T
0.85 fc’.a.b = As . fy
b = 1m 0.85 fc’.a.b = As . fy
A .f
a = 0.85s f ’ y.103 ... (1)
c
M=0 Mn = T (d - ½ a)
= As . fy (d - ½ a). .... (2)
As fy
(1) (2) Mu = As . fy (d - 0.59 )
fc’
12
Page 047
• • • • • • • • • • • •
• • •
10 - 250
10 - 250
10 - 250
•
•
•
• • • • • • • •
• • •
10 - 100 •
10 - 100 •
10 - 250
10 - 250
10 - 250
10 - 100
•
Secondary reinforcement
Main reinforcement
14
Page 048
15
Page 049
Page 050
Page 051
3. Practically reasons.
If single reinforcement has > maks
Page 052
Mu
(Mn1 + Mn2) … (1)
Mu
Mn2 = - Mn1 = Cs (d - d’) … (2)
s’ c - d’
=
0.003 c
s’ = ……..
Check, is : s’ y ?
fs’ = s’ . Es
Cs = As’ . fs’ = As2 . fy
Cs C
As’ = ; and As2 = s
fs’ fy
Page 053
See Condition 2 C s = T2
*
As’ . fy = As2 . fy
d-d’
A ’.f
As2 = s y then :
fy
2 As2 = As’
*
As’ . fs‘ = As2 . fy then :
f
As2 = As’ . f s
y
Page 054
START
1
Define : b, d, d’ (trial & errors)
As = . b . d
As’ = ( ’/ ) . As
Calculate loads and Mu
Finish
Calculate : Mn = Mu /
Mn
Rn = bd2
Select appropriate ’/
1.
cu’ = 0.003
d’ c = 120 mm
c s’ d = 720 mm
As’
h d d’ = 80 mm
fc’ = 25 MPa
As fy = 400 MPa
b = 400 mm
b h = 800 mm
10
Page 055
2.
If b, fc’, fy, and Mu are known, calculate the
reinforcement area, As, needed for this
h rectangular beam with single reinforcement
As as drawn so that the depth of beam, h, is
Mu
minimum.
1. fc’ = 20 MPa ; fy = 240 MPa
Mu
Tension steel = 4 16
300
How much Mu that could be carried by
this triangular section ?
150 150
200
2. Mu fc’ = 25 MPa ; fy = 400 MPa
Compression steel = 2 D16
400 Tension steel = 4 D16
How much Mu that could be carried by
400 this section ?
3.
Mu = 300 kNm fc’ = 20 MPa ; fy = 400 MPa
500
’/ = 0.5
How much are As and As’ needed ?
300
12
Page 056
h d
600
As
s’ 40
=
0.003 120
s’ = 0.001
f 400
y = y = = 0.002
Es 200.000
s’ < y
13
s 0.003
=
600 120
s = 0.015 > y ( = 0.002)
Tension steel is yield.
.
14
Page 057
BENDING IN T & L SECTION
Page 058
BENDING IN T & L SECTION
3
Page 059
BENDING IN T & L SECTION
bf
1. hf 2. bf bf
8 hf 8 hf
bw
bw bw
3. bf bf
½ ln ½ ln
bw ln bw
5
L
bf
hf
1.
bw 2.
bf bf
½ ln
3.
bw ln bw
Page 060
BENDING IN T & L SECTION
bf
hf c 0.003 0.85 fc’ Cc
d d-½a
Mu As T
s > y fy
bw
H=0 Cc = T
0.85 fc’ . a . bf = As . fy
As . fy
a = ….. (1)
0.85 . fc’ . bf
M=0 Mu = Mn
= As . fy (d - ½ a) ….. (2)
7
bf
hf 0.003 0.85 fc’
Cc1
c Cc2
d
Mu As T
s > y fy
bw
M=0 Mu = Mn
= { Cc1 (d - ½ hf) + Cc2 (d - ½ a)}
8
Page 061
BENDING IN T & L SECTION
1200 100
fc’ = 20 MPa
610 fy = 400 MPa
As
380
A. Design the beam reinforcement if the moment due to dead load and
live load is 88 kNm and 135 kNm respectively.
A. How much As ….. ?
*
Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML
= 1.2 x 88 + 1.6 x 135 = 321.6 kNm
*
To be assumed as Un-Real T-beam (c < hf)
C = T
0.85 fc’. a . bf = As . fy
0.85 x 20 x a x 1200 = As x 400
a = 0.01961 As
Mu = Mn
321.6 x 106 = 0.9 As . fy ( d - ½ a )
321.6 x 106 = 0.9 As . 400 (610 - ½ 0.01961 As)
321.6 x 106 = 219,600 As - 3.5298 As2
As = 1501 mm2 (4D22 = 1521 mm2)
10
Page 062
BENDING IN T & L SECTION
*
a = 0.01961 As
= 0.01961 x 1521 = 30 mm
a
c = = 30 / 0.85 = 35 mm
1
As max = max . b . d
= 0.0163 x 380 x 610
= 3778 mm2
11
*
C = T
0.85 fc’. a . bf = As . fy
0.85 x 20 x a x 1200 = 3778 x 400
a = 74 mm
a 74
c = = = 87 mm (the assumption is true)
1 0.85
0.003 cbal d
=
cbal 0.003 0.003 + y
xE
d 600
cbal = d = 366 mm
600 + fy
y c 87
Thus : = = 0.24
cbal 366
c = 0.24 cbal
12
Page 063
TABLES
EXAMPLE
Page 064
Moment value per 1.00 slab width at middle line of two-way slab due to uniform load
Scheme Load distribution
based on ly / l x 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,5 3,0
‘envelope method’
0,3 lx mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 41 54 67 79 87 97 110 117
½
mly = 0,001 41 35 31 28 26 25 24 23
½
lx
½
0,3 lx
mtix = ½ mlx
ly ½
mtiy = ½ mly
Page 065
0,3 lx
½
mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 31 45 58 71 81 91 106 115
mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 39 37 34 30 27 25 24 23
½ ½
0,3 lx
½
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 91 102 108 111 113 114 114 114
mtix = ½ mlx
mtiy = ½ mly
0,3 lx
0,3 lx
½
mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 39 47 57 64 70 75 81 84
½ ½
mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 31 25 23 21 20 19 19 19
½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 91 98 107 113 118 120 124 124
mtix = ½ mlx
mtiy = ½ mly
Free end
Continuous supported
½
mlx = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 28 37 45 50 54 58 62 65
mly = 0,001 wu . lx2 . 25 21 19 18 17 17 16 16
½ ½
½
mtx = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 60 70 76 80 82 83 83 83
mty = - 0,001 wu . lx2 . 54 55 55 54 53 53 51 49
mtiy = ½ mlx
Free end
Continuous supported
Page 066
Bending moment per unit length due to uniform load
Middle strip
Middle strip
- A slab with area of 4.00 x 6.00 meter
lx = 4.00
Page 067
1.
