REVIEWER

Social science - The disciplines under which identity, culture, society, and politics are studied
collectively

Introduction to Culture, Society, and Politics

Identity is the distinctive characteristic that defines an individual or is shared by those

belonging to a particular group.

Culture refers to the set of beliefs, ideas, values, practices, knowledge, history and shared
experiences, attitudes, as well as material objects and possessions accumulated over time and
shared by the members of society.

Rapidly-advancing technology also has profound implications for sociocultural and political
change.

The phenomenon of international migration has also changed Filipino identities and beliefs. 10
percent of the Philippine population is. now abroad either as temporary migrants or permanent
immigrants

ANTHROPOLOGY
• The systematic study of biological, cultural, and social aspects of man.
• Anthropologist :
• Franz Boas
• Alfred Kroeber
• Clifford Geertz
• Bronislaw Malinowski
• Edward Burnett Taylor
• Margaret Mead

SOCIOLOGY
• Defined by Anthony Giddens as “the study of human social life, groups, and society.”
• Sociologist :
• Herbert Spencer
• Emile Durkheim
• Karl Marx
• Max Weber
• August Comte

POLITICAL SCIENCE
 • The systematic study of politics, which Andrew Heywood describes as “the activity
through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they
live.”
• Political scientist :
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Baron de Montesquieu
• Niccolo Machiavelli
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• Thomas Hobbes
• John Locke

UNDERSTANDING
Culture and Society

Five Major Types of Societies

• Hunting and Gathering

• These are small, simple societies in which people hunt and gather food
• Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
• Horticultural and pastoral societies are larger than hunting-and-gathering societies.
Horticultural societies grow crops with simple tools, while pastoral societies raise
livestock.
• Agricultural Societies
• These societies grow great numbers of crops, thanks to the use of plows, oxen, and
other devices.

• Industrial Societies
- Industrial societies feature factories and machines.
5. Post-industrialist societies
- These societies feature information technology and service jobs. Higher education is
especially important in these societies for economic success.

Two primary categories of culture:

• Material culture
• Material culture is composed of the physical or tangible objects
• Nonmaterial culture
• Nonmaterial culture, meanwhile, consists of the intangible properties or and elements
of society that influence the patterns of action and behavior of its members.

Folklore, which comes in the form of myths, legends, folktales, proverbs, and riddles.

Symbols refer to things that convey meaning or represent and idea.

Language is a set of symbols that enables members of society to communicate verbally and
nonverbally.
Values are shared ideas, norms, and principles that provide members of society the standards
that pertain to what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirables or undesirables.
Norms are shared rules of conduct that determine specific behavior among society members.
*Folkways are norms that may be violated without serious consequences.
* Mores are norms with moral connotations.
* Laws are norms that are legally enacted and enforced.

Socialization refers to the lifelong process of forging identity through social interaction.
Enculturation refers to the process by which an individual learns or acquires the important
aspects of his or her society’s culture.

The Relativistic approach and Ethnocentric approach

Relativistic approach considers cultures as equal. There are no “superior” and “inferior”
cultures, and each is unique in its own ways.
Ethnocentric approach is the belief that one’s native culture is superior to other cultures. Tend
to have a negative view of other countries and people.

Becoming member of society

Socialization - THE LIFELONG PROCESS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE

ACQUIRE THEIR IDENTITIES AND NECESSARY SURVIVAL SKILLS IN SOCIETY.

Political Socialization - PROCESS WHICH ENABLES THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIZENS TO

FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY WITHIN A PARTICULAR POLITICAL SYSTEM.

Internalization - REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF ACCEPTING THE SOCIAL NORMS, ATTITUDES,

ROLES, AND VALUES TRANSMITTED BY PEOPLE AND SOCIAL GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY AS ONE’S
OWN.

Social Context - REFERS TO THE PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF A SOCIETY AND CONSISTS

OF ITS CULTURE, LANGUAGE, AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES THAT DEFINE SOCIAL CLASSES,
ETHNICITY, AND GENDER.

