DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Prepared by: ENGR. CHRISTIAN M. PANGANIBAN, R.M.E.

Differential Equation – it is an equation which contains at least one derivative. Sometimes, the differential equation
is expressed in terms of differential.

Recall: dy = The derivativeof y with respect to x

dx
ds
= The derivative of s with respect to t
dt
dy = The differential of y
dx = The differential of x
∂y
= The partial derivative of y with respect to x
∂x
∂y = The partial derivative of y
∂x = The partial derivative of x
dy
f '(x) = = y' = The first derivative of y with respect to x
dx
d2 y
= y" = y ( 2 ) = The sec ond derivative of y with respect to x
dx 2
d3 y
= y' ' ' = y ( 3 ) = The third derivative of y with respect to x
dx 3
d4 y
= y ( 4 ) = The fourth derivative of y with respect to x
dx 4
1. Determine the order and degree of the differential equation 5x d4y/ dx4 + 3x2 dy/dx - xsiny = 0
a. Fourth Order, First Degree b. Fourth Order, Second Degree
c. First Order, Fourth Degree d. Second Order, Fourth Degree

Ans. a. Fourth Order, First Degree

ORDER – It is the order of the highest-ordered derivative

DEGREE – It is the exponent of the power of the highest ordered derivative

Thus,
d4 y dy
For: 5x 4
+ 3x 2 − x sin y = 0
dx dx
 d4y 
Order = Fourth Order because 
 dx 4 
is the highest-ordered derivative.
 
1
 d4 y 
Degree = First Degree because   one is the exponent of the highest-ordered derivative.
 4 
 dx 
2. Determine the order and degree of the differential equation
(4) 3 (3) 2
y + x y + x y’’ + x y’ + y = 0
a. Fourth Order, First Degree b. Fourth Order, Second Degree
c. First Order, Fourth Degree d. Second Order, Fourth Degree

Ans. a. Fourth Order, First Degree

(4)
Order = Fourth Order because y is the highest-ordered derivative)
4 1
Degree = First Degree because (y( )) one is the exponent of the highest-ordered derivative)

3. Which of the following equations is a nonlinear ordinary differential equation?

2
a. dy/dx – 4x + 5y = x + 10 b. y’’ – yy’ = x + 1
2 2 3 2 2 2
c. 5x d y/dx + 3x dy/dx – ysinx = 0 d. d y/dx = x y

Ans. b. y’’ – yy’ = x + 1

 LINEARITY
A given differential Equation is LINEAR if all these 3 conditions are satisfied:
1. The highest exponent of the dependent variable is one.
2. The highest exponent of the derivative of the dependent variable is one.
3. The dependent variable/s and its derivative should not occur together in a single term.

Tests for Linearity:

2
For a. dy/dx – 4x + 5y = x + 10

Conditions:
1
1. Satisfied => y is the dependent variable with highest exponent of one ( 5y )
Note: The numerator “dy” in dy/dx indicates that variable y is the dependent variable while the denominator “dx” indicates
that variable x is the independent variable.
1
 dy 
2. Satisfied =>   the highest exponent of the derivative of the dependent variable is one
 dx 
3. Satisfied => the dependent variable and its derivative does not occur in a single term
2
Thus, dy/dx – 4x + 5y = x + 10 is LINEAR

For b. y’’ – yy’ = x + 1

Conditions:
1
1. Satisfied => y is the dependent variable with highest exponent of one ( y y’)
Note: y’ means dy/dx, thus y is the dependent variable
1
2. Satisfied => y(y’) the highest exponent of the derivative of the dependent variable is one

3. Not Satisfied => yy’ the dependent variable (y) and its derivative (y’) occurs in a single term

Thus, y’’ – yy’ = x + 1 is NONLINEAR

2 2 3
For c. 5x d y/dx + 3x dy/dx – ysinx = 0
1
1. Satisfied => y is the dependent variable with highest exponent of one (y sinx)
Note: The numerator “dy” in dy/dx indicates that variable y is the dependent variable while the denominator “dx” indicates
that variable x is the independent variable.
1 1
 d2 y   dy  the highest exponent of the derivative of the dependent variable is one
2. Satisfied => 
 dx 2   
or
   dx 
3. Satisfied => the dependent variable and its derivative does not occur in a single term
2 2 3
Thus, 5x d y/dx + 3x dy/dx – ysinx = 0 is LINEAR
2 2 2
For d. d y/dx = x y
2 1
1. Satisfied => y is the dependent variable with highest exponent of one (x y )
Note: The numerator “dy” in dy/dx indicates that variable y is the dependent variable while the denominator “dx” indicates
that variable x is the independent variable.
1
 d2 y 
2. Satisfied =>  2  the highest exponent of the derivative of the dependent variable is one
 dx 
 