* Dead Load (wD)
- concrete weight : 0.12 x 2400 = 288 kg/m2
- other dead loads = 200 kg/m2
= 488 kg/m2
* Life Load (wL) = 250 kg/m2
3.
with Table 4.2.b - CUR-4
Mlx = 0.001 x wU x lx2 x 45.5
= 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 45.5
= 717.52 kgm = 7.18 kNm
Mly = 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 16.5
= 260.2 kgm = 2.60 kNm
Mtx = - 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 75
= - 1182.72 kgm = - 11.83 kNm
Mty = - 0.001 x 985.6 x 4.02 x 54.5
= - 859.44 kgm = - 8.59 kNm
4.
dy dx t = 120 mm
10
Page 068
: dx = 120 - 20 - ½ . 10 = 95 mm
for Mlx = 7.18 kNm
C = T 0.85 . 15 . a . 1000 = As . 240 a = 0.0188 As
Mu = Mn 7.18.106 = 0.9 As 240 (95 – ½ . 0.0188As)
As = 363 mm2 ( 10 -
With the same way, for other reinforcement we found :
Dir. Moment As Theoretical Used
Middle x 7.18 363 ( 10 - 216) ( 10 - 200)
area y 2.60 144 ( 10 - 545) ( 10 - 240)
Supp. x - 11.83 614 ( 10 - 128) ( 10 - 125)
area y - 8.59 495 ( 10 - 159) ( 10 - 150)
* Minimum reinforcement :
2
min = 0.0014 ; As min = 0.0014 . 1000 . 95 = 133 mm = 10 – 590
* Maximum space: 2h = 2 . 120 = 240 mm (SNI 2847:2013 sec 13.3.2)
* Secondary reinforcement :
As (s) = 20% As(largest) = 20% . 614 = 123 mm2 = 10 - 639 s > 2h (=240 mm)
for efficiency : use 8 - 240
11
12
Page 069
10-350
For development length
10-400
10-400
10-350
Page 070
15
16
Page 071
10-350
10-400
10-400
10-350
17
Page 072
Page 073
w
wl
R= R
2 l
dx
3
wl
R= R
2 l
dx
w V
qmax = z vmax
C+dC
C
NA
V- w dx z
y b V v
Ai
T T + dT V Ai y
dx q=bv v= bI
Page 074
The stress trajectories intersect the neutral
axis at 45°. The principal tensile stresses
become excessive due to .
Principal tension : f1 = 12 ( f + f2 + 4 v2 )
Principal compression : f2 = 12 (f - f2 + 4 v2 )
tan 2 = 2v or tan = v
f f1 5
C
NA
d bw q
jd V v= b
q = jd w
cracked
T
As
1 dT dM 1 V
v = = =
bw dx dx bw jd bw jd
for simplicity : v = V
bw d
Page 075
Vc
C
External transverse force V, is resisted
va
by the combination of : T
1. A shear force across the compression Vd
V 2 1
zone Vc. x
2. A dowel force transmitted across the Vc
C
crack by the flexural reinforcement Vd. (1) G jd
3. The vertical component of inclined (2)
shearing stress va, transmitted across T
Vd
the diagonal crack. V 1
2
jd cot
T
Vc
(2) Where :
V G
(1) Va V = shear resistance in beam without
Ha
C web reinforcement
Vd
Vc = shear contribution of compression zone
Va = shear contribution of aggregate interlock
Vd = shear contribution of dowel action
x
Vc
C
(1) G jd
(2) If the contribution of the dowel force is
T
Vd ignored (particularly in the absence of
V
2 1 stirrups), then :
jd cot
Where :
M = moment resistance in beam without8
web reinforcement
Page 076
x
Vc
C
(1) G jd
(2)
T
Vd
V 1
2
jd cot
Note :
* jd(dT/dx) expresses in which the internal
tensile force T acting on a constant lever arm jd changes from point to point along the beam,
to balance exactly the external moment intensity.
* dT/dx, , is termed the bond force, q, applied
to the flexural reinforcement per unit length of beam.
In the elastic theory analysis of prismatic flexural members is assumed
that the internal lever arm remain constant, then ,
the equation of perfect is obtained :
Vc
C
va
T Where :
Vd
V 2 1 q = the bond force per unit length
x = shear flow (see p.6)
Vc
C
(1) G jd
(2)
T
Vd
V 1
2
jd cot
10
Page 077
* The tensile force T cannot change, hence dT/dx = 0.
* The external shear can be resisted only by inclined internal compression.
This extreme case may be termed The shear resistance
is expressed by :
Vc
C
v
a
T
Vd
V 2 1 In a normal reinforced concrete beam
x
Vc in which (owing to slip, cracking, and
C other causes) the full bond force q
(1) G jd required for beam action cannot be
(2)
T developed, the two mechanism as
Vd expressed on p.9, will offer a combined
V 1
2
jd cot resistance against shear forces.
11
sc
Compression P P
Mc Mc
zone Vh
va2 Vh
Vd2 va1 hc d For the perfect beam action
T2 to take place,
T1 the full bond force q must be
sr Vd1
effectively resisted.
* Cracks induced by load will divide the tension zone into a number of blocks.
Each block may be considered to act as a cantilever with its base at the
compression zone and its free end at the flexural tension reinforcement
12
Page 078
sc 1. The increase of the tensile force between
Compression P
zone Mc adjacent cracks produces a ,
va2 Vh T = T1 - T2
d
Vd2 va1 hc
T2 2. Shear stresses va1 and va2 are generated
T1 by .
sr Vd1
4. An P, a
Vd1 Vd2
Vh, and a Mc are induced
T
to equilibriate all forces on the cantilever.
13
Span
Mark (m) a/d
1 0.90 1.0
2 1.15 1.5
3 1.45 2.0
4 1.70 2.5
5 1.95 3.0
6 2.35 4.0
7/1 3.10 5.0
8/1 3.60 6.0
10/1 4.70 8.0
9/1 5.80 7.0
14
Page 079
P
Vh Compression zone * The most of bond force
Aggregat interlocking could be resisted by flexure
va1
va2 zone at the dowel zone.
