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For problem (4.10) use deflection angle = 10 instead of 15

Q4.1What are the functions of engine inlet? What is the function of air bleeds?

Q4.2 Explain external flow deceleration and acceleration cases in a subsonic inlet.

Q4.3 For an ideal subsonic inlet, prove that the ratio of the capture area (A0) to the compressor entrance area (A2) is
given by

Q4.4 External deceleration is preferable for a subsonic inlet. Explain this statement and comment on the sizing of
the inlet.

Q4.5 Explain the operating modes of convergent-divergent nozzle. Use plots of pressure along the axis of
the nozzle to clarify your answer. (Difficult)

Questions from previous quizzes and exams

Q1.

Air is flowing in a convergent-divergent nozzle with the following conditions:

Inlet: Area= 0.4 , temperature=1000 k, pressure=300 kpa
Throat: Area = 0.1
Exit: Mach No. = 3
(a) If the exit conditions are such that the flow is fully expanded (throat is sonic and exit pressure is equal to
atmospheric pressure), assuming isentropic flow in the nozzle, calculate
(i) the inlet Mach number
(ii) the mass flow rate
(ii) the exit area

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(b) If there is a heat transfer rate of 100 kW between the inlet and the throat
(i) what would be the new required throat area that correspond to sonic speed for this new condition?

For air: Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.4

Q2.

The mass flow rate through an inlet is 115 kg/s at M0=0.8 and A1=3 m2. The diffuser efficiency is 100%,
and the Mach number at the diffuser exit is 0.4. The ambient temperature and pressure are 225 K and 10.5
kPa, respectively. Complete the following table

Station 0 1 2
area
Mach no.
temperature
pressure

(the stations are the standard aircraft engine stations)

Q3.

At the entrance to a convergent nozzle the stagnation pressure and temperature are 138 kPa and 833 K.
Exit area of the nozzle is 0.11 m2. Assume no losses and no heat transfer. (R=287 J/(Kg K), γ=1.33)
(a) For a back pressure of 101.3 kPa, calculate the exit velocity and mass flow rate.
(b) If the back pressure were reduced to 34.5kPa, why would it be necessary to add a divergent section to
the nozzle?
(c) With a divergent section added to the nozzle to achieve full expansion at a back pressure of 34.5 kPa,
determine the exit velocity and mass flow rate.

Q4.
Consider the design of a subsonic inlet such that the area ratio (A2/A1) is 1.5 and the Mach
number of the flow delivered to compressor is less than or equal to 0.4. Consider two cases; (a)
takeoff with mass flow rate = 300 kg/s and M0 = 0.1 at sea-level conditions and (b) cruise with
mass flow rate = 200 kg/s and M0 = 0.7 at an altitude of 10 km. Assume isentropic flow.
i. Determine the required inlet area (A1) for both cases. (12)
ii. Which case should be considered as the design case? Why? (4)
iii. Determine the Mach number of the flow delivered to compressor for the off-design case (the
case that you did not select in (ii)). (4)

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 Q5.

Complete the following table for the operating modes of convergent-divergent nozzle.

Modes Convergent Divergent part Throat Shock Exit flow Back pressure (patm)
part (compression or choked? (yes or (subsonic or (relative to pexit_criritical_supersonic and
(compression expansion) (Yes or No) supersonic) pexit_criritical_subsonic )
or expansion) No) (where?)
under-
expanded

fully
expanded

over-
expanded

shock
inside
divergent
part

Fully
subsonic

Q6.

A subsonic inlet is cruising at Mach number = 0.85 and the capture area ratio (A0 /A1) is 0.9 as
shown in figure Q1. The ambient pressure and temperature are 25 kPa and 25C. Inlet area (A1)
= 3 m2. Calculate:
i. inlet Mach number M1, (4)
ii. inlet mass flow rate, (2)
iii. engine face area A2, if M2 = 0.5 and d = 0.99 (6)

Figure Q1

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Q7.

(a) A normal shock inlet operates in a subcritical mode, as shown in Fig. Q2(a). Calculate the
percentage spillage for this inlet, if M1 = 0.6. Assume  = 1.4.
(Percentage spillage = 100 × ( ) / ) (10)

Fig. Q2(a)

(b) A convergent-divergent nozzle has an area ratio ( / ) = 4.2. Assume isentropic

flow and  = 1.4.
i. For the case of full expansion, calculate exit Mach number and ( / ). (3)
ii. If back pressure changes such that nozzle pressure ratio ( / ) = 20, calculate
exit Mach number. What kind of wave will form at or outside the nozzle exit? (7)