Art App

Chapter 5: Organization in Visual Arts

Function of Organization – the various elements of visual arts have to be used in such a way that they form combinations which are correct and beautiful.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN- organization of various elements of the visual arts (The Artist can form more beautiful and interesting color harmonies and more beautiful combinations of
shapes, textures, and lines.
*Design – makes it easier for an artist to express his ideas and such a way that the observer becomes interested in his work. (Makes objects in our environment more comprehensive)
*Sculpture – organizes the human or animal form.
*Architecture – organizes space through the arrangement of the parts of buildings, both interior and exterior in order to produce a pleasing and interesting pattern.
 Harmony – essential to beauty. (achieved by establishing a pleasing relationship between the various elements.)
o Monotonous – repetition is overdone.
o Variety – Said to be the spice of life and of art. (Achieved by diversity of materials used and slight contrasts in color, texture, shape, and space arrangement.
 Balance – A pleasing relationship between the various elements of a work of art is not the only requirement for beauty. This element must also be arranged that a feeling of
balance and equilibrium exists between them. (Gives a feeling of stability and rest). Balance may either be:
o Formal balance – (Symmetrical balance) This is achieved by making both sides exactly alike. Example: Classical Architecture like the Parthenon.
o Informal balance – (Asymmetrical balance) Also called OCCULT BALANCE. Achieved in objects of unequal weights or unequal attractions are placed at the
correct distances from the center.
 Active balance – Used when we want to attract the attention of observers and set them thinking about the object under observation.
 Good Balance – Produces an effect of stability and repose.
o Proportion – Is determined by a comparison of sizes of different parts of an object or of an arrangement.
 Harmonious Proportion – Achieved when one part of an object does not seem to big or to small for the other parts.
 Monotonous Effect (In painting) – Exactly equal margins at the top, sides, and bottom.
 Rhythm – Achieved by the regular or harmonious recurrence of lines, forms, and colors. (Organized movement, a beat, a repetition.)
o Rhythmic Movement – A series of units repeated one after.
o Rhythmical Patterns – Help the eye to move easily from one part of the room to another or from one part of a design to another.
 Space Art – Rhythm is used in repetition, alternation, and gradation of the elements of art, line, form, color, and texture.
 Emphasis – Produced by the design or form that catches our attention while the rest are subordinate.
o Art of Advertising – The aim is to call attention to a particular product or object.
o Size and Proportion, and color is also used to create emphasis.

