BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1

A PROPOSED SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

FOR BOTANICAL GARDEN

A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
University Site, Lucena City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Geodetic Engineering

By
Paul Albert M. Revilla

March 2012
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2

UNIT I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations

and often have associated herbaria and research programmers in plant taxonomy or some other

aspect of botanical science. Botanical Garden in Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation is

situated in a planned three (3) hectares land more or less in the suburbs of Lucena City in Brgy.

Ibabang Dupay. Among the current attractions of the Botanical Garden of the Manuel S. Enverga

University Foundation are the Mauban Forum which is a commemorative marker for the fabled

town of Mauban which has produce many statements, scholars, artists, writers and religious and

has provided a serene place for contemplation and for creative pursuits; the grotto of Our Lady of

Lourdes where the first mass in the university site was celebrated; the playground park; the stone

stairway overlooking Dumacaa River and its decades old trees which give the place a decidedly

sparklingly clean and cool ambiance. Today, the magnificent beauty of the Botanical Garden

never ceases to amaze its visitors and it is one spot that makes the Manuel S. Enverga University

Foundation unique among its peer institutions.

Site Development planning has to do with the designing and constructing form, space and

ambience that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. It

requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow.

Planning also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including

scheduling, cost estimating and construction administration.

The topography of an area means the surface shape and features them. In a broader sense,

topography is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief but
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 3

also vegetative and human-made features, and even local history and culture. Topography

specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of the

surface, and the identification of specific landforms. In modern usage, this involves generation of

elevation data in electronic form. It is often considered to include the graphic representation of

the landform on a map by a variety of techniques, including contour lines, Hypsometric tints,

and relief shading. An objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or

more generally any point in terms of both a horizontal Coordinate system such as latitude,

longitude, and altitude. Identifying (naming) features and recognizing typical landform patterns

are also part of the field.

The researcher work with this site development planning of a Botanical Garden in

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation as a project study to give the Botanical Garden

properly zoned development and proper locations of existing structures for its reconstruction and

beautification. This study also helps improve the knowledge, skills and principles of the

researcher in conducting topographic survey and site development planning.

Objectives of the study

The main aim of this study is to prepare a development plan for the Manuel S. Enverga

University Foundations’ Botanical Garden. Specifically this research is focused on the following

objectives:

1. To prepare maps and as-built plan of existing manmade and natural structures (tress,

swimming pool etc.) and site development plan for reconstruction and beautification of

Botanical Garden.
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 4

2. To develop a topographic plan including elevations, boundaries and lot area needed for

the development of Botanical Garden.

3. To establish horizontal and vertical control points for survey control reference.

4. To write technical specifications of the Topographic Plan of the Botanical Garden.

5. To estimate the cost for the preparation of Topographic Plan of the Botanical Garden.

Significance of the study

This study for the development of Botanical Garden in Manuel S. Enverga University

Foundation using topographic survey plays important role for its improvement by helping

develop its tourism and market value. This study is important to the researcher and will be a

guide or reference for other students in the field of Geodetic Engineering and others who may

conduct related studies by providing knowledge and information especially in topographic

survey. This study also serves as a stepping stone of the researcher to be ready and familiarized

in some other problem, executing different standards and learn to incorporate with the rules/laws

in the design and development of Botanical Garden by executing Topographic survey.

For the environment it will help to maintain documented collections of living plants for

the purpose of scientific research, conservation, display and education, depending on the

resources available and the special interest pursued at each particular garden.

Scope and Delimitation

The study covers survey and plan preparation of site development plan of Botanical

Garden which is 3 hectares land more or less located at Brgy. Ibabang Dupay, Lucena, City. The
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 5

scope of the study is on survey works thru acquisition of data by doing researches and site

investigation, reconnaissance survey, locating property lines, fixing reference point and field

observation, traverse, topographic survey and geodetic engineering computations needed for the

design of site development plan for improvement or reconstruction. The proposed site

development plan is composed of a Topographic plan, as-built map and technical description of

the boundaries together with the design of the proposed site development plan. Established

elevations, spot elevations affecting the design of the facilities shall be provided, such as ground

elevations, elevations on existing utilities, and on visible surface features within the area to be

surveyed.