3. Satisfied => the dependent variable and its derivative does not occur in a single term
2 2 2
Thus, d y/dx = x y is LINEAR

4. Which of the following is a nonlinear ordinary differential equation?

2 3 (3)
a. y” + y = 0 b. x y + x y” – ysinx = 0
-3x
c.e y’ – ylnx = 0 d. y’’ + y’ + y = sinxlnx
2
Ans. a. y” + y = 0

Test for Linearity:

2
For a. y” + y = 0
Conditions:
1. Satisfied => one is the highest exponent of the dependent variable y
 2
2. Not Satisfied => the highest exponent of the derivative of the dependent variable (y” ) is not one.
3. Satisfied => the dependent variable and its derivative does not occur in a single term
2
Thus, y” + y = 0 is NONLINEAR

By Inspection, other choices ARE ALL LINEAR Differential Equation (three conditions for linearity are satisfied)

5. Solve the differential equation whose general solution is y2 = 4ax

a. 2x dy – y dx = 0 b. 2x dy + y dx = 0
c. x dy – 2y dx = 0 d. x dy + 2y dx = 0

Ans. a. 2x dy – y dx = 0

y 2 = 4ax

y2 treat ‘a’ as constant, then take the derivative of y with respect to x

= 4a
x
xd( y 2 ) y 2 d( x) vd(u) ud( v )
−
− d u dx dx = 0
dx dx = d( 4a) use the derivative of a quotient formula:  =
2 dx  v  (v )2
( x) dx
 dy 2  2
 x(2y ) dx − y = 0 x Note: Derivative of a constant “4a” is zero d
(c ) = 0
  dx
 dy 2  dx where : C = any cons tan t
 x(2y ) dx − y = 0 y
 
2xdy − ydx = 0

6. Solve the differential equation whose general solution is y = C1 + C2e3x

a. y’’ + 3 y’ = 0 b. y” + 3y = 0
c. y’’ – 3 y’ = 0 d. y” – 3y = 0

Ans. c. y’’ – 3 y’ = 0

ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANT

The number of differentiations to be made should be equal to the number of arbitrary constants to be eliminated.
3x
For y = C1 + C2e there are two arbitrary constants (C1 and C2) to be eliminated
Thus, take two differentiations (y’ and y”)

y = C1 + C 2 e 3 x Solving two equations simultaneously:

d(3x )
y' = 0 + C 2 e 3 x By Elimination Method,
dx
y" = 9C2e3 x
y' = 3C 2 e 3 x Equation #1 d u d(u)
-
[ y' = 3C 2 e 3 x ]3 Note : (e ) = e u
3x d(3x ) dx dx
y" = 3C 2 e
dx y"−3 y' = 0
y" = 9C 2 e 3 x Equation # 2

7. Solve the differential equation whose general solution is y = C1e2x + C2e3x

a. y” + 5 y’ + 6y = 0 b. y” + 5 y’ – 6y = 0
c. y” – 5 y’ + 6y = 0 d. y” – 5 y’ – 6y = 0

Ans. c. y” – 5 y’ + 6y = 0

y = C1e 2 x + C 2 e 3 x
d 2x ) d 3x
y' = C1 (e + C 2 (e )
dx dx
y' = 2C1e 2 x + 3C 2 e 3 x Equation #1
d 2x d 3x
y" = 2C1 (e ) + 3C 2 (e )
dx dx
y" = 4C1e 2 x + 9C 2 e 3 x Equation # 2
 Solving three equations simultaneously:

By determinants,
- - -
y = C1e2 x + C2e3 x y 1 1 y 1
y' 2 3 y' 2' = [18 y + 3y"+ 4 y'] − [2y"+12y + 9y']
y' = 2C1e2 x + 3C2 e 3 x
y" 4 9 y" 4 = y"−5y'+ 6 y
y" = 4C1e2 x + 9C2e3 x
+ + +
8. Which of the following equations is a variable separable differential equation?
2 2
a. (x + x y) dx = (2x + xy ) dy b. (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0
2 2
c. 2y dx = (1 +x ) dy d. y dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0
2
Ans. c. 2y dx = (1 +x ) dy

VARIABLE SEPARABLE:

To find the solution of a given Differential Equation is just looking for the equation whose derivative or differential is the given
original Differential Equation. The process involved is the integration process. However, before integration can be applied there
are cases whereby we first have to SEPARATE THE VARIABLES, we can say that VARIABLE have been SEPARATED,
the Differential Equation has the form:

