Page no -115

Ans1- No, respiration and breathing are not same. Breathing means taking in oxygen and
giving out carbon dioxide, But respiration consists of breathing as well as cellular
respiration. that is using oxygen to form energy.

Ans2- Animals

Ans3- 1-Through Cell membrane—example- Amoeba and Paramecium.

2- Through air holes—examples – Cockroaches.
3- Through gills—examples- Fishes.

Page no—119

Ans1- Air sacs or alveoli.

Ans2- Oxyhaemoglobin.

Ans3- Oxidation Process (sugar molecules in food are oxidized to form Carbon dioxide
and water, and energy is given out) occurs during cellular respiration.

Ans4- Anaerobic respiration.

Ans5 –Combustion is faster process.

Page no-121

Short Answers

Ans1- Oxidation is a process in which glucose produce energy in the presence of oxygen.

Ans2- We should not over water potted plants as the water replaces the air in the soil and
roots cannot breath.

Ans3- Stomata along with its nearby guard cells and other cells are called the stomatal
apparatus.

Ans4- The main organs of the respiratory system are- nostrils, trachea (windpipe),
bronchi and lungs.

Ans5- During cellular respiration the sugar molecules in food are oxidized to form carbon
dioxide and water, and energy is given out.

Ans6- While doing exercise, a person needs extra energy.

Breathing becomes faster in order to supplying more oxygen, which results in releasing
more energy.

Ans7- During anaerobic respiration in yeast.

Glucose is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide without using oxygen, to give
energy.

Ans8- Athletes can overcome the cramps by massaging the affected part or by having hot
water bath.

Long Answers—

Ans1- Two main process of respiration are—

 1- External respiration or Breathing—Taking in air rich in oxygen (inhalation) and
giving out air rich in carbon dioxide.
2- Internal respiration or Cellular respiration—breaking down of food to energy in
the presence of oxygen

Ans2- A-Fish—Fishes use gills for exchange of gases.

As water enters through the mouth it flow over the gills, the blood in the capillaries
absorbs oxygen and gives or carbon dioxide through its walls.

B) Cockroaches—Cockroaches have air hole opening called spiracles on their body.

Air enters through these openings and reaches all parts of the body through trachea and
tracheoles.

Ans3- Air enters the body through the nostrils,

it is moistened by the slimy mucous present in the nose.
The hairs present in the inner walls of the nose filter the air by trapping dust particles and
bacteria.

Ans4- Two flasks are used in experiment because one contains germinating seed while
other contains boiled dead seed.
Boiled seed have lost its germinating power. (fig-activity-2, page no-114)

Ans5- In lungs inhaled air (oxygen) reaches to the air sac called alveoli via bronchioles.
The air sacs are surrounded by blood vessels.
 This oxygen goes into blood contained in blood vessels and the carbon dioxide present in
the blood (as a waste product) passes out of the blood into the air sacs.

Ans6- Structure of human lung-- A pair of lungs are present in the chest cavity of human
beings.
In lungs, each bronchus branches out into bronchioles.
At the end of the bronchioles are air sacs called alveoli.
The air sacs are surrounded by blood vessels.

Exchange of gases—When we breathe in air, the diaphragm goes down, increasing the
space in the chest cavity.
The air from the atmosphere enters the lungs and they expand.
When breathe out, the diaphragm moves up.,decreasing the space in chest cavity.
This forces the air out of the lungs.

Ans-7 Combustion and cellular respiration both are related to the burning process.
Both processes release energy during the process.

Difference between combustion and cellular respiration.

Combustion Cellular respiration

1- It is a fast process
2-It occurs at high temperature
3- it can occurs anywhere
4-Energy is released in a single step in the
form of heat and light.
It is a slow process
It occurs at body temperature
It occurs only in living cell.
Energy is released in steps.

Ans8- Take two test tubes each of them half-filled with limewater.
Using two-holed stoppers, glass tubes and clips, set up the apparatus .
Use the rubber tube at the middle to breathe in and out through the mouth.
As we suck in air through the rubber tube, open clip X and close clip Y.
The inhaled air passes through limewater in test tube A
. As we exhale through the rubber tube, open clip Y and close clip X.
The exhaled air passes through the limewater in the test tube B.
We notice in test tube the lime has turned milky first.
This shows that exhaled air has more carbon dioxide than inhaled air. ( Fig-Activity-5,
page no-117)
Ans9- Difference between breathing and cellular respiration
Breathing Cellular respiration
1- it is a physical process of exchange of Chemical reaction of oxidation of food
gases. No chemical reaction takes place. takes place.
2- It takes place outside the cells. It takes place within the cells.
3- There is no release of energy There is release of energy.

Ans10- Anaerobic respiration—

The process of breaking down of food substances with the release of a small
amount of energy in the absence of oxygen is known as anaerobic respiration.

In human body anaerobic respiration occurs in case of strenuous activity such as long
distance running.
To get extra energy anaerobic respiration occurs within muscles cells.

Ans11- Sometimes during strenuous activity such as long distance running, our body
cannot get enough oxygen to produce the required energy.
To get the additional energy, anaerobic respiration occurs within our muscle cells.
In this process, there is partial breakdown of glucose to produce lactic acid.
This accumulation of lactic acid in the body causes muscular cramps.