REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that provide the

background for the study conducted. These serve as a framework in order to have a better

understanding of the research work and to strengthen the overall study. Those that were

also included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar

to the present study.

Conceptual Literature

Water distribution systems are extensive, readily accessible, and generally

unprotected. Although the probability of the intentional contamination of drinking water is

relatively low, the impact of such an event in terms of physical, financial, and

psychological damage could be significant. Therefore, they are considered easy targets

for terrorists (Mays, 2004).

According to the “2005 Little Green Data Book” of the World Bank, one out of five

Filipinos does not get water from formal sources. Only 77 percent of the rural population

and 90 percent of those in urban areas have access to an improved water source and

only 44 percent have direct house connections. Those without house connections access

water from wells, springs, communal faucets, and/or from small scale informal providers

(Madrazo, A., 2002).

According to Sanitary Engr. Elisa Dimayuga of the CHO, of the 69,263 total

households in Batangas City,66,926 or 96.63% have access to safe water wherein 1,597

households have Level 1 water supply (a protected well or a developed spring with an

outlet but without distribution system), 727 have Level 11(communal faucet or stand

posts), and 64,602 have Level 111 (waterworks system or individual house connections).

She also said that about 2,337 households that include some informal settlers and

barangays in Isla Verde do not have access to safe water. To ensure water safety and

public health, she told the RWSP Associations to have water treatment monthly. (PIO

BATANGAS CITY)
 To date, a total of sixty seven (67) Rural Waterworks Associations were provided

with level III waterworks system by the city government in fifty (50) barangays.

At present, resident of several barangays particularly those located within the watershed

areas of Mt. Banoy like barangays Cumba, Haligue Silangan/Kanluran, Maruclap,

Pinamucan Silangan, Talahib Payapa/Pandayan, Talumpok Kanluran/Silangan and San

Jose Sico depend largely for their water supply requirement from the springs with

storage/catchment facilities. (PIO BATANGAS CITY)

Sources of Water

There are three possible sources of water for human consumption. One is rain

water collected from roofs of buildings or especial water shed and stored in cistern or

ponds. In so,e rural areas of the country, rain water is use for all domestic and farm

purposes including drinking. It is a soft water therefore in regions where groundwater is

especially hard, these water are frequently used as a source of water supply in homes.

Another source of water is natural surface waters from streams, lakes and ponds,

which is used extensively for irrigation, for industrial purposes and for city water supply.

When used for city water supplies, surface water must be treated by filtration and

chlorination to make them suitable for human consumption.

Another principal source of water for domestic use in rural areas is groundwater

from springs and wells. Some cities also use groundwater from wells. The character of

groundwater from springs and wells. Some cities also use groundwater from wells. The

character of groundwater from springs and wells depends upon the nature and condition

of the soil and rock through which it passes. If it contacts very little soluable material, it

will be cleaner and purer than rainwater.

Uses of Water

The domestic use of water includes water furnished to houses, hotels and other

residential buildings for sanitary, culinary, drinking, washing, bathing, and other purposes.
It varies according to living conditions of consumers, the range usually being considered

as 75-380 L per capita per day, averaging 190 to 540 L per capita.

Public use of water includes the utilization of water for public buildings such as city

halls, jails and schools as well as public service furnishing streets and fire protection for

which city is not paid. (Wright, 1956)

Water Distribution System

Water system refers to the facilities and equipment used for delivering water from

a source or sources to a system of supply. These include pumps, reservoirs, tanks,

connecting pipes, fittings, valves, and control.

Proper layout of supply mains, arteries, and secondary distribution feeders is

essentially for delivering required amount of water for the municipality with consumption

at the maximum daily rate. Consideration must be given to the greatest effect that a break,

joint separation, or other main failure could have on the supply of water to a system.

(Camp, 1963)

Water Quality Standards

The Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 established a national program to protect

the quality of both interstate and intrastate waters. The general requirements are that all

surface waters should be capable of supporting aquatic life and should be free of

substances attribute to waste water discharges. When a river or lake is classified in

accordance with intended uses, specific physical, chemical, biological and temperature

quality standards are established to ensure that the most beneficial use will not be

deterred by pollution. (Hammer, 1986)

Research Literature

Cuevas et. al. (1999) conducted a study about the assessment of the potability of

drinking water in the second district of Batangas. They concluded that water coming from

mechanical pump of Lobo, Bauan, Batangas City and San Pascual are already turbid,
while that of Mabini is less turbid. As compared to the criteria set by the Philippine

standards for Drinking Water, the drinking water from the mechanical pumpin Lobo,

Bauan, Mabini and Batangas City in terms of turbidity and pH are acceptable for drinking

purposes. Furthermore, drinking water from these towns is bacteriological potable exceot

that of Lobo and Batangas City.

Arano et. al. (2000) performed a study to assess the water distribution system of

Barangay Sico, Batangas City. It was then analyzed that the water shall be treated to

produce water of potable quality as defined by the Philippine Standards for Drinking

Water. The primary treatment objective was to reduce the total coliform organisms, to

cope within the parameters used to become safe and potable for human consumption.

Synthesis

These study is related to the study of Cuevas et. al. in assessing the potability of

drinking water and the water supply scheme. Like this previous researcher, this will also

provide the possible means of distribution of water throughout the barangay by the use

of pump, storage tank and transmission pipelines.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Unpublished Thesis

Austria, M.C. et. al. A Study of Taal Lake Water Supply And Distribution System, PBMIT,

1997

Cuevas, M.D. et. al. An Assesment of the Potability of Drinking Water in the Second

District of Batangas, PBMIT, 1999

Agquiz, E.M. et. al. Propsed Rehabilitation of Water Distribution System at Barangay

Taklang-Anak, Calaca, Batangas, BSU, 2012

B. Electronic References

https://www.batangascity.gov.ph/web/current-news/1657-water-safety-plan-for-drinking-

water-providers-required

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282331598_DESIGN_OF_WATER_DISTRIB

UTION_SYSTEM_USING_EPANET