CL
Line of thrust P * Second term of the equation
signifies that shear can be
jd d sustained by inclined
compression in a beam.
16
Page 080
CL
Line of thrust P 1. Arch action can only occur at
the expense of slip (i.e., of
jd d complete loss of bond transfer)
3. In the vicinity of the load point the line of thrust, hence the neutral axis,
rises well above the position predicted by standard flexural theory.
17
CL
Line of thrust P
jd d
P
a
1.
The propagation of an inclined crack reduces the compression zone
excessively. The area of concrete in the load point becomes too small
to resist the compression force and it crushes. (see Beams 2,3,4)
2.
The line of thrust may be so eccentric that a flexural tension failure
occurs in the “compression zone”. (see Beams 7/1). The failure is
18
very sudden.
Page 081
3.
When the line of thrust is steeper (i.e. when a/d is less than 2),
considerable reserve strength may be available owing to more efficient
arch action. Flexural capacity of beam is attained because the arch
mechanism is sufficient to sustain the required shear force (see Beam 2).
* Arch action in beams without web reinforcement can occur only if loads are
applied to the compression zone of the beam.
* The foregoing material has clearly indicated that arch action must be the
dominant mode of shear resistance in deep beams loaded in the
compression zone.
19
400 160
Theoretical flexural
350 140 strength of section Mu
Shear force corresponding
with the theoretical
300 flexural capacity Vu 120
Observed ultimate
250 100 moment
Moment, kNm
Shear force, kN
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
M M
Momen / Shear ratio = Momen / Shear ratio =
Vd Vd
a/d < 2.5 (Crushing / Splitting of concrete - Type 3)
2 < a/d < 3 (Shear compression failure - Type 1)
3 < a/d < 7 (Flexural tension failure - Type 2)
20
Page 082
1. The flexural and shear capacities of “beam action” are designated
by dashed lines.
2. When compared with observed ultimate value, they demonstrate
that beam action governs the behavior when a/d > 3.
3. When a/d > 7, the shear strength exceeded the flexural strengths
of beam; hence .
21
22
Page 083
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
c
f’c = 3800 psi (262 N/mm2)
a a
bw = 6.0 in (154 mm)
800 d = 10.7 in (272 mm)
d h c = 36.0 in (915 mm)
700 (5)
l bw As
600 (4)
Vu As
Ultimate shear stress : vu = ; =
bwd w bwd
500
(3) w = 0.50%
400
0.80%
300 (2) 1.88%
2.80%
200
(1)
100 Vd
vu = 0.85 (1.9 f’c + 2500 w ) psi
0 M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24
Page 084
Mechanism of shear resistance :
Where :
Ttotal = Total bond force
T = bond force resisted by combination of aggregate interlocking, dowel and
flexural action
T’ = bond force from “trussaction”
25
Page 085
s/2
stirrups 2 1
s’ The stirrup force per unit length is :
jd
x Where :
s
2 1 Av = area of the web reinf.
jd cot s = spaced of web reinf.
x
fs = stirrup stress
28
Page 086
s/2
stirrups 2 1
The required area of web reinforcement
s’
at ideal strength, when fs = fy becomes :
jd
x
s
2 1
The diagonal compression force Cd is jd cot
x
assumed to generate uniform stresses
fcd, in the struts of the truss as expressed :
29
Page 087
31
Stirrups can not sustain the shear force
if it does not the diagonal
crack. SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.4.5.1 d/2
define that the maximum space of each
smax = d/2
vertical stirrup is :
d/2
If the shear force in the reinforcement
smax = d
Vs > 0.33( f’c) bw d ; then the
maximum space of each vertical stirrup
is (SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.4.5.3) :
32
Page 088
33
At thin part of beams, failure due to diagonal compression member must
be restricted so that the generated shear stress is less than (0.2 to 0.25)
times the concrete strength, then :
Page 089
Beams without web reinforcement will cause a sudden and brittle failure
due to so many shear mode failure. Then SNI sec. 11.4.6.1 defines :
and not less than:
Where :
Av min = minimum shear reinforcement
bw = beam width
s = space between each stirrup
fyt = transverse steel strength 35
36
Page 090
vs
Contribution of
concrete neglected
SNI eq. (11-2)
vc
Contribution of stirrups
Where :
Vu = factored shear force
Vn = shear strength capacity
Vn = nominal shear strength
= reduction factor for shear = 0.75 (SNI 2847:2012 sec 9.3.2.3)
Vc = portions of shear strength from concrete
Vs = portions of shear strength from reinforcement
38
Page 091
SNI eq. (11-3)
SNI eq. (11-4)
SNI eq. (11-4)
Where :
Vc = shear force from contribution of concrete (N)
= modification factor for lightweight concrete = 0.75 – 0.85 d
= 1 for normal concrete (see sec. 8.6.1)
f’c = strength of concrete (MPa)
bw = width of beam (mm)
d = effective depth of beam(mm) bw
Nu = axial compression ultimate load (N)
Ag = section area of element (mm2) 39
SNI eq. (11-15)
Where :
Vs = shear force from contribution
of shear reinforcement (N)
A
SNI eq. (11-16) v = area of shear reinf. (mm2)
fyt = steel yield strength(MPa)
d = effective depth of beam(mm)
s = spacing of stirrups (mm)
bw = width of beam(mm)
SNI eq. (11-13)
sec 11.4.7.9: s
40
bw
Page 092
Start
Change the
Find : Vu dimension of
beam
Check :
spacing of shear reinforcement, s
no yes
Vs > 0.33( f’c) bw d
smax = d/2 or 600 mm smax = d/4 or 300 mm
no
s < smax s = smax Finish
yes
* Use double stirrups or
s < smin yes
* Increase Ø
no
2
Finish
42
Page 093
at support: Vu = ½ wu L = ½ x 65 x 6 = 195 kN
Vc = 0.17 c’ bw d = 0.75 x 0.17 x 1 x 86.06 kN
Vu > Vc
43
(195 – 86.06)
xc = = 1.7 m
(195 / 3)
(195 – 0.5 x 86.06)
xm = = 2.37 m
(195 / 3)
xm = 2.37 m
xc = 1.70 m
165.75
Vu = 195 kN
Vc = 86.06
½ Vc = 43.03 CL
d=450
44
3.00 m
Page 094
Vs = Vu - Vc = 165.75 – 86.06 = 79.69 kN
Vs > 0.66 fc’ bw d
79.69 > 0.75 x 0.66 x
79.69 > 334.13
appropriate
Av fy d
(Vu - Vc)
0.75 x 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240 x 450
= = 160 mm
(165,750 – 86,060)
– 150 mm
45
Vs > 0.33 c’ bw d
79.69 > 0.75 x 0.33 x
79.69 > 167.06 (No)
max
600 mm
46
Page 095
xm = 2.37 m
xc = 1.70 m
2d = 0.90 m
Vu
Vu at d
Vc CL
½ Vc
50 mm 6 @ 150 mm 7 @ 225 mm
Ø10 - 150 mm Ø10 - 225 mm
Since average splitting tensile strength fct
by a factor of 0.85 (sand- see sec 8.6.1
0.29Nu
Vc = 0.17 x 1+ fc’ bw 2847:2012 sec 11.2.2.3
Ag
0.29 x (-120000)
= 0.75 x 0.17 x 0.85 1 + 25 x 300 x 0.9 x 450
300 x 450
= 48,866 N
48
Page 096
Vs > 0.66 c’ bw d
(140,000 – 48,866) > 0.75 x 0.66 x
91,134 > 300,713
appropriate
Av fy d
(Vu - Vc)
0.75 x 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240 x 405
= = 126 mm
91,134
– 125 mm
49
Vs > 0.33 c’) bw d
91,134 > 0.75 x 0.33 x
91,134 > 150,356 N (No)
600 mm
Page 097
Nu
Vc = 0.17 1+ c ’ bw sec 11.2.1.2
14Ag
50,000
= 0.75 x 0.17 x 1 1 + x 400 x 0.8 x 400
14 x 400 x 400
= 83,421 > Vu = 80,000 N
Av min fyt
smin =
0.062 c’ bw
2 x ¼ x 102 x 240
= = 304 mm
0.062
And not less than:
Av min fyt 2 x ¼ x 102 x 240
s = = = 269 mm (controls)
0.35 bw 0.35 x 400
max
52
Page 098
Page 099
Page 100
Page 101
Shear force V2 is equal to the shear flow q times the height of the wall y 0.
Stirrups are designed to yield when the maximum torque is reached. The
number of stirrups intersected is a function of the stirrups spacing s and
the horizontal projection y0 cot of the inclined surface.
From vertical equilibrium:
…(3)
Horizontal component
equal to:
Internally, it is assumed that the longitudinal steel yields when the maximum
torque is reached. Summing the internal and external forces in the chords of
all the space truss walls results in:
Where Alfyl is the yield force in all longitudinal reinforcement required for
torsion. Rearranging the above equation,
… (6)
Page 102
… (7)
… (8)
(Before cracking)
Where: Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-
section, including the void of hollow cross-sections, mm2.
pcp = outside perimeter of concrete cross-section, mm.
A0 = area within centerline of the thin-wall tube, mm2. 9
10
Page 103
…
Page 104
And not less than:
With not less than 0.175
13
• Spacing of stirrups must not exceed the smaller of p h/8 or 300 mm. …
SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.5.6.1
• SNI 2847:2012 sec 11.5.6.2 requires:
• The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion must be
distributed around the perimeter of the closed stirrups, at a
maximum spacing of 300 mm.
• There should be at least one longitudinal bar or tendon in each
corner of the stirrups to help transmition of forces from the
compression struts to the transverse reinforcement.
• To avoid buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement due to the
transverse component of the compression struts, the longitudinal
reinforcement must have a diameter not less than 0.042 of the
stirrup spacing, but not less than 10 mm.
14
Page 105
START
Calculate : Tu, Vu
yes
Tu < 0.083 f’c(Acp2/pcp)
no
15
1 2
Check s(max)
yes
s > smax ? max
no
3
16
Page 106
yes
(Av+2At) < Atotal,min ? Use Atotal,min
no
Determine stirrups layout
17
Page 107
Design criteria:
Live load = 1.44 kN/m2 fc’ = 35 MPa
Dead load = 3.06 kN/m2 fy = 400 MPa
400
75 600 TT
800
19
Dead load:
Superimposed = 3.06 x (18)/2 = 27.54 kN/m’
Spandrel 3
= [(0.4 x 0.8) + (0.2 x 0.15)] x 24 kN/m = 8.4 kN/m’
Total = 35.94 kN/m’
factored load for torsion = (1.2) (27.54) + (1.6) (12.96) = 53.78 kN/m’
Page 108
Critical section for shear for torsion is at distance “d” from face of
350,0002
52.94 < 0.75 x 0.083 x 35
2700
52.94 < 16.71
310
3. Determine required area of stirrups for torsion
Tn u Centerline
of stirrups
where : Tn = 2 Ao At fyv cot / s
710
Ao = 0.85 Aoh
= 0.85 [ (310) (710) + (150) (110) ]
110
= 201,110 mm2
150
For nonprestressed concrete use = 45°
At Tu
s =
2 Ao fyv cot
52,940,000
= = 0.439 mm2/mm/1 leg
2 (0.75) (201,110) (400) (1)
22
Page 109
Use smax
24
Page 110
Critical section
Column midspan
centerline
2 2 289,651
228,590 (52,940,000) (2,340)
+ (400) (720) 0.66
(400) (720) 1.7 (236,600)2
55
25
Page 111
Select 10 bars.
Area of each longitudinal bar = 1,146 / 10 = 115 mm2 D13
27
4D19
5D13 5D13
4D28
28
Page 112
2
Page 113
* Types of columns :
1.
The ultimate load at a given eccentricity is governed only by the
strength of the materials and the dimensions of the cross section.
2.
The ultimate load is also influenced by slenderness, which produces
additional bending because of transverse deformation.
Concrete filled
Typically 300 - 400 mm Typically 50 - 75 mm Spiral
Pipe
4
Page 114
Page 115
monolithic
The vertical members are subjected
to a high ratio of axial force to
bending moment.
e e
A A
= =
Plastic
centroid Eccentrically
loaded member
e
Section A-A
Page 116
Compression
e=0 controls s< y 0.003
Balanced strain
condition 0.003
fy
s = y =
Tension Es
controls 0.003
e=
s> y
M0 Mn-axis
There may be compression over most or all of the section such that the compressive strain
in the concrete reaches 0.003 before section the tension steel yields.
Tension in a large portion of the section such that the strain in the tension steel is greater
than the yield strain when the compressive strain in the concrete reaches 0.003.