Content - REFERS TO IDEAS, BELIEFS BEHAVIOR, AND OTHER INFORMATION THAT ARE
PASSED ON BY MEMBERS OF SOCIETY TO THE INDIVIDUAL
Process REFERS TO METHODS OF INTERACTION THAT ENABLE THE CONTENT TO BE GIVEN
TO THE PERSON UNDERGOING SOCIALIZATION.
Results - THE OUTCOMES OF SOCIALIZATION, AND THE EVIDENT WHEN INDIVIDUALS BEGIN
TO PRACTICE THE BEHAVIORS, ATTITUDES, AND VALUES THAT SOCIETY CONSIDERS
NECESSARY FOR THEM TO FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY AS ITS MEMBERS.
 SELF-IDENTITY
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIQUE SENSE OF IDENTITY AND AN AWARENESS OF HOW IT
RELATES TO THEIR SOCIETY AND THE WORLD

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION AND ENCULTURATION

• Family
• School
• Peer Groups
• Mass Media
• Religion and State

CONFORMITY - THE PROCESS OF ALTERING ONE’S THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS TO ADAPT TO

THE ACCEPTED BEHAVIOR WITHIN HIS OR HER GROUP OR SOCIETY.

DEVIANCE - DEFINED AS A BEHAVIOR THAT ELICITS A STRONG NEGATIVE REACTION FROM

GROUP MEMBERS AND INVOLVES ACTIONS THAT VIOLATE COMMONLY SOCIAL NORMS.

Social control - REFERS TO THE MANY WAYS IN WHICH OUR BEHAVIOR, THOUGHTS, AND
APPEARANCE ARE REGULATED.

Sactions - THE MOST COMMON MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL, AND ARE OFTEN EMPLOYED TO
ADDRESS CONFLICTS AND VIOLATIONS OF SOCIAL NORMS.
• Formal sanctions - PROVIDED FOR BY LAWS AND OTHER REGULATIONS IN SOCIETY.
LAWS FORNALLY DESIGNATED CERTAIN DEVIANT BEHAVIORS AS CRIMES, AND
PRESCRIBE SANCTIONS FOR SUCH ACTS
• Informal sanctions - MOST COMMONLY IMPOSED BY SMALLER SOCIETIES,
COMMUNITIES, OR GROUPS. THERE ARE NO SET LAWS OR REGULATIONS THAT
DEFINE THE NATURE OF SANCTIONS.

Human dignity - THE IDEA THAT A PERSON HAS THE INNATE RIGHT TO BE VALUED, RESPECTED
AND TREATED WELL.
Human Rights - LEGAL, SOCIAL, AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES THAT ARE CONSIDER THAT HUMAN
PERSON AS DESERVING OF LIBERTIES AND PROTECTIONS BY VIRTUE OF HIS OR HER HUMAN
DIGNITY.

HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

• A social group is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that
make them interdependent to some significant degree.
• Interdependence is a necessary condition that exists within social groups because it is
what enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common values and
principles.
 • Aggregates, or a mere collection of people within a particular place and time on the
other hand, do not necessarily influence our social actions as there might be no direct
interaction and interdependence with the people composing it.

Primary and Secondary Groups

• A Primary group is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose members engage
in face-to-face and emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
• Secondary groups, in contrast, are larger, less intimate, and more specialized groups
where members engage in an impersonal and objective –oriented relationship for a
limited time. Unlike primary groups, the level of interaction and interdependence within
secondary groups is not deep and significant.

Self-categorization Theory suggests that people's appreciation of their group membership is

influenced by their groups.

IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS

• An In-group is a group in which one belongs and with which one feels a sense of
identity.
• An Out-group is a group to which one does not belong and to which he or she may live a
sense of competitiveness or hostility.

• Reference group is a group to which an individual compares himself or herself. Such

groups strongly influence an individual’s behavior and social attitudes whether he or she
is a member of these groups.

• A network refers to the interconnections, ties, and linkages between people, thier
groups and the larger social institutions to which they all belong to.

Biological Evolution

- the process where by organisms undergo various genetic and physical changes that pave the
way for biological diversity.

- "The mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture".

- it focuses on the idea that "biology makes culture possible and that developing culture
further influences the direction of biological evolution.

BAND LEVEL SOCIETIES

- Hunting and gathering socities assigned the task of hunting to men, while women were
employed in gathering.
- The earliest socities were comprised of the hunters-gatherers, and were referred to as band-
level societies, or simply bands.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE

-The principle of non-intervention of government on economic affairs. it is the heart of the

doctrine that the economy works best when left alone by government.

EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

- Increased migration
- Growth of urban population
- Changes in lifestyle
- Increased production
- Technological advancement
- Rise of the middle class

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

- The notion that an individual's attitude, beliefs, and ideas are based on cultural context of
his/her society.