M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0

Where:M(x) => coefficient of dx which is also a function of x

N(y) => coefficient of dy which is aso a function of y

Tests for Variable Separable Differential Equation:

2 2
Consider, a. (x + x y) dx = (2x + xy ) dy
=> Cannot be separated/converted in the form of M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0
Meaning, variable y cannot be separated to dx and variable x cannot also be separated to dy
2 2
Thus, (x + x y) dx = (2x + xy ) dy is NOT VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential Equation

Consider, b. (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0
=> Cannot be separated/converted in the form of M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0
Meaning, variable y cannot be separated to dx

Thus, (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0 is NOT VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential Equation

2
Consider, c. 2y dx = (1 +x ) dy

2ydx = (2 + x 2 )dy
2ydx − (2x + x 2 )dy = 0

[2ydx − (2x + x 2
)dy = 0 ] (2y)(11+ x 2
)
 1   1 
 2
dx +  − dy = 0
 1+ x   2y 

M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0
Thus, (x + y) dx – 2y dy = 0 is a VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential Equation
2
Consider, d. y dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0
=> Cannot be separated/converted in the form of M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0
Meaning, variable y cannot be separated to dx and variable x cannot also be separated to dy
2
Thus, y dx + (2x – 3y) dy = 0 is NOT VARIABLE SEPARABLE Differential Equation
 9. Which of the following equations is not a homogeneous differential equation?
x
a. y’ = (y + x)/x b. y’ = (x + y) e
2 2 2 2 x/y
c. y’ = (x + y )/xy d. y’ = (x + y ) e
x
Ans. b. y’ = (x + y) e
2 2 3 3 4 5
Polynomials in which all terms are of the same degree, such as x – 3xy + 4y , x + y , and x y + 7y are called
HOMOGENEOUS Polynomials.

A formal definition of HOMOGENEITY is: The function f(x,y) is said to be HOMOGENEOUS of degree k in x and y if, and only if,
k
f(λx, λy) = λ f(x,y)

Test for Homogenity:

y+x
Consider a. y' =
x
λy + λx
y' =
λx
λ(y + x)
y' =
λ
y' = λ 0 (y + x)
k
It is in the form of: f(λx, λy) = λ f(x,y), thus y’ = (y + x)/x is HOMOGENEOUS

Consider b. y' = ( x + y ) e x
y' = ( λx + λy )e λx
y' = λ( x + y ) e λx
k x
It is NOT in the form of: f(λx, λy) = λ f(x,y), thus y’ = (x + y) e is NOT HOMOGENEOUS.
2 2
x +y
Consider c. y' =
xy
λx 2 + λy 2
y' =
λxλy
λ( x 2 + y 2 )
y' =
λ2 ( xy )
1  x2 + y2

y' =  
λ  xy 
x +y 
2 2

y' = λ−1  
 xy 
k 2 2
It is in the form of: f(λx, λy) = λ f(x,y), thus y’ = (x + y )/xy is HOMOGENEOUS
x

Consider d. y' = x 2 + y 2 e y

λx

y ' = λ x 2 + λ y 2 e λy
x

y' = λ( x 2 + y 2 )e y
k 2 2 x/y
It is in the form of: f(λx, λy) = λ f(x,y), thus y’ = (x + y ) e is HOMOGENEOUS

10. Which of the following equations is not an exact differential equation?

2
a. 2xy dx + (1 + x ) dy = 0 b. y dx + x dy = 0
3 2 2 2 2
c. (y + 2xy ) dx + (1 + 3x y + x) dy = 0 d. y dx + x dy = 0
2 2
Ans. d. y dx + x dy = 0

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

∂M ∂N
Differential Equation in the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 is an exact equation if =
∂y ∂x
Test for Exactness:
2
Consider a. 2xydx + (1+x )dy = 0
2
where: M = 2xy and N = 1 + x

Consider M = 2xy => treat x as constant

∂M ∂( 2xy ) 2x∂y
= = = 2x
∂y ∂y ∂y

2
Consider N = 1 + x treat y as constant

∂N ∂(1 + x 2 ) ∂x
= = 0 + 2x = 2x
∂x ∂x ∂x

∂M ∂N
Thus, = = 2x
∂y ∂x
2
Therefore, 2xydx + (1+x )dy = 0 is an EXACT EQUATION

Consider b. y dx + x dy = 0

where: M = y and N = x

Consider M = y

∂M ∂( y )
= =1
∂y ∂y

Consider N = x

∂N ∂( x )
= =1
∂x ∂x

∂M ∂N
Thus, = =1
∂y ∂x
Therefore, y dx + x dy = 0 is an EXACT EQUATION

3 2 2
Consider c. (y + 2xy ) dx + (1 + 3x y + x) dy = 0
3 2 2
where: M = y + 2xy and N = 1 + 3x y + x
3
Consider M = y + 2xy => treat x as constant