10
Page 117
Pn
Compression
control
e’ cb 0.003 Balanced
= Tension
d” e = eb d fy/Es + 0.003 control
N.A Plastic centroid Mn
600
As As’ cb = d
b fy + 600
Force equilibrium requires :
s = y
cb
Where :
s’
cu = 0.003 Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1 cb b
d’ Cs = As’ fs’
d T = As fy
h
Actual stress distribution Taking moments about the plastic centroid
T = As f y
Pn = Pb
Cc Cs Both equations can be solved to obtain
a = 1cb
Pb and eb 11
Pn
Compression
control
e’
d” e Balanced
Tension
N.A Plastic centroid control
As Mn
b
As’ Force equilibrium :
d
s < y c
d’ Where :
Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1c b
s’ > y Cs = As’ fy
cu = 0.003 T = As fs
Pn
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
T = As f s Cc Cs
a= 1c
12
Page 118
Pn
Compression
e’ control
d” e Balanced
Plastic centroid N.A Tension
control
As Mn
b
As’ Force equilibrium :
d
Where :
> Cc = 0.85 fc’ a b = 0.85 fc’ 1c b
s y c
d’ Cs = As’ fs’
s’
T = As fy
cu = 0.003
Pn
Taking moments about the plastic centroid
T = As f Y Cc Cs
a
13
Po
Pn (max)
SNI 2847:2012 sec 10.3.6)
Where :
P0 = 0.85 fc’ (Ag - Ast) + fy Ast
fc’ = concrete strength
Ag = gross area of column section
Ast = total area of longitudinal reinforcement
fy = steel yield strength
Mn
14
Page 119
Maximum axial compression permitted by SNI
Pn (max) = 0.80 P0 (tied)
Pn (max) = 0.85 P0 (spirally reinforced)
Compression controls
Tension controls
15
16
Page 120
* All nonprestressed bars for tied columns shall be by lateral ties
* The ties shall be so arranged that and alternate longitudinal
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie.
* Where the bars are located around the periphery of a circle, a
tie may be used.
17
db
Dc2
Ac = 4
h2
Ag = 4
Dc
h
as = area of
spiral
s
SNI 03-2847-2002
eq. (27)
18
Page 121
19
k u Where :
Pc = buckling load
Et = tangent modulus of elasticity of concrete
at the buckling load
I = moment of inertia of the effective section
k u = equivalent pin-end length
k = effective length factor
u = actual unbraced length
20
Page 122
k u = 0.7 u
k u =1 u u k u =½ u u u k u < u
The magnitude of the slenderness ratio determines the .
The reference condition for slenderness ratio is that of a column with .
Equivalent pin-end lengths of columns with end restraints can be expressed by k u,
where k is the effective length factor and u is the actual unsupported length.
21
22
Page 123
-
order effects does not exceed 5% of the first-order end moments.
or
Nonsway structures if:
23
u u u
k u >2 u
k u = u k u =2 u
Partial
restraint
24
Page 124
k u
2
u u k u >2 u
0.7 u <k u < u
u< k u <2 u
25
26
Page 125
27
The SNI is to permit the design of compression members as ,
, when :
for - SNI 2847:2012
sec 10.10.1
28
Page 126
Primary
Mi Mm bending
moment, Mi
L/ ( + 1)P
0
P Secondary
bending Where :
Centroid of moment, P
L/2 shaded area 0 = deflection due to
primary bending moment
1 = additional deflection due to
secondary bending moment
29
From which :
0
x 1
Primary
where = PL2 / ( 2/EI) Mi Mm bending
Since moment, Mi
max is the sum of 0 and 1,
L/ ( 0 + 1)P
P Secondary
Centroid of bending
L/2 moment, P
shaded area
The maximum bending moment, including the effect of axial load, becomes :
Where :
and
30
Page 127
M M
P P 1.0 + 0.2 - + Mm
P w Mm
P 1.0 - +
L/2 Q Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.2 - +
w Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.3 1.0 - 0.4 +
-
w Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.4 1.0 - 0.4 +
- -
Q Mm
P L/2 P +
1.0 - 0.4 1.0 - 0.3 -
L/2 Q Mm
P P 1.0 - 0.6 1.0 - 0.2 +
- -
P P Mm
See general Not +
MA MB -
MA MB equation available
31
M1 M2
P P
z y
Primary Moment, Mi
M1 M2
M2 > M1
Py
Secondary Moment, Py
32
Page 128
Lu
33
Page 129
35
2 EI
Pc = 2
(SNI eq. (10-13))
(k u)
d = ratio of the factored axial dead load to total factored axial load combination
= PDU / (PDU + PLU) for BRACED FRAME
= VU / VU for UN-BRACED FRAME (if lateral load is permanent)
= 0 for UN-BRACED FRAME (if lateral load is temporary)
36
Page 130
START
Designed as
Slender Column
37
no
> ( = 8%) yes Redesign the
Use = min max
section
no
As = . Ag 3
FINISH
38
Page 131
EI = {0.2Ec.Ig + Es.Ise} / (1 + d)
Pc = 2 EI / (k u)2
4 39
M2 Pu . emin
M1 = M1 + s . M1s
M2 = M2 + s . M2s
no
> ( = 8%) yes Redesign the
Use = min max
section
no
As = . Ag 3
FINISH
40
Page 132
M1 < M2 ;
M1b/M2b positive for single curvature
Approximate values of r :
r = 0.3h for rectangular columns
r = 0.25h for circular columns
41
Larger
of
* Transverse loading,
* End moments only,
M1 < M2 ;
M1/M2 positive for single curvature
42
Page 133
(M2 = larger end moment)
43
2.
For columns : use Igross
For beams : use 0.5 Igross
3.
Mmin is the limitation used for M2ns, and not for Mc.
44
Page 134
(250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500 Determine the adequacy of the interior
top floor column (column A) of the
3 @ 3.65 m
The clear length of column : u = 3650 - 500 = 3150 mm
If the rational evaluation of end restraint is not made and taking the effective length -
factor k = 1 for a braced frame, and radius of gyration may be taken as 0.3h,
45
then : k u 1 (3150)
= 0.3 (250) = 42
r
Since the end moments are negligible, the minimum eccentricity provision govern the
design. Accordingly, the deformation should be considered as single curvature with
M1/M2 = positive. The slenderness limit is :
k u M1
= 34 - 12 = 24.4 < 42
r M2
limit
Thus slenderness effects must be considered.
