Oral Communication

Communication-Comes from the word communis means common

-2 way process which help people understand each other

-process of sharing and conveying message from 1 person to another within or

across chanel

Nature of communication

1.Communication is a process

2.communication occur between 2 or more people the speaker and receiver

3.communication can be expresse through written or spolken words verbal or non

verbal or both at the same time

elements of communication:

1. Speaker – the source of information or message

2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in

words or in actions

3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other
forms that the speaker understands

4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal

or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed

5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by

the receiver

6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message

7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver

8. Context – the environment where communication takes place

9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication

process of communication

1.The speaker generates an idea.

2.The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions.

4.The speaker transmits or sends out a

message.

5.The receiver gets the message.

6.The receiver decodes or interprets the

message based on the context.

7.The receiver sends or provides feedback.

Modes of communication

1.linear model -shows a straight path on relaying info

Aristole model

speaker-message-listener

2.shannon Weaver model

Clod shannon and waren waever

3.interactive model-takes into the consideration of feedback

Wilbur Schramm-emphasizes the field of experience

4.transactional model-occuring simultaneous and contineous

2 way process in which participants sending and receiving message

function of communication

1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.

2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with others.

3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.

4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their

feelings and emotions.

5. Information – Communication functions to convey information aware

Communication breakdown-the message or feedback was not sent or receive

properly

barrier-anything that can hinders the process of communication

Classification of barrier

1.physical barrier-due to the nature of environment

ex:large working areas close office doors noise of environment

2.physiological -result from individual cause by health poor eyesight fever and
difficulty in hearing

3.psychological-disturbance in mind close minded attitude emotions

4.semantic noise-homonyms sam spelling and pronounciation but diff meaning

homograps same spelling but different in pronounciation and meaning

homophones-same pronounciation but diff in meaning and spelling

the 7 Cs of Effective Communication.

1. Completeness-Complete communication is essential to the quality of the

communication process in general. Hence, communication should include
everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or
evaluate properly.

2. Conciseness-Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but

making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information
should be eliminated from the communication hat will be sent to the recipient.

3. Consideration-To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant

information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference,
education, status, and needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build
rapport with the audience.

4. Concreteness-Effective communication happens when the message is concrete

and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this case,
the receiver is more connected to the message conveyed.

5. Courtesy-The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting

theculture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times
creates a positive impact on the audience.

6. Clearness-Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific

words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a
single objective in his/her speech so as

not to confuse the audience.

7. Correctness-Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the

audience and increases thecredibility and effectiveness of the message.

Verbal Communication and Nonverbal Communication

Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a

message.

1. Appropriateness-The language that you use should be appropriate to the

environment or occasion (i.e., whether formal or informal).
2. Brevity-Speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are
found to be more credible. Try to achieve brevity by being more direct with your
words. Avoid fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add to the
message, such as “uh,” “you know,” “I guess,” and others.

3. Clarity -The meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently

by a listener; hence, it is essential for you to clearly state your message and
express your ideas and feelings.

4. Ethics-Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles,

ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to.

5. Vividness-Words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add

color and spice to communication. Hence, you are encouraged to find ways to
charm your audience through the use of vivid words.

Types of non verbal

1.eye contact or occulesics

2.facial expression

3.kinesics-study of communication study of facial and body movement

4.gestures-hand movement used to emphasizes a message

5.posture and body orientation-shy type

6.body languagw-paveve space and distance

7.occulesics-communication using eye

8.paralunguistics-study of vocal communication

9.proxemics-language of space communicationg by virtue

10.haptics-language of touch

11.olfactics-communicating through smell

12.chronemics-language of time

13.physical appearance

Definition and Nature of Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and

create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey,
1999)

The developmental model of intercultural sensitivity

Stage 1: Denial. The individual does not recognize cultural differences.An

individual in the denial stage might be heard saying:

“All cities are the same; they all have tall buildings, fast food chains, and coffee
shops.”

Stage 2: Defense. The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is

intimidated by

them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high

regard for the new one.

An individual in the defense stage might be heard saying:

“This culture does not view life the way we do; our culture is certainly better.”

“Their ways are better than my own; I wish I were one of them.”

Stage 3: Minimization. Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank

more on the

universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences.

An individual in the minimization stage might be heard saying:

“Once we see through the cultural differences, we really are just the same!”
Stage 4: Acceptance. The individual begins to appreciate important cultural
differences in behaviors and eventually in values.An individual in the acceptance
stage might be heard saying:

“These people and I have different values and experiences, and I think we can
learn from one another.”

Stage 5: Adaptation. The individual is very open to world views when accepting
new perspectives.An individual in the adaptation stage might be heard saying: To
address our issue, I have to adjust my approach to consider both my own and my
counterpart’s background.”

Stage 6: Integration. Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see
themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.An
individual in the integration stage might be heard saying:

“I can look at things from the perspective of various cultures.”

Characteristics of incompetent

World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits that define a competent
intercultural communicator.

1. flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty

2. reflectiveness or mindfulness

3. open-mindedness

4. sensitivity

5. adaptability

6. ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking creatively) and systems-level

thinking (or

thinking how each one in a system or organization influences each other)

7. politeness
Note that in addition to culture, other elements such as gender, age, social status,
and religion must also be taken into consideration when communicating with
others. Refrain from showing bias when talking to someone by following the tips
below.

1. Avoid stereotypes, i.e., generalizations about a certain group.

2. Challenge gender norms; avoid using “he” and “man” to refer to a general
group of people.

To remedy this, you may use plural pronouns or rewrite a sentence to avoid using
pronouns. The use of his/her is also acceptable.

3. Do not talk down on younger people and the elderly.

4. Be sensitive to the religious practices of others.

5. Be polite at all times; do not belittle people you perceive to be on a lower social
class than you.

Does and donts of Different country

China- need to leave a little food in plate

italy-dont drink milk before 11 an

japan-do not give tip

singapore-you cannot buy yourself a chewing gum feed birds drink or eat in public
and not allowed to spit

france-do not blow your nose in public

arizona-not allowed to cut cactus

barcelona-not allowee to wear bikini

australia ireland and new zealand-sit in the front of taxi

russia-give add number of flower not even because even is in funerals

avoid yellow flower smile only to you close smiling is intimate gesture

india-not allowed to used left hand or PDa

south east asia-not allowed to touch the head of child not aloud to shout

thailand-diff types of smile hunger game is bad

malaysia-use thumb to point

turkey-bad okay sign