Compression Members PDF

Mapua Institute of Technology
School of CE-EnSE-CEM
STEEL & TIMBER DESIGN
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Compression Members / Columns
Euler’s Column Buckling Theory

(For Column hinged at both ends)
where: Pe=Euler’s
Pe=Euler s Critical Load
Fe=Euler’s Critical Stress
But r=√(I/A) therefore where: E= Modulus of Elasticity

= 200,000 Mpa
L= unsupported/unbraced length
r= radius of gyration
L/r=
/ slenderness ratio
Effective Length, Le=k*L

This length approximates the length over which, the
column actually buckles & this may be shorter or longer
than the actual unbraced length.
Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Thus;
Effective Length Factors
Buckled Shape of
Columns
Theoretical 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0
k‐Value
Recommended 0.65 0.8 1.2 1.0 2.1 2.0
Design Value
End Support
Translation x x 9 . 9 .
Rotation x 9 . 9 . x
Slenderness Ratio
SRx = (kx Lx )/rx
SRy = (ky Ly )/ry
Limits of Slenderness Ratio (Code Provisions)

kL/r ≤ 200 (for compression members)
L/r
/ ≤ 300 ((for tension members))
Two Groups of Column

1. Long Column
2. Intermediate Column
*These two groups can be identified depending on their
slenderness ratios.
Critical Slenderness Ratio,

Th upper lilimit
The it off elastic
l ti b buckling
kli failure
f il where
h its
it average column
l
stress is equal to 0.5Fy.

Allowable Compressive Stress, Fa (NSCP)
1. For intermediate Columns (Inelastic Buckling Occurs)
2. For Long Columns (Elastic Buckling Occurs)
Where: is the larger value of
&
Sample Problem 1:
Given: Column with height of 12; fixed-hinged end supports
Req’d: Largest Slenderness Ratio
Bending about xx-axis

axis
Lateral Support Bending about y-axis

Sample Problem 2: (Investigation)
Check the adequacy of a W21 x 93 A36 column axially loaded with P=1300
KN and laterally unsupported in x & y direction (L=6m).
Properties:
A=17613 mm2
d=549.10 mm
rx=221.17 mm
ry=46.86 mm
Solution:
Compare actual fa vs. Allowable Fa

If fa ≤ Fa ; adequate section
Fa = ?
therefore Intermediate Column,

.: Adequate Section ans.
Extension of Previous Problem 2:
What if the column is laterally supported on its minor axis, on its mid-
height? Compute Fa.
Lateral Support

Solution:
Fa=?
therefore Intermediate Column!
Using the formula,
ans.
.
Sample Problem 3: (Design)
Design a W-section A36 steel column to resist a load of P=360KN.
Height of the column 4.5 m hinged at both ends.
Depth of section is limited to 200mm only.
Choose the most economical section.

Since the depth is limited to 200mm, we can choose W8 x ? from steel manual..
assume
, kl/r < Cc intermediate column
*assuming 60% - 80% of Fa (Design Experience)
Looking at the steel manual,
WF Section Area (mm2) rx (mm) ry (mm)

W8 x 18 3394 87.12 31.24
W8 x 21 3974 88 21
88.21 31 99
31.99
W8 x 24 4568 86.86 40.83
W8 x 28 5323 87.63 41.15
Try W8 x 24,

Try W8 x 21
Therefore, Adopt W8 x 24 column ans.
Sample Problem 4:
Check the adequacy of the column section below.
P=2100 KN, Lu=6m, k=0.7, Fy=248MPa.
C12 x 15 ((Properties
p of one channel))
450
12 steel plate
304.8
12.7
77.4

C12 x 15 (Properties of one channel)
12 450
steel plate
304.8
12.7
77.4
Solution:
Compare fa vs. Fa ;
if fa < Fa .: Section adequate!
or
Compare Pactual vs. Pallo. ;

if Pactual < Pallo. .: Section adequate!
12 450
steel plate
locate centroid 304.8
12.7
77.4

12 450
steel plate
304.8
12.7
77 4
77.4
Checking now the adequacy of the composite section,
ans.
Or alternatively,
alternatively
ans.

Sample Problem 5:
Determine the max length of W14x82 section if it is used as a

hinged column to support an axial load of 1200 KN.
Fy=450MPa.
0
W14x82 Properties:
A= 15548 mm2
rx= 153.66 mm
ry= 62.94 mm
Required:
maximum length, L
Solution:
Given:
assuming long column
Check Assumption,
Therefore the max ans.

Extension of Previous Problem 5:
Determine the max length of W14x82 section if it is used

as a hinged column to support an axial load of 1200 KN.
Fy=248MPa.
Fy=248MPa
W14x82 Properties:
A= 15548 mm2
rx= 153.66 mm
ry= 62.94 mm
Required:
maximum length, L
Solution:
Given:
assuming long column
Check Assumption,
Therefore revise calculations…

Since intermediate column,

Given:
for intermediate column
Solving for (kL/r),
< Cc
Cc=126.17
126 17 .: OK !
Therefore the max ans.
Column Base Plate
where:
NSCP Code Provision:

On Limestone & Sandstone ………………………….. Fp= 2.75 MPa
On Brick in Cement Mortar …………………………… Fp= 1.72 MPa
On Full Area of Concrete Support …………………. Fp= 0.35F’c
On Less Than Full Area of Concrete Support ….
where:

Base Plate Thickness Determination
Under a W-Shape Column,
pedestal
B
m
Steel Plate (Base):

W-Section Column:
N d
0.95d
0.8bf m
bf
steel n n
baseplate
Considering the most critical section of the steel base plate,

and analyzing 1mm strip,
t
critical
section
1 mm
(m or n) fp
where:

Sample Problem 6:
A W14X550, used as a column, is to carry an axial load of

3600 KN. Design a square base plate to support the
column.
l Th base
The b plate
l t rests
t on full
f ll area off a square
concrete compression block w/ f’c= 21 MPa. Use A36 steel
base plate.
W14 X 550 Properties
d= 437 mm
bf= 514 mm
Given:
Solution:
B
m
N d = 514
0 .9 5 d
0 .8 b f m
bf = 437
n n

Since the base plate is resting on full area of the concrete pedestal,
Fp= 0.35F’c
Given:
Sample Problem 7: (Investigation)
Determine the capacity of a 38mm thick A36 steel

400x540mm base plate. Concrete pedestal is
600x600mm. F’c= 27 MPa. The Column is made of
W14 82 with
W14x82 ith d=
d 363.5mm
363 5 and
d bf= 257.3mm
257 3
600
B = 400 m
600 N = 540 d 0 95d

0.95d
m
bf
n 0.8bf n

Req’d: Pmax safe

Given:
Solution:
thickness:
a. P capacity based from the strength of steel base plate, baseplate:
pedestal:
Substituting;
b. P capacity based from the strength of concrete pedestal,

Since the base plate is resting on less than full area
of the concrete pedestal, Given:
thickness:
baseplate:
pedestal:
600
B 400
B=400
600 N=540
Therefore, Pmax= 2040.98 KN ans.

Sample Problem 8: (Design)

Design the most economical A36 steel base plate to resist a column (W14X500)
load P= 3200 KN. F’c= 27 MPa. Concrete pedestal is 700x700mm.
Note: The steel base plate is not resting on full area of the concrete pedestal.
p
W14 X 500 Properties:
700
d= 497.8mm
bf=432.1mm B m
700 N d 0.95d
m
Req’d: bf
BxNxt n 0.8bf n
Solution:
Given:
For the most economical base plate,
since;
------- eqn 1

700
B m
700 N d 0.95d
m
bf
n 0.8bf n
From eqn 1;
Check if = 18.9 MPa
<0.7f’c= 18.9 Mpa OK!
Therefore the most economical dimension

of the Base Plate is B=483.75mm & N=610.98mm.
Solving for its most economical thickness,
.: Adopt A36 steel base plate

B=483.75mm, N=610.98mm & t=28.85mm ans.

Seatwork:
1. Given: A36 Steel Base Plate 500x750x45mm
Circular Pedestal of diameter 1.2m
Wide-Flange Column with d= 431mm and bf= 264.8mm
Required: Pmax if the pedestal is made from:

a. limestone
b. bricks
c. concrete with f’c= 27 Mpa
2. Design the most economical A36 steel Base Plate

to support a W16x100 Column with P=3000 KN if:
a. The base plate rests on full area of concrete pedestal
with f’c= 21 Mpa.
b. The base plate rests on less than full area of concrete
pedestal 700x750mm with f’c= 21 Mpa.

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Mapua Institute of Technology

Compression Members / Columns

Euler’s Column Buckling Theory

But r=√(I/A) therefore where: E= Modulus of Elasticity

Effective Length, Le=k*L

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Effective Length Factors

Theoretical 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended 0.65 0.8 1.2 1.0 2.1 2.0

Limits of Slenderness Ratio (Code Provisions)

Two Groups of Column

Critical Slenderness Ratio,

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Allowable Compressive Stress, Fa (NSCP)

1. For intermediate Columns (Inelastic Buckling Occurs)

2. For Long Columns (Elastic Buckling Occurs)

Where: is the larger value of

Bending about xx-axis

Lateral Support Bending about y-axis

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Sample Problem 2: (Investigation)

Compare actual fa vs. Allowable Fa

therefore Intermediate Column,

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

.: Adequate Section ans.

Extension of Previous Problem 2:

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

therefore Intermediate Column!

Using the formula,

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

*assuming 60% - 80% of Fa (Design Experience)

Looking at the steel manual,

WF Section Area (mm2) rx (mm) ry (mm)

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Therefore, Adopt W8 x 24 column ans.

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

C12 x 15 (Properties of one channel)

Compare Pactual vs. Pallo. ;

locate centroid 304.8

C12 x 15 (Properties of one channel)

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

C12 x 15 (Properties of one channel)

Checking now the adequacy of the composite section,

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Determine the max length of W14x82 section if it is used as a

Therefore the max ans.

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Extension of Previous Problem 5:

Determine the max length of W14x82 section if it is used

Therefore revise calculations…

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Since intermediate column,

Solving for (kL/r),

Therefore the max ans.

Column Base Plate

NSCP Code Provision:

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

Base Plate Thickness Determination

Under a W-Shape Column,

Steel Plate (Base):

Considering the most critical section of the steel base plate,

Lecture Notes of Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, MSCE engredgar2k@gmail.com

A W14X550, used as a column, is to carry an axial load of