Note: M2 min = Pu . emin = 720 (15 + 0.03h) = 720 (15 + 0.03 . 250) /1000 = 16.2 kNm
Cm
ns = P
1 - 0.75u P
c
Page 135
47
(d)
For the beam, the cracked section moment of inertia is recommended. An approximation
is: Ibeam = Icr = Ig/2 = [(300) (500)3 / 12 ]/ 2 = 15625.105 mm4.
Ig column = 2504 / 12 = 3255.21.105 mm4
Page 136
The strength of the section may be checked by this following methods :
Pu = 720 kN
Mu = Mc = 26.75 kNm
Mu min = Pu * emin = 720,000 * (15.24+0.03*250) = 16,200,000 Nmm
49
(250x250)
300 X 500 300 X 500
4 @ 7.30 m
In general, members in unbraced frames will have end moments on the members. In this
example, let the factored column moments due to gravity be negligible and the factored
column moment due to lateral loads, M2s = 10 kNm (assume that the lateral load is applied
temporarily).
50
Page 137
From part (d) of Example 1, the end restraint factor are :
A (top) = 0.21 B (bottom) = 0.42
From the alignment chart (nomogram) , k = 1.1
M2 = M2 + s M2s
= Pu . emin + s M2s
= 16.2 + 1.56 x 10 = 31.8 kNm (note: M2 2, min)
51
x
Pu e
0.18 Ag 0.85 f’c h
52
Page 138
4.50
section is part of the first floor exterior
500x500 500x500
elements of the unbraced frame.
4.50
ln This column is to carry a service
350x600 350x600
A axial compression of 660 kN live load
500x500
4.50
500x500
B
and 965 kN dead load.
B The bending moment due to gravity load
9.50 9,50 9.50 (M2) = 95 kNm and due to dynamic
load (M2s) = 395 kNm.
Assume that bending moment is linear from +M to -M/2 at the top and bottom
end of column respectively. The concrete strength is 35 MPa and steel strength is 400 MPa.
Determine the magnified moment M2, and the 4-side reinforcement of this column.
Note: Factored lateral loads (shear forces) in every column in 1st floor is 35 kN.
53
54
Page 139
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 . 965 + 1.6 . 660 = 2214 kN
M -95
M1= - 2 = = - 47.5 kNm
2 2
n
Ec = 4700 fc’
= 4700 35 = 27806 MPa
Ig = 1 . b . h3 = 1 . 5004 = 5.21 . 109 mm4
12 12
Ise = Ast . [ ½ . ( h - 2d’) ]2 Static moment of reinforcement to center of mass.
= . Agross [ ½ ( h - 2d’) ]2 preliminary assumption 4%
= 0.04 . 500 . 500 [ ½ ( 500 - 2 . 64 ) ]2
= 3.46 . 108 mm4
2 2 . 7.853 . 1013
EI
Pc (sway) = = = 17600 kN
(k u)
2 (1.58 . 4200)2
1
s = 1
1 - ( Pu / 0.75 Pc)
There are two exterior columns and two interior columns. The slenderness effect
and the critical load capacity 0.75Pc of each columns are :
For exterior columns : k = 1.58 (see previous page) and Pc = 17600 kN
For interior columns :
2 E (5.2.109 / 4500)
A (top) = = 3.49
2 E (3.15.109 / 9500) k = 1.4
B (bottom) = 0 (fixed end)
2 EI 2 (7.853.1013 )
Pc = (k . 2 = [(1.4) (4200)]2 = 22417 kN
u)
Page 140
M2 = M2 + s . M2s
= 95 + 1.31 . 395
= 612.45 kNm
57
With Pu = 2214 kN dan M2 = 612.45 kNm and using nomogram 6.2.e - CUR IV :
d’/h = 64 / 500 = 0.128 0.15
Pu 2214 . 103
y-axis = = = 0.46
Agr . 0.85 . fc’ 0.65 . 5002 . 0.85 . 35
M 612.45 . 106 r = 0.03
x-axis = = 2
= 0.25
Agr . 0.85 . fc’ . h 0.65 . 500 . 0.85 . 35 . 500
= r . = 0.03 . 1.33 = 0.04
As = 0.04 (500)2 = 10000 mm2 16 D 32
60
500 16 D 32
Stirrup Ø 10
58
Page 141
Page 142
w
The moment capacity of a beam
is also depending on
of
steel bars in both directions.
L1 L2
L1 L2
u u
…(1)
Thus the development length Ld required for the anchoring of bars acting
at yield stress is :
Where :
uu = ultimate bond stress capacity over
the nominal surface area db L1
db = diameter of bar
…(2) fy = yield stress of bar
3
Page 143
* Relatively smooth bars was thought of as an adhesion between
concrete paste and the surface of the bar. In fact, even with low
tensile stress there would be
.
* can also cause frictional drag against the bar.
* Were designed so that there would be
(though they still exist) and
.
* Bond failure in normal weight concrete is nearly always a .
5
Concrete splits into two or three segments due to the wedging action of
the lugs against the concrete.
Final splitting failure
Page 144
In beams with large cover, there may tend to be
air pockets at the underside of bars cast in the top
Air pockets of beams. The lugs bearing against the concrete may
crush it and result in a without splitting
the concrete.
The action of splitting arises from a stress
condition to a concrete cylinder surrounding
a reinforcing bar and acted upon by the
outward radial components of the bearing
forces from the bar.
s
Cs Cs Cs
db db Cs1 db Cs2 Cs2 db Cs1
Failure plane
Cb Cb
Page 145
Actual fs Calculated fs
(at crack)
Near max ultimate
bond stress
0 0
9
Development length d, in terms of diameter db for deformed bars and
deformed wire in tension shall be determined from either 12.2.2 or 12.2.3,
but d shall not be less than 300 mm.
Page 146
In general: fy in which the term
d
= (cb+Ktr)/db shall not be
db cb + Ktr
1.1 c’
db taken greater than 2.5
Back to example
Where:
d = development length, mm
db = nominal diameter of bar or wire, mm
fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed bar or wire, MPa
fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
12
Page 147
Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement which is within the spacing
s and which crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being
developed, mm2.
s = maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement within d, center-to-center, mm
n = number of bars or wires being developed along the plane of splitting
Reduction in development length shall be permitted where reinforcement in
a flexural member is in excess of that required by analysis except where
anchorage or development for fy is specifically required or the reinforcement
is designed under provisions section 21.1.1.6 ……. (As required)/(As provided)
13
Development length dc, in mm, for deformed bars in compression shall
be computed as the product of the basic development length d of
sec.12.3.2 and applicable modification factors of sec.12.3.3, but dc shall
not be less than 200 mm.