∂M ∂( y + 2xy 3 ) ∂y ∂y
= = + 2x(3 y 2 ) = 1 + 6xy 2
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y

2 2
Consider N = 1 + 3x y + x treat y as constant

∂N ∂(1 + 3x 2 y 2 + x ) ∂x
= = 0 + 3y 2 ( 2x ) + 1 = 1 + 6 xy 2
∂x ∂x ∂x

∂M ∂N
Thus, = = 1 + 6 xy 2
∂y ∂x
3 2 2
Therefore, (y + 2xy ) dx + (1 + 3x y + x) dy = 0 is an EXACT EQUATION
 2 2
Consider d. y dx + x dy = 0
2 2
where: M = y and N = x
2
Consider M = y

∂M ∂( y 2 ) 2y∂( y )
= = = 2y
∂y ∂y ∂y

2
Consider N =x

∂N ∂( x 2 ) ∂( x )
= = 2x = 2x
∂x ∂x ∂x

Thus, ∂M ≠ ∂N
∂y 2 ∂x 2
Therefore, y dx + x dy = 0 is NOT EXACT EQUATION

11. What is the integrating factor of the differential equation y dx –x dy = 0 if the dependent variable is x?
2
a. 1/x b. 1/x
2
c. 1/y d. 1/y

Ans. c. 1/y

INTEGRATING FACTOR

Standard form of Linear Differential Equation if the dependent variable is y,

dy
I.F. = e ∫
+ yP(x) = Q(x) P(x)dx
dx

Where I.F. is the Integrating Factor

Standard form of Linear Differential Equation if the dependent variable is x,

dx
+ xP(y) = Q(y)
I.F. = e ∫
P(y)dy
dy

Where I.F. is the Integrating Factor

Consider, ydx − xdy = 0

1
[ydx − xdy = 0]
ydy
dx x
− =0
dy y
dx  1
+ x −  = 0
dy  y

Note :
dx
It is in the form of: + xP(y) = Q(y)
dy 1
∫ u du = ln u + c
Thus, I.F. = e ∫
P(y)dy
where: P(y) = (-1/y)

 1 n loga M = loga (Mn )

∫  − y dy
I.F. = e or
I.F. = e −1ln y n ln M = ln(Mn )
ln( y −1 ) 1
I.F. = e = y −1 =
y e ln M = M
12. What is the integrating factor of the differential equation y’ – y = -ex?
x -x
a. e b. e
c. x d. 1/x
-x
Ans. b. e

y 1 − y = −e x
dy
+ ( − y ) = −e x
dx

dy
It is in the form: + yP(x) = Q(x)
dx

where: P(x) = -1

Thus, I.F. = e ∫
P(x)dx

I.F. = e ∫
( −1) dx

I.F. = e − x

13. Solve the differential equation: dy/dx = 5x/7y

2 2
a. y = 5/7 x + C b. y = 7/5 x + C
2 2 2 2
c. y = 5/7 x + C d. y = 7/5 x + C
2 2
Ans. c. y = 5/7 x + C
dy 5 x
=
dx 7 y
7 ydy = 5 xdx

7 ∫ ydy = 5 ∫ xdx

y2 x2
7 =5
2 2
7y = 5 x 2
2

5 2
y2 = x +C
7
14. Solve the differential equation: dy/dx = 2y
2x -2x
a. y = Ce b. y = Ce
2 2 2
c. y = x + C d. y = x + C

Ans. a. y = Ce2x

dy
= 2y
dx
dy
= dx
2y
dy
∫ 2y = ∫ dx
1
ln y = x
2
1

ln( y 2 ) = x
2
 21 x
y = e 
 
2x
y=e
 Another Solution (to show the constant C in the final answer)

dy
− 2y = 0
dx
dy
+ y( −2) = 0
dx
dy
I.F. = e ∫
It is in the form of: + yP(x) = Q(x) P(x)dx
dx
Where P(x) = -2 ; Q(x) = 0 ; Dependent Variable (D.V.) = y

I.F. = e ∫
P(x)dx

I.F. = e ∫
( −2 ) dx

I.F. = e −2 x
Solution to Differential Equation:
(D.V.)(I.F.) = ∫ Q( x )(I.F.)dx
y(e − 2 x ) = ∫ 0(e − 2 x )dx
y(e − 2 x ) = ∫ 0dx
y( e − 2 x ) = C
C
y = −2 x
e
y = Ce 2 x

15. Solve the differential equation: x + y dy/dx = 2

2 2 2 2
a. y = 4x + x + C b. y = 4x – x + C
2 2
c. y = 4x + x + C d. y = 4x – x + C
2 2
Ans. b. y = 4x – x + C

dy
x+y =2
dx
 dy 
 x + y dx = 2 dx
 
xdx + ydy = 2dx

∫ xdx + ∫ ydy = 2∫ dx
x2 y2
+ = 2x
2 2
 x2 y2 
 − 2x + = 0 2
 2 2 
x 2 − 4x + y 2 = 0
y 2 = 4x − x 2 + C

16. Solve the differential equation: y’ – 5y = 0

2
a. y = 5x + C b. y = 5x + C
x 5x
c. y = C5 d. y = Ce
5x
Ans. d. y = Ce
y'−5 y = 0
dy
− 5y = 0
dx
dy
+ y( −5) = 0
dx
 dy
I.F. = e ∫
It is in the form of: + yP(x) = Q(x) P(x)dx
dx
Where P(x) = -5 ; Q(x) = 0 ; Dependent Variable (D.V.) = y

I.F. = e ∫
P(x)dx

I.F. = e ∫
( −5 ) dx

I.F. = e −5 x
∫
Solution to Differential Equation: (D.V.)(I.F.) = Q( x )(I.F.)dx

y( e − 5 x ) = ∫ (0)(e − 5 x )dx
y( e − 5 x ) = ∫ 0dx
y( e − 5 x ) = C
C
y = 5x
e
y = Ce 5 x
17. Solve the differential equation: (3x2y – 6x) dx + (x3 + 2y) dy = 0
3 2 2 3 2 2
a. x y + 3x + y = C b. x y + 6x + y = C
3 2 2 3 2 2
c. x y – 6x + y = C d. x y – 3x + y = C
3 2 2
Ans. d. x y – 3x + y = C
2 3
(3x y – 6x)dx + (x + 2y)dy = 0

It is in the form: Mdx + Ndy = 0

2 3
Where: M = 3x y – 6x ; N = x + 2y

Test for Exactness:

2 3
Consider M = 3x y – 6x => treat x as constant Consider N = x + 2y treat y as constant
∂M ∂(3 x 2 y − 6 x ) ∂N ∂( x 3 + 2y )
= = 3x 2 = = 3x 2
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x
∂M ∂N
Thus, = = 3x 2
∂y ∂x
2 3
Therefore, (3x y – 6x)dx + (x + 2y)dy = 0 is an EXACT EQUATION

Solution to Exact Differential Equation:

F = ∫ M∂x + T( y )
F = ∫ (3x 2 y − 6 x )∂x + T( y ) Treat ' y' as constant
F = 3 y ∫ x 2 ∂x − 6 ∫ x∂x + T( y )
x3 x2
F = 3y −6 + T( y )
3 2
F = x 3 y − 3 x 2 + T( y ) Equation #1
F = ∫ N∂y + Q( x )
F = ∫ ( x 3 + 2y )∂y + Q( x ) Treat ' x' as constant
F = x 3 ∫ ∂y + 2∫ y∂y + Q( x )
2y 2
F = x3y + + Q( x )
2
F = x 3 y + y 2 + Q( x ) Equation #2
Comparing Equation #1 and # 2
C = x 3 y − 3x 2 + y 2
18. Solve the differential equation: (9x2 + 3y2) dx – 2xy dy = 0
3 2 2 3 2 2
a. x = C(9x + y ) b. x = C(9x – y )
3 2 2 3 2 2
c. x = C(3x + y ) d. x = C(3x – y )
3 2 2
Ans. a. x = C(9x + y )

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH HOMOGENEOUS COEFFICIENTS:

Mdx + Ndy = 0

If M and N are both homogeneous and of the same degree, then the given differential equation is a HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.

If the differential equation is homogeneous, we can use either of these Let x = vy or y = vx, however to make the solution easier,
then we have to substitute for the variable whose differential has a simpler coefficient.

(9x 2 + 3y 2 )dx − 2xydy = 0

Let y = vx
dy = vdx + xdv
[9x 2 2
]
+ 3( vx ) dx − 2x( vx )( vdx + xdv ) = 0

[9x dx + 3v
2 2
x dx − 2x 2 v 2 dx − 2x 3 vdv = 0
2
] 1x
9dx + 3v 2 dx − 2v 2 dx − 2xvdv = 0
9dx + v 2 dx − 2xvdv = 0

[(9 + v 2
)dx − 2xvdv = 0 ] (9 + v1 )(x)
2

dx 2v
− dv = 0
x 9 + v2
1 2v
∫ x
dx − ∫
9 + v2
dv = ∫ 0dx

ln x − ln(9 + v 2 ) = ln C
y
ln x − ln C = ln(9 + v 2 ) but v =
x
x  y2 
ln  = ln 9 + 2 
C  x 
x y2  2
 = 9 + 2 x
C x 
3
x
= 9x 2 + y 2
C
x 3 = C(9x 2 + y 2 )

19. Solve the differential equation: dx/dt + 2x/t = 4

-2 2
a. y = 4/3 t + C t b. y = 4/3 t + C t
-2 2
c. y = 4/3 t + t + C d. y = 4/3 t + t + C
-2
Ans. a. y = 4/3 t + C t

dx 2x Note :
+ =4
dt t 1
dx 2 ∫ u du = ln u + c
+ x  = 4
dt t
n loga M = loga (Mn )
dx
It is in the form of: + xP(t) = Q(t) or
dy
n ln M = ln(Mn )

e ln M = M
 Thus, I.F. = e ∫
P(t)dt
where: P(t) = 2/t ; Q(t)=4 ; D.V. = x

2

I.F. = e
∫  t  dt
I.F. = e 2 ln t
2)
I.F. = eln( t
I.F. = t 2
Solution to Differential Equation:

(D.V.)(I.F.) = ∫ Q( t )(I.F.)dt
( x )( t 2 ) = ∫ ( 4)( t 2 )dt
t3
xt 2 = 4 +C
3
t3
4 +C
x = 32
t
4 C
x= t+ 2
3 t
4
x = t + Ct −2
3
20. Solve the differential equation: y’ – y = -x
-x x
a. y = (x + 1)e + C b. y = (x + 1)e + C
-x x
c. y = x + 1 + Ce d. y = x + 1 + Ce
x
Ans. d. y = x + 1 + Ce
y'− y = − x
dy
+ y( −1) = − x
dx

dy
I.F. = e ∫
It is in the form of: + yP(x) = Q(x) P(x)dx
dx
Where P(x) = -1 ; Q(x) = -x ; Dependent Variable (D.V.) = y

I.F. = e ∫
P(x)dx

I.F. = e ∫
( −1) dx

I.F. = e − x
Solution to Differential Equation:

(D.V.)(I.F.) = ∫ Q( x )(I.F.)dx Note : Integration by Parts Integration by Parts

u=x
y(e −x ) = ∫ ( − x )(e − x )dx ∫ udv = uv - ∫ vdu
−x −x −x
du = dx
y(e ) = xe + e + C
dv = e - x dx
xe − x + e − x + C
y= v = −e − x
e −x
Thus,
C
y = x + 1 + −x
∫ (− x )(e )dx
−x
e
y = x + 1 + Ce x = − ∫ ( x )(e )dx
−x

= −[ − xe − ∫ − e
−x −x
dx ]
= −[ − xe − x − e −x ] + C
= xe −x + e − x ] + C
21. Determine the differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curve y = Cx2
a. dy/dx = -x/2y b. dy/dx = x/2y
c. dy/dx = 2y/x d. dy/dx = -2y/x

Ans. c. dy/dx = 2y/x y = Cx 2

y' = C(2x ) First Derivative
y'
= C Subtitute to original equation
2x
 y' 
y =  x 2
 2x 
2y = xy'
dy
2y = x
dx
dy 2y
=
dx x
22. Determine the differential equation for the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curve x2 + y2 = C2
a. dy/dx = y/x b. dy/dx = -y/x
c. dy/dx = x/y d. dy/dx = -x/y

Ans. d. dy/dx = -x/y

x 2 + y 2 = C2
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dx dx
 dx dy 1
2x dx + 2y dx = 0 2
 
dy
x+y =0
dx
dy − x
=
dx y
23. A bacteria culture grows exponentially so that the initial number has double in 3 hours. How many times the initial number will be
present after 9 hours?
a. 6 b. 8
c. 10 d. 12

Ans. b. 8

EXPONENTIAL CHANGES Consider Condition II : t = 3 ; S = 2

S = C 1e kt S = C 1e kt
2 = (1)e k(3)
S = amount of the substance present
k = constant of proportionality 2 = e 3k
If k>0, Exponential Growth ln2 = 3klne
If k<0, Exponential Decay but lne = 1
t = time
ln2
k=
For prob. #23, 3
k = 0.23104906
Condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1
Condition II : t = 3 ; S = 2 Consider Condition III : t = 9 ; S = ?
Condition III : t = 9 ; S = ?
S = C 1e kt
Consider condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1 S = (1)e 0.23104906 ( 9 )
S = C 1e kt S=8
1 = C 1e k ( 0 )
1 = C 1e 0
C1 = 1
24. If a population is increasing exponentially at the rate of 2% per year. What will be the percentage increase over a period of 10
years?
a. 19.9% b. 21.9%
c. 23.9% d. 25.9%

Ans. b. 21.9%

Condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1 or 100% Consider condition III : t = 10 ; S =?