Guided by licensed Geodetic Engineer and surveyor in for a period of (1) one month, all

the necessary requirements in securing permits and legal documents to all concerned government

officials was undertaken. Likewise, field work such as surveys to locate man-made and natural

features was made. Computations of elevations, boundaries and lot area, and estimation of the

cost of the project was undertaken to prepare the Site Development Plan for Botanical Garden.

Technical books, internet, journals, Geodetic engineering manuals and published project

study in Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation library were sources of information. Tax

Map, Register of Deeds (RD), Land Registration Authority (LRA), Bureau of Lands (DENR-IV-

LMS) and DAR office in Lucena City were visited to gather the most accurate and reliable data

for this project.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework paradigm of the proposed project study consist mainly of

three (3) parts namely: Input consisting of the present condition of the land, existing titles and

location plan of Botanical Garden and DAO 2007-29-revised land survey of 2007 where all legal
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 6

matters and preparatory papers secured before the land development starts; Processes consisting

of data gathering, site investigation and reconnaissance survey, traversing, execution of

Topographic survey, Geodetic engineering computations, establishing control points, assessment

of the financial concept and plan preparation; and Output which is a Proposed Site Development

Plan for Botanical Garden.

The present condition of the land or location of the project refers to the land whether it is

profitable in the market once developed, existing titles of the location refers to the global

position of the project which is frequently represented by any of the following forms of

documents such as Original Certificate of Title (OCT) or Transfer Certificate of Title (TCT) and

location of the property, and the records on where they kept the supporting documents; and the

Department Administrative Order (DAO) 2007-29-Revised Land Survey Regulation of 2007

where all legal matters and preparatory papers are accomplished before the land development

starts, this is issued by the concerned Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR) officials such as Survey Order and Survey Authority and Survey Accuracy which

concern with the implementation of guidelines principles and methodologies before conducting a

procedure.

After the issuance of permit, necessary surveys was started. Data gathering, research on

technical documents is the preliminary work for the verification and rectification. Then the

survey team conducts field works on the proposed site. Reconnaissance of the survey area is

important in order to minimize delays or changes in the observing schedule. Establishment of

horizontal and vertical control were conducted to know the boundaries of the property. The

execution of topographic survey determines the elevations and locations of some important

features as many deem necessary for the preparation of topographic map to represent terrestrial
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 7

relief; Geodetic engineering computations, computation of elevations, distances and angles as

obtained from the field work were undertaken; establishing of horizontal and vertical control

points for survey reference; and the assessment of the financial concept and site development

plan shall complete the process and finally the output product of the study is a Site Development

Plan of Botanical Garden.

The final layout of the project and drawings were developed on the basis of detailed

topographic mapping and showed using AutoCAD. A paradigm of the study was shown in figure

1.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Present  Research
Condition of the
Land  Site Investigation A
and
Reconnaissance SITE
survey DEVELOPMENT
 Existing Titles
and Location  Traversing PLAN
Plan of
Botanical  Execution of
FOR
Garden Topographic
Survey
BOTANICAL
 Geodetic GARDEN
 DAO 2007-29- Engineering
Revised Land Computations
Survey of 2007
 Establishing
Control Points

 Assessment of the
financial Concept

 Plan Preparation
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 8

Figure1. Conceptual framework paradigm

Definition of terms

Botanical Garden – is a well-tended area displaying a wide range of plants labeled with

their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and succulent

plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and so on; there may

be greenhouses, shade houses, again with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine

plants or other exotic plants.

Site development plan – is an architectural plan, landscape architecture document, and a

detailed engineering drawing of proposed improvements to a given lot. A site plan "usually

shows a building footprint, travel ways, parking, drainage facilities, sanitary sewer lines, water

lines, trails, lighting, and landscaping and garden elements".

Reconnaissance Survey – is made to determine the starting point, the route to be followed, the

points to be controlled, and the closing station of a traverse.

Survey - to determine and establish line and grade for the construction of buildings and other

structures and its attachments

Survey Traverse – a sequence of lengths and directions of lines between points on the earth,

obtained by or from field measurements and used in determining positions of the points.

Traverse - is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks.

Topographic Survey – is a survey made in order to secure important data which a topographic

map could be made.

BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 9

UNIT II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This unit consists of local and foreign related literature and studies which will provide

assistance to the proposed project study and background information that will make the research

more comprehensible and understandable. The project is entitled “A Proposed Site Development

Plan of Botanical Garden”. The land survey that most people are familiar with, a survey to set

the boundaries of a piece of real estate is actually just one of many different types of land

surveys. A topographical survey shows the location, size, and height of these types of

improvements, as well as gradual changes in elevation. Gathered information’s from several

books, newspapers, journals, and a web-based research that provides additional information and

knowledge for the achievement of the proposed project study are included.

Related Literature

According to Johnson, Dale E. (1985), the origin of modern botanical gardens can be

traced to European medieval medicinal gardens known as physic gardens, the first of these being

founded during the Italian Renaissance in the 16th century. This early concern with medicinal

plants changed in the 17th century to an interest in the new plant imports from explorations

outside Europe as botany gradually established its independence from medicine. In the 18th

century systems of nomenclature and classification were devised by botanists working in the

herbaria and universities associated with the gardens, these systems often being displayed in the

gardens as educational "order beds". With the rapid rise of European imperialism in the late 18th
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 10

century botanic gardens were established in the tropics and economic botany became a focus

with the hub at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, near London. Over the years botanical gardens,

as cultural and scientific organizations, have responded to the interests

of botany and horticulture. Nowadays most botanical gardens display a mix of the themes

mentioned and more: having a strong connection with the general public there is the opportunity

to provide visitors with information relating to the environmental issues being faced at the start

of the 21st century, especially those relating to plant conservation and sustainability.

There are currently about 230 tropical botanical gardens with a concentration in southern

and south-eastern Asia. The first botanical garden founded in the tropics was the Pamplemousses

Botanical Garden in Mauritius, established in 1735 to provide food for ships using the port, but

later trialing and distributing many plants of economic importance. This was followed by

the West Indies (Botanic Gardens St. Vincent, 1764) and in 1786 by the Acharya Jagadish

Chandra Bose Botanical Garden in Calcutta, India founded during a period of prosperity when

the city was a trading centre for the Dutch East India Company. Other gardens were constructed

in Brazil (Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, 1808), Sri Lanka (Botanical Garden of Peradeniya,

1821 and on a site dating back to 1371), Indonesia (Bogor Botanical Gardens, Kebun Raya

Cibodas, 1817), and Singapore (Singapore Botanical Gardens, 1822). These had a profound

effect on the economy of the countries, especially in relation to the foods and medicines

introduced. The importation of rubber trees to the Singapore Botanic Garden initiated the

important rubber industry of the Malay Peninsula. At this time also teak and tea were introduced

to India and breadfruit, pepper and star fruit to the Caribbean. Included in the charter of these

gardens was the investigation of the local flora for its economic potential to both the colonists

and the local people. Many crop plants were introduced by or through these gardens – often in
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 11

association with European botanical gardens such as Kew or Amsterdam – and

included cloves, tea, coffee, breadfruit, cinchona, sugar, cotton, palm oil and Theobroma

cacao (for chocolate). It was during these times that the rubber plant was introduced to

Singapore. Especially in the tropics, the larger gardens were frequently associated with a

herbarium and museum of economy. The Botanical Garden of Peradeniya had considerable

influence on the development of agriculture in Ceylon where the Para rubber tree (Hevea

brasiliensis) was introduced from Kew, which had itself imported the plant from South

America. Other examples include cotton from the Chelsea Physic Garden to the Province of

Georgia in 1732 and tea into India by Calcutta Botanic Garden. The transfer

of germplasm between the temperate and tropical botanical gardens was undoubtedly responsible

for the range of agricultural crops currently used in several regions of the tropics.

Botanical garden at Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Lucena city, the creation

of the University City was gradually taking shape. In 1966, the Board approved the

establishment of botanical garden conceived to be a natural scientific laboratory where students

can collect specimens, study the plant and animal kingdoms and commune with nature. Student

organizations and the Luzonian community planted flowers, ornamental plants and fruit bearing

trees on Arbor Day in 1966. Flame trees and golden showers also dotted the Enverga boulevard,

the main street in the university campus, which is a few years, would be a site to behold as the

trees displayed their magnificent blooms in the summer. The university community was, as it is

today, ecologically conscious. Among the current attractions of the Botanical Garden of the

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation are the Mauban Forