 Interior angle sum = 180(n-2)

o N-sided polygon
 Each exterior angle = 360/n
 Length of arc:
𝜃
o Degrees - ⋅ 2πr
360
o Radians - 𝜃𝑟
 Area of Arc sector:
𝜃
o Degrees -
360
⋅ π𝑟 2
𝜃
o Radians - ⋅ 𝑟2
2
 Slope using Line of Best Fit: select any 2 points on the line of fit
 Solving a quadratic equation with no calc:
o Divide all terms by GCF
o Complete the square or factor out normally
 Completing the square
o Make sure leading coefficient is 1
2
o Add (𝑏) to both sides
2
 Solving Rational Equation: find LCM of denominator and multiply the equation by it
 -12p = 12p
o p=0
 Point of intersection: GRAPH
 If parabola passes through (x,y), plug in x or y into parabola equation

 % change - change/original
 Sum = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
o Ex. The average (arithmetic mean) of five numbers is 20. When a sixth number is added,
the average of the six numbers is 30. What is the sixth number?
 20 x 5 =100
 30 x 6 = 180
 6th number is 80
 Total = X + Y - Both + Neither
Ex. There are 30 students in a music class. Of these students, 10 play the piano, 15 play
the guitar, and 3 play both the piano and the guitar. How many students in the class do
not play either of these two instruments?
 30 = 10 +15 - 3 + N
 The # of integers from [𝑎, 𝑏] is 𝑏 − 𝑎 + 1
 Harmonic Mean Formula
2(Speed1)(Speed2)
o Avg speed = Speed1+Speed2
o ONLY if same distance
o Ex. Dr. Steve drove to work at an average speed of 40 miles per hour, and home from
work at an average speed of 60 miles per hour. What was his average speed for the
entire round trip, in miles per hour?
2(40)(60)

40+60
 Length of long diagonal of rectangular solid
o 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑑 2
o a, b , and c are l, w, and h
 Triangle sides
o Side A - Side B < Side C
o Side A + Side B > Side C
 Sequences
o ALWAYS start at 𝑎1 .
 𝑎46 after 𝑎1 = 1990 is 2035, not 2036
 1993 is 𝑎4 if 𝑎1 = 1990
o Arithmetic sequence:


o Geometric sequence


 Combination (w/o repetition) -

o R objects from a set of n

o Order DOESN’T matter (money, lottery)

o To find possible combinations from 2 sets - multiply the # of elements
 Permutation

o Order MATTERS (list, lock)

o To find # of possible arrangements using all elements in a set, find (number of
elements)!
 Types of rate problems (travel)
o When do 2 objects pass each other if they move towards each other at same time, given
rate of each object r and the distance d between them?
 Set system of eq where x is point of passing
  Object A: 𝑥 = 𝑟1 𝑡
 Object B: 𝑑 − 𝑥 = 𝑟2 𝑡
o When are 2 objects x miles apart if they move in opposite directions at same time, given
rate of each object r?
 Add the d's of two objects and set it equal to x
 𝑑1 = 𝑟1 𝑡
 𝑑2 = 𝑟2 𝑡
 𝐷 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 𝑥
o When do 2 objects pass each other if they move the same direction different times t,
given rate of each object r?
 Set system of eq where n is amount of time object begins after the other object.
Set d's equal to each other
 Object A: 𝑑 = 𝑟1 𝑡
 Object B: 𝑑 = 𝑟2 (𝑡 − 𝑛)
 Or (𝑡 + 𝑛) if head start
o When are 2 objects x miles apart if they move perpendicularly at same time, given rate
of each object r?
 Use Pythagorean theorem with the d's of the objects and x
o When does the distance between two object equal x if they go in same direction at same
time, given rate of each object r (one is faster)?
 Subtract the d's of two object and it equal to x
 𝑑1 = 𝑟1 𝑡
 𝑑2 = 𝑟2 𝑡
 𝐷 = 𝑑1 − 𝑑2 = 𝑥
o COMBO: When are 2 objects x miles apart if they move in opposite direction at different
times t, given rate of each object r
 𝑑1 = 𝑟1 𝑡
 𝑑2 = 𝑟2 (𝑡 − 𝑛)
 𝐷 = 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 𝑥
 Types of rate problems (work)
o Amount = rate x time
o 1 = (1/N work finished in hour) x (N hours to complete work)
o How long it take for X to do the job if X, Y, and Z take t hours and Y and Z take n hours?
 Isolate the variables and substitute
 1 = 𝑡(𝑟x + 𝑟y + 𝑟z )
 1 = 𝑛(𝑟y + 𝑟z )
1
 1 = 𝑟x + 𝑛
o How long does it take if two people work together to finish work, given time for each
person to finish work?
 Add rates for each person, solve for t
 1 = (𝑟1 +𝑟2 )𝑡
o How long does it take for B # of men to paint Y # of houses if A # of men can pain X # of
houses in n time?
 Make 2 eq and substitute
 𝑋 = 𝑛(𝑟A )
 𝑌 = 𝑡(𝑟B )
𝐵 𝑋
 𝑌 = 𝑡( × )
𝐴 𝑛
 Median of n (*even #) data points
𝑛 𝑛
o - th and ( + 1)th data point
2 2
 Median of n (*odd#) data points
𝑛+1
o - th data point
2
 Area of Equilateral Triangle:

 Simple interest: 𝑨 = 𝑷𝒓𝒕

𝒓
 Compound Interest: 𝑨 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒏)𝒏𝒕
o A - accumulated value
o P - principal value
o r - annual % rate in decimal
o n - number of compounding per years
o t - number of years
 Graphing Sin and Cos
o 𝑦 = h ± A cos[𝑤(𝑥 ± 𝑑)]
2𝜋
o Period -
𝑤
o Key points - period/4 (after phase shift)
o A - amplitude (above and below axis)
o D - phase shift
o H - vertical shift
o Sin - start at 0
o Cos - start at 1
 Graphing Sec and Cos - graph sin and cos, then draw asymptotes where graph crosses axis,
then fill in curves
 Graphic Tan and Cot - need 2 asymptotes and a point
o Tan - start with point
o Cot - start with asymptotes
𝜋
o Period -
𝑤
o Key points - period/2 (after phase shift)
o A - amplitude (above and below axis)
o D - phase shift (starts with either point/asymptote)
o H - vertical shift (point changes with axis)
 Radius drawn to a tangent is always perpendicular to the tangent
 o

 Central angle theorem: the measure of a central angle is twice the measure of an inscribed
angle that intercepts the same arc

 sin 𝑥 = cos⁡(90 − 𝑥)
 With right triangle with acute angle A and B, sin A = cos B
 Extraneous solutions - check for radicals
 Exterior angle of triangle: sum of two opposite interior triangles

 Similar triangles
o At least 2 corresponding congruent angles
o Corresponding sides in same ratio
 Congruent triangles - SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, HL
 Surface area of cone - 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙
 Surface area of sphere - 4𝜋𝑟 2
 Two equal angles - two equal sides - Isosceles
 System of equations with infinite solutions - same slope, x-intercept, and y-intercept
 System of equations with one solution - different slope
 Interpreting slope - dy/dx - change in y variable over change in x variable

o Ans: The total variance due to high-risk beneficiaries is 451H. 451 is the change in V with
respect to 1 unit increase in H
 Each additional - (x-1)

o 𝑐 ≥ 2𝑏
 Area of polygon: (Apothem x Perimeter)/2
 Polynomial inequality - find zeros, test values on interval
 Rational inequality - set numerator and denominator to 0, test values on interval
 Exponential/Log functions: 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 log 𝑏 𝑦
o 𝑏 > 1 𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑏 < 1
 Factor theorem: If 𝑓(𝑐) = 0, then 𝑥 − 𝑐 is a factor of f(x)
 If a polynomial is divided by 𝑥 − 𝑐, then the remainder is f©
 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑏
1
 Chord length: 2𝑟 sin ( 𝜃)
2
1
 Area of rhombus: 2 𝐷1𝐷2
 Parallelogram: opposite sides equal in length and opposite angles equal in angles

 Matrices
o Row x column
o (M x N) (N x P)
 Answer must be M x P
o Determinant - [𝑎 𝑏 ] = ad − bc
𝑐 𝑑
o Vertical x Horizontal -
 

o Horizontal x Vertical

 = 2(1) + 5(0) + 3(-4) = -10

 Trig identities
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
o Law of sin: = 𝑏 = 𝑐
𝑎
o Law of cos:
 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
 Use largest angle
o sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥 = 1
o csc 2 𝑥 − cot 2 𝑥 = 1
 Trig equations
 Conics
o Ellipse
 Major axis: longer, connects the vertices and foci
 Ex. If foci are at (±𝑓, 0) and vertices at (±𝑎, 0), major axis is horizontal
 Length of Major Axis: D1 + D2
 Length of focus: 𝑓 2 = 𝑎2 − b2 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 2 = b2 − 𝑎2
 

 Standard Form

 Center at (h, 𝑘)
 Vertices are (h ± 𝑎, 𝑘) and (h, 𝑘 ± 𝑏)
 If 𝑎 > 𝑏, then ellipse is horizontal, and if 𝑏 > 𝑎, then it is vertical (b is major
radius)
 Converting equation of ellipse into standard form - complete the square for x and
y, factor out constant, and make equation equal to 1
o Parabolas
 D1 = D2
 

 Standard Form
Equation Vertex Axis of Focus Directrix
Symmetry
(y − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 (h, 𝑘) Horizontal (h + 𝑝, 𝑘) 𝑥 = h − 𝑝
− h)2
(x − h)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 (h, 𝑘) Vertical (h, 𝑘 + 𝑝) 𝑦
− 𝑘)2 =𝑘−𝑝
 Vertex = midpoint of focus and point on directrix = -b/2a
 Length of focus can be found by distance between focus point and vertex
 Converting equation of parabola into standard form - complete the square for
one variable and put other variable on other side of equation
 When the signs of a and b are the same (either both positive or both negative),
the graph shifts to the left. That is, the vertex of the parabola is to the left of the
y-axis.
 When the signs of a and b are different, the graph shifts to the right. In this case,
the vertex of the parabola is to the right of the y-axis.
 Logic
o Conditional: If you are a cat, then you have fur.
o Converse: If you have fur, then you are a cat.
o Inverse: If you are not a cat, then you do not have fur.
o Contrapositive: If you do not have fur, then you are not a cat.
o Contrapositive = Conditional
o Converse = Inverse
o Converse and Inverse ≠ Conditional
 The remainder theorem: If polynomial f(x) is divided by x-a, the remainder is f(a)
 Factor theorem: a polynomial has factor (x-a) only if f(a) = 0
 Vectors
o Resultant: SUM of two or more vectors
o Solving vectors drawing
  A - B = A + (-B)
o Ordered pair of vector from point x (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and point y (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ): ⟨𝑥, 𝑦⟩ = ⟨𝑥2 −
𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ⟩ = 𝑥𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗
 Magnitude: √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
o Vector operations (Algebraic)
 𝑚 ⃗⃗ ± 𝑝 = ⟨𝑚1 ± 𝑝1 , 𝑚2 ± 𝑝2 ⟩
o Horizontal unit vector: 𝑖 = ⟨1,0⟩
o Vertical unit vector: 𝑗 = ⟨0,1⟩
o Sum of unit vectors: 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗
o Unit vector in the same direction: divide by magnitude
o Vector components:
 Horizontal - x - 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 Vertical - y - 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑦
 Direction - tan−1 (𝑥 )
 + 180 if x < 0
 + 360 if y < 0
o Dot product: 𝑣𝑥 ⋅ 𝑤𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦 ⋅ 𝑤𝑦
 𝑣⋅𝑤 =𝑤⋅𝑣
 𝑢 ⋅ (𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤) = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤
 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑣 = ‖𝑣‖2
 0⋅𝑣 =0
𝑢⋅𝑣
o Angle between vectors: cos 𝜃 = ‖𝑢‖‖𝑣‖
o Parallel vectors: nonzero scalar
o Orthogonal vectors: angle between is 90 and 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤 = 0
o Cross products
 Polar Coordinates
o (𝑟, 𝜃)
 Radius
 Angle from start
o Rectangular coordinate
 X - 𝑟 cos 𝜃
 Y - 𝑟 sin 𝜃
o Polar coordinate
 Radius - √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
 Angle - tan−1 (𝑥 )
 + 180 if x < 0
 + 360 if y < 0
 Complex plane (imaginary y axis and x axis, complex number z)
o
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + (𝑟 sin 𝜃)𝑖
(complex) (polar)
o Magnitude of z: √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
 Euler's formula: V + F - E = 2