Chapter 6: Organization In Architecture

TYPES OFACHITECTURAL STYLE
 Egyptian Architecture (4,000 to 2,280 B.C.) – Characterized by enormous pyramidal structures.
o Pylon – A huge gateway covers the entire front of the building.
o 2 types of Egyptian Columns:
 Flower column – Wide, bell-shaped capital
 Bred Columns – Which the uppermost part of the capital is smaller than the lower like a bud of flower.
o Hieroglyphics – were decoration as well as records of historic events.
o EXAMPLE: The Great Sphinx in Cairo, Egypt.
 Mesopotamian Architecture (16th Century B.C.E.) – Characterized by a brisk tower called ZIGGURAT build at successive level having the form of a pyramid of successively
receding stories.
o Assyrian – Developed the arch and its multiple, the canopy-shaped vault the most important and influential architectural design.
o Mesopotamia – The soil yielded the civilizations major building material-mud brick.
 Greek Architecture (1110 to 100 B.C.) – uses the post and lintel construction as in the Egyptian temples but a lower height and of smaller proportions
o Three Styles of Order:
 Doric – Examples: Temple of Apollo at Old Clintz and the Parthenon
 Ionic – Examples: Altena Nike
 Corinthian – Examples: The temple of Zeus at Athens (Column is taller than the Ionic)
 Roman Architecture (1000 B.C. to 400 A.D.) – similar to that of the Greek’s with some innovations
o Parthenon (Rome) – largest single span dome for well over a millennium
o Colosseum – Most famously of all
o Examples:
 San Sebastian Church – Gothic structure designed by Genaro Palacios the structural metal of which this church is uniquely built was manufactures in
Belgium and erected here by Belgians engineers the church was solemnly blessed on August 16, 1891
 Baguio Cathedral (Baguio City) – Our Lady of Atonement Cathedral, is the biggest Catholic Church in Baguio City.
 Byzantine Architecture (C.E. 200-1453) – takes its name from 1. Byzantium later called 2. Constantinople and now called, 3. Istanbul. (Characterized by a great central dome
which had always been a traditional feature in the east.
o The exterior closely with the interior.
o Used in Russian Churches, Mohamedan Mosque, Jewish synagogues and Istanbul structure.
 Western Architecture in the Middle Ages (C.E. 400-1500) –
o 3 Stages of Development during the Middle Ages:
 Early Christian
 Romanesque
 Gothic
o Roman Basilica – A long rectangular building divided by pillar into a central nave and aisles.
 Early Christian Architecture (C.E. 400-700) – Grown in a part from the Roman house where the earliest Christian meet for worship, and in part from Pagan Basilicas.
o Central types (Second form of building) – was designed around the central vertical access instead of longitudinal one.
 Romanesque Architecture (11th and 12th Century) – Characterized with very heavy wall and small window opening arch or inverted roof window.
o EXAMPLE:( France, Germany, Spain and all of Europe) Notre Dame la Grande, Poetries
o Relatively simple mouldings, with or without carvings of conventional designs, figure animals, or fruit.
 Gothic Architecture (1194-1500) – Characterized with pointed arch, making the building larger and taller, and buttresses to support the building.
 Renaissance Architecture (15th and 16th Centuries) – was influenced by Greek and Roman Styles come to the fore but with a difference. These are the:
o Over hanging cornice
o String course
o Pilaster
o Ornamental Pediment
o EXAMPLE: Medici-Riccardi Palace at Florence designed by Michelozzo.
 Baroque Architecture (1600-1750) –Flourished in the 17th Century and in the opening years of the 18th century.
 o Characterized primarily as a period of elaborate sculptural ornamentation.
o EXAMPLE: The Church of S. Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane-Love of Ornament, The Movement, Restlessness, and Excitement of the Style.
 (Gothic Architecture) Westminster Abbey in London, United Kingdom
 19th Century Architecture – Known as the period of Eclectism.
o Eclectism – Implies freedom on the part of the architect or client choose among the style of the past that seems to him most appropriate.
 Modern Architecture – Characterized the 20th Century structure which developed two new materials:
o *Structural Steel
o *Reinforced Steel
o Cantilever – used by Frank Lloyd Wright, an American Architect to supplement columnar or pillar for verandas.
o 12th Century Buildings (2 Types)
 International Style
 Has severe horizontal and vertical lines; white walls and flat roofs with simple designs and no ornaments
 Organic Style
 Has organic unity in planning, structure materials, and site
 EXAMPLES: Johnson Wax Company of Rheene, Wisconsin, USA and Stephen Colleges Chapel by Eeno Snariven.
 Natural Architecture, the architecture of nature for nature.
o EXAMPLE: Skyscraper Buildings in Makati City.
European Architecture – rich with old and medieval architecture design such as Byzantine, Greek, Roman, Gothic, Baroque and Renaissance.
 Ancient Greek Architecture (Greek Temples) – Temples of Apollo at Old Crintz
o Corinthian Style – Temple of Zeus at Athens
 Roman Architecture (Amphitheaters) – Oasthem and the Colosseum
 Romanesque Styles of Basilica are adopted in France, Germany and other European centers (Notre Dame la Grande)
 Gothic Architecture – (with flying buttresses) Amiens Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris
 Renaissance Architecture – Michaelangelo’s Palace of the Senate of Rome, St. Peter’s Cathedral’s apse and dome
o Adopted in England and is known as the Georgian style
American Architecture – American home design evolved from the log cabins
 Log Cabin – early American settlers’ home in the prairies
 American Colonial Designs – Concrete and wooden homes
 (19th century)Taste: Eclectic – combination of styles
Philippine Architecture – evolved from the nipa hut which is commonly found in the countryside
 Nipa Hut – combination of different materials like nipa, palm leaves, wood and bamboo
 Filipino Modern Houses are influenced by western style of architecture