Condition II : t = 1 ; S = 1.02 102%
Condition III : t = 10 ; S = ? S = C 1e kt
S = (1)e 0.019802627(10 )
Consider condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1 or 100% S = 1.219
S = C 1e kt
1 = C 1e k ( 0 ) Therefore,
1 = C 1e 0 1.219 - 1
% Increase = x100%
C1 = 1 1
% Increase = 21.9%
Consider condition II : t = 1 ; S = 1.02 or 102%
S = C 1e kt
1.02 = (1)e k (1)
ln 1.02 = k ln e
k = ln 1.02
k = 0.019802627

25. The number of bacteria in a culture doubles every hour. How long does it takes for a thousand bacteria to produce a billion?
a. 16.93 hr b. 17.93 hr
c. 18.93 hr d. 19.93 hr

Ans. d. 19.93 hr

Condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1,000
Condition II : t = 1 ; S = 2,000
Condition III : t = ? ; S = 1,000,000,000

Consider condition I : t = 0 ; S = 1,000

S = C 1e kt
1000 = C 1e k ( 0 )
1000 = C 1e 0
C 1 = 1000

Consider condition II : t = 1 ; S = 2,000

S = C1e kt
2,000 = (1000)e k (1)
2,000
= e k (1)
1000
ln 2 = k ln e
k = 0.69314718

Consider condition III : t = ? ; S =1,000,000,000

S = C1e kt
1,000,000,00 = (1,000)e 0.69314718( t )
 1,000,000,000 
ln  = 0.69314718 t ln e
 1,000 
t = 19.93 hrs
26. A radio active substance decreases from 8 grams to 7 grams in one hour. Find its half life.
a. 4.19 hr b. 4.49 hr
c. 4.89 hr d. 5.19 hr

Ans. d. 5.19 hr

Condition I : t = 0 ; S = 8 grams
Condition II : t = 1 ; S = 7 grams
Condition III : t = ? ; S = 4 grams (half of the original amount)

Note: HALF LIFE – It is the time required to decompose 1/2 of the original amount

Consider condition I : t = 0 ; S = 8 grams

S = C 1e kt
8 = C 1e k ( 0 )
8 = C 1e 0
C1 = 8

Consider condition II : t = 1 ; S = 7 grams

S = C1e kt
7 = (8)e k (1)
7
ln = k ln e
8
k = −0.133531392

Consider condition III : t = half life ; S = 4 grams

S = C1e kt
4 = (8)e − 0.133531392( t )
4
ln = −0.133531392 t ln e
8
t = 5.19 hrs

27. A tank initially contains 400 liters of brine in which 100 kg of salts are dissolved. Pure water is running into the tank at the rate of
20 liters per minute. And the mixture (which is uniform by stirring) is drained off at the same rate. How many kg of salt remains in
the tank after 30 minutes?
a. 18.83 b. 20.31
c. 22.31 d. 24.31

Ans. 22.31

Application of Differential Equation to CHEMICAL SOLUTION

S = amount of substance in the resulting mixture at any time ‘t’

dS
= rate of change of the substance inside the mixture with respect to time ‘t’
dt
 dS 
  = the rate at which the amount of the substance is ENTERING into the mixture with respect to time ‘t’
 dt  en
 dS 
  = the rate at which the amount of the substance is ESCAPING from the mixture with respect to time ‘t’
 dt  es

C = concentration of the resulting mixture

Units: S = Newton Volume, V = L (liters)

dS Newton S Newton
= C= =
dt min V Liter
 dS 
  = (rate of entry)(concentration of the entering solution)
 dt  en
 L  Newton  N
=  =
 min  L  min
 dS 
  = (rate of escape)(concentration of the escaping solution)
 dt  es
 L  Newton  N
=  =
 min  L  min
Working Equation:

dS  dS   dS 
=  − 
dt  dt  en  dt  es

for prob.#27,
 dS 
 
 dt  en

 dS 
 
dS  dS   dS   dt  es
=  − 
dt  dt  en  dt  es

 dS 
  = (rate of entry)(concentration of the entering solution)
 dt  en
 Liters  kg 
=  20  0 
 min  Liter 
Note : entering solution is a pure water
BRINE = is a mixture of Water and Salt
 dS  kg
  =0
 dt  en min

 dS 
  = (rate of escape)(concentration of the escaping solution)
 dt  es
 Liters  S kg 
=  20  
 min  400 Liters 
 dS  S kg
  =
 dt  es 20 min