14
Page 148
(1) Excess reinforcement ……………… (As required) / (As provided)
(2) Spiral and ties
Reinforcement enclosed within spiral reinforcement not less
than 6 mm in diameter and not more than 100 mm spacing
or within Ø13 mm ties in conformance with sec.7.10.5 and
spaced at not more than 100 mm on center …….. 0.75
15
db
12db
db
db
Critical section
where full tensile
capacity of bar is 4db for D10 - D25 Where :
available 4db 65mm 5db for D29 - D36 hb = basic development length (mm)
6db for D43 - D57 dh = development length (mm)
dh
db = diameter of bar (mm)
8db or 150 mm fc’ = concrete strength (MPa)
= 1.2 for epoxy coating reinf.
= 1.0 for reinf. without coating
= 0.75 for lightweight concrete
= 1.0 for normal concrete
16
Page 149
Concrete cover 65 mm (for 180° hook) or
0.7 Concrete cover 50 mm (for 90° hook)
0.8 Ties or stirrups spaced along the full development length dh not greater than
3db, where db is diameter of hooked bar
required As
provided As Excess reinforcement is used for a flexural member
17
18
Page 150
19
At least As+/3 (for simple supported member) and As+/4 (for
continuous members) shall extend along the same face of
Page 151
21
22
Page 152
23
Minimum length for tension lap splices shall be as required for
Class A or B splice, but not less than 300 mm, where:
24
Page 153
25
26
Page 154
28
Page 155
A beam at the perimeter of the structure has 7D28 top bars over the
support. Structural integrity provisions require that at least one-sixth of the
tension reinforcement be made continuous. Bars are to be spliced with a
Class A splice at midspan. Determine required length of Class A lap splice
for the following two cases:
Case A – Development computed from 12.2.2) of SNI 2847:2013
Case B – Development computed from 12.2.3) of SNI 2847:2013
29
Assume:
Lightweight concrete
Severe exposure (70 mm cover over stirrups)
Epoxy-coated bars
fc’ = 35 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
b = 750 mm
It is assumed that development of negative moment reinforcement has
been satisfied and, top bars are stopped away from midspan.
Minimum number of top bars to be made continuous for structural integrity
is 1/6 of 7 bars provided, i.e. 7/6 bars. Two corner bars will be spliced at
midspan.
Class A lap splice requires a 1.0 d length of bar lap
30
Page 156
For bar D28, either Eq.B or Eq.D apply. To determine if Eq.B or Eq.D
governs, determine clear cover and clear spacing for bars being
developed.
Clear spacing between spliced bars (corner bars)
= [ 750 – 2 (cover) – 2 (Ø10 stirrups) – 2 (D28 bars) ]
= [ 750 – 2 (70) – 2 (10) – 2 (28)
= 534 mm
= 19 db
As clear spacing > 2db and clear cover > db, Eq.B applies.
However, product of = 1.3 and = 1.5 shoud 1.7.
= 1.3 for lightweight aggregate concrete
d = fy db /(1.7 fc’) = (400)(1.7)(28) / { (1.7)(1.3)( ) } = 1456 mm
Class A splice = 1.0 d = 1456 mm
31
Application of Eq.(12-1) requires a little more computations, but can result in
smaller development lengths.
Parameter “c” is the smaller of (1) distance from center of bar being
developed to the nearest concrete surface, and of (2) one-half the center-to-
center spacing of bars being developed. Also, note that the term (c b+Ktr)/db
shoud < 2.5.
Distance from center of bar or wire being developed to the nearest concrete
surface:
= clear cover + ½ bar diameter
= 2.86db + 0.5db = 3.36db
Center-to-center spacing = clear spacing + 1.0d b = 19db + 1.0db = 20db
Therefore, cb is the smaller of 3.36db and 0.5 (20db), i.e. 3.36db
No need to compute Ktr as cb/db is larger than 2.5
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33
Calculate required tension development length for the D25 bars (alternate
short bars) in the “sand-lightweight” one-way slab shown below. Use f’c =
25 MPa and fy = 400 MPa.
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Page 158
Assume short bars are developed within distance AB while long bars are
developed within BC.
Center-to-center spacing of bar being developed = 200 mm = 8d b
Clear cover = 20 mm = 0.8db
As clear cover is less than db, and bar size is larger than D22, Eq. D applies.
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Calculate required development length for the inner 2D25 in the beam
shown below. The 2D25 outer bars are to be made continuous along full
length of beam. Use fc’ = 25 MPa (normal weight concrete) and fy = 400
MPa, and uncoated bars. Stirrups provided satisfy the minimum code
requirement for beam shear reinforcement.
37
Clear spacing = [ 300 – 2 (cover) – 2 (Ø12) – 4 (D25) ] / 3 spaces
= [ 300 – 2(40) – 2 (12) – 4 (25)] / 3 = 32 mm = 1.28d b
Clear cover = 40 + 12 = 52 mm = 2.1db
Clear spacing between bars being developed more than d b, clear cover
more than db, and minimum stirrups provided. Eq.B applies.
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39
cb = 1.14db
Ktr = 40 Atr/sn
Atr = 2 Ø12
s = 250 mm spacing
n = 2 bar being developed
Ktr = 40 (2) (0.25 122) / [ (250) (2) ] = 18.10 mm = 0.72db
Term (cb + Ktr)/db = (1.14db + 0.72db) / db = 1.86 < 2.5 (OK)
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Page 162
* Concrete with fc’ approximately 10.5 - 21 MPa, and reinforcement with
fy 230 - 280 MPa were predominant. The use of these materials with
conservative allowable stress, along with the straightline working stress
method, resulted in .
* Ordinary reinforced concrete design involved .
* The common use of 400 MPa yield strength steel and of concrete with
fc’ 20 - 63 MPa permits than those resulting from the
use of lower strength.
* The permissible deflection is governed by the .
* The general concepts dealt with in this topics are applicable to both
(beams and slabs) and systems.
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The minimum depth (hmin) of one-way structures is defined as :
Structural
Component
Slab /20 / 24 /28 /10
Beam /16 /18.5 /21 /8
Notes:
The values applies for fy = 420 MPa for others value of fy the value should be modified by:
a. (1.65 – 0.0003 wc) 1.09 for wc = 1400 – 1840 kg/m3 for lightweight conrete
b. (0.4 + fy/700) for the others fy = 420 MPa.