Thus, Therefore,
dS S - 20lnS = t - 20ln100
=0−
dt 20 @ t = 30
dS S - 20lnS = 30 - 20ln100
=−
dt 20 lnS = 3.10517018 6
dS
20 = dt S = e 3.105170186
−S
1 S = 22.31 kg of salt
− 20 ∫ dS = ∫ dt
S
− 20lnS = t + C
@ t = 0 , S = 100 kg
- 20ln100 = 0 + C
C = -20ln100
28. A tank contains 80 gallons of pure water. A brine solution with 2 lbs/gallon of salt enters at 2 gpm, and well-stirred mixture leaves
at the same rate. Find the time at which the brine leaving will contain 1 lb/gallon of salt.
a. 17.73 b. 22.73
c. 27.73 d. 32.73

Ans. c. 27.73
 dS 
 
 dt  en

 dS 
 
dS  dS   dS   dt  es
=  − 
dt  dt  en  dt  es
 dS 
  = (rate of entry)(concentration of the entering solution)
 dt  en
 gal  lb 
= 2  2 
 min  gal 
Note : entering solution is brine solution
BRINE = is a mixture of Water and Salt
 dS  lb
  =4
 dt  en min

 dS 
  = (rate of escape)(concentration of the escaping solution)
 dt  es
 Liters  S lb 
=  20  
 min  80 gal 
 dS  S lb
  =
 dt  es 40 min

Thus,
dS S
=4−
dt 40
dS 160 − S
=
dt 40
40
= dt
160 − S
1
40 ∫ dS = ∫ dt
160 − S
40( −1)ln(160 - S) = t + C
@t = 0 , S = 0
40( −1)ln(160 - 0) = 0 + C
C = -40ln160
lb
Concentration = 1
gal
S lb
=1
80gals gal
S = 80 lbs
Therefore,
40( −1)ln(160 - S) = t + C
40( −1)ln(160 - 80) = t + -40ln160
t = 27.73 mins
29. An object cools from 120˚F to 95˚F in half an hour, when surrounded by air whose temperature is 70˚F. Find the temperature at
the end of another half an hour.
a. 78.5˚F b. 80˚F
c. 82.5˚F d. 85˚F

Ans. c. 82.5˚F

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

The rate at which the temperature of the body changes with time is directly proportional to the difference between the
temperature of the body and the surrounding medium.

Tb = temperature of the body

Tm = temperature of the surrounding medium (constant)
t = time
k = constant of proportionality

kt
Tb − Tm = C1e

for prob.#29,
kt
Tb − Tm = C1e
where Tm = 70°F
kt
Tb − 70 = C1e Equation #1
@ t = 0, Tb = 120°F
120 - 70 = C1e k ( 0 )
50 = C1e 0
C1 = 50 Substitute in Equation #1
kt
Tb − 70 = 50e
@ t = 0.5 , Tb = 95°F
k ( 0.5 )
95 − 70 = 50e
25 0.5 k
=e
50
 25 
ln  = 0.5k ln e
 50 
k = −1.386294361
@ t = 1 (0.5 hr + 0.5 hr) , Tb = ?
kt
Tb − 70 = C1e
Tb = 50e −1.386294361(1) + 70
Tb = 82.5°F
30. A thermometer reading 18˚F is brought into a room where the temperature is 70˚F; 1 minute later, the thermometer reading is
31˚F. Find the temperature reading 3 minutes after the thermometer is first brought into the room.
a. 46˚F b. 48˚F
c. 50˚F d. 52˚F

Ans. b. 48˚F
kt
Tb − Tm = C1e
where Tm = 70°F
kt
Tb − 70 = C1e Equation #1
@ t = 0, Tb = 18°F
18 - 70 = C1e k ( 0 )
− 52 = C1e 0
C1 = −52 Substitute in Equation #1
kt
Tb − 70 = −52e
@ t = 1 , Tb = 31°F
k (1)
31 − 70 = −52e
k
− 39 = −52e
 − 39 
ln  = k ln e
 − 52 
k = −0.287682072
@ t = 3 , Tb = ?
kt
Tb − 70 = C1e
Tb = −52e −0.287682072( 3 ) + 70
Tb = 48°F