Go to example
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The minimum depth (hmin) of slab slab with
Interior beam with m :
Yield Without Drop Panel With Drop Panel
stress Exterior Interior Exterior Interior
fy Panel Panel Panel Panel
(MPa) with Exterior Beam with Exterior Beam
No Yes No Yes
280 n /33 n/36 n/36 n /36 n/40 n/40
Page 165
1
L2 L2
beff
L2
1 hf h
bw
E I Where :
= Ecb Ib = relative stiffness ratio of beam and slab
cs s
3 m = average of
E bw h
= Ecb hf f f = constant from Graphic 2.6 or 2.7
cs
= span length of slab
Ib = moment inertia of T-beam
Is = moment inertia of slab = L2 hf3 / 12
Go to example
10
Page 166
11
Where :
i = instantaneous/ immediately deflections
= span length
K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc’ MPa
Mo
Mm
12
Page 167
w
Ma Mb
Where :
Ms w 2 max = maximum deflection in an elastic
Mo = 8 member
+ M = bending moment
- Constant I - = span length
Ma E = modulus of elasticity
Mb Ic = moment of inertia of section
/2 /2 a = a coefficient that depends on the
degree of fixity at supports, the
variation in moment of inertia along
the span, and the distribution of
loading.
13
M0
EI
5 M0 2
Due to uniform load : =
s 48 EI
a = b = 16 EI
Ma
EI
2
= 48 EI [ 5M0 - 3 (Ma + Mb)]
Mb
EI
and, Ms = M0 - ½ (Ma + Mb),
then :
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Page 168
* In a reinforced concrete :
- affects the E in compression zone
- affects the E in tension zone
* In both tension and compression zone, E varies not only with the
magnitude of stress from top to bottom at a section but also along
the span.
15
- -
+
16
Page 169
Load
Service load
Computed deflection based on transformed cracked section
Computed deflection using gross I
Actual deflection
Cracking load
Deflection
17
Where :
Mcr = frIg/yt = cracking moment
Ma = maximum service load moment acting at the condition under which deflection
is computed
Ig = moment of inertia of gross uncracked concrete section about centroidal axis,
neglecting reinforcement
Icr = moment of inertia of transformed cracked section
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, taken as 0.62 fc’ MPa
yt = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber of concrete in tension
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Page 170
19
Where :
cs = deflections due to creep & shrinkage
(= long-period deflection)
L = span length
K = coefficient based on load and support condition
Ie = effective moment of inertia
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
= 4700 fc’ Mpa
= 2.0 (for 5 years or more)
= 1.4 (for 12 months)
= 1.2 (for 6 months)
= 1.0 (for 3 months)
’ = compression reinforcement ratio = As’/bd
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Page 171
Where :
total = total deflections
(i) = immediately deflections
= short-period deflections
(cs) = deflection due to creep & shrinkage
= long-period deflections
allowable = allowable deflection
Type of structures Load Consideration Maximum Deflection
Structures do not support and are not attached to Due to life load (i)max = /180 (roof)
nonstructural element likely to be damaged by (i)max = /360 (floor)
large deflection Go to example
Structures support and attached to Due to creep,
nonstructural element likely to be shrinkage and other allowable = /480
damage due to large deflection additional live load
Structures support and attached to Due to creep,
nonstructural element likely to be shrinkage and other allowable = /240
damage due to large deflection additional live load Go to example 21
A A B
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23
24
Page 173
d’/d = 0.15
500 ’/ = 0.5
d = 440 mm
12.00 fc’ = 25 MPa
300 fy = 400 MPa
120 120
Due to 50% live load :
M+ = 150 kNm ; M- = 120 kNm
150
300 300
Due to 100% dead load + 50% live load :
M+ = 270 kNm ; M- = 300 kNm
270
Due to total ultimate load :
Mu = 380 kNm
380
It is found : = 0.0235 = 3102 mm2
’ = 0.5 x 0.0235 = 0.0118 = 1551 mm2 380
hmin = /21 = 12000 / 21 = 571 mm > available depth of beam (h = 500 mm)
1 1
Ig = b.h3 = 300 . 5003 = 3125.106 mm4
12 12
Mcr = C2 . b If using Graphic 9.3.a - CUR IV :
= 145833 . 300 Mcr = C3 . b . 103
= 43.749 kNm = 145.833 . 300 . 103 = 43.749 kNm
Page 174
Mcr 3 Mcr 3
I e- = Ig + 1 - Icr
Ma Ma
43.749 3 43.749 3
= . 0.003125 + 1 - 0.0025 = 2530.106 mm4
120 120
Ie1- + Ie2-
Ie(avg) = 0.5 Im+ + 0.5 2 = 0.5 (2515.106) + 0.5 (2530.106) = 2523.106 mm4
5 M. 2 120 120
= K. Ec = 4700 25
(i)
48 Ec . Ie = 23500
6 2 150
= 0.84 . 5 150.10 . 12000 6 M
48 23500 . 2523.10 K = 1.2 - 0.2 o = 1.2 - 0.2 270 = 0.84
Mm 150
= 32 mm
Mcr 43.749
I e+ = Ma = 270 = 0.162 C5 = 0.8
Icr 2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8
Ie+ = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4
M 43.749
Ie- = Mcr = 300 = 0.145
a C5 = 0.8
Icr 2500.106
Ig = 3125.106 = 0.8
Ie- = C5 . Igr = 0.8 . 3125.106 = 2500.106 mm4
2
2 (for 5 th) ; = 1 + 50 ’ = 1 + 50 . 0.0118 = 1.26
300 300
570
K = 1.2 - 0.2 270
= 0.78
270
28
Page 175
(cs) = . s
5 M . L2
= . K . 48 Ec . I e
5 270.106 . 120002
= 1.26 . 0.78 . 48 23500 . 2500.106
= 68 mm
29
100 4,52 5,22 5,83 6,39 6,90
120 6,51 7,51 8,40 9,20 9,94
140 8,86 10,23 11,43 12,52 13,53
150 10,17 11,74 13,12 14,38 15,53
160 11,57 13,36 14,93 16,36 17,67
170 14,64 16,91 18,90 20,70 22,36
200 18,07 20,87 23,33 30,93 33,41
220 26,03 30,05 33,60 36,01 39,76
250 28,24 32,61 35,46 39,94 43,14
300 40,67 46,96 52,50 57,51 62,12
350 55,35 63,91 71,46 78,28 84,55
400 72,30 83,48 93,33 102,24 110,43
450 91,50 105,65 118,12 129,40 139,77
500 112,96 130,44 145,83 159,75 172,55 Go to example
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Go to example
31
Go to example
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E 4.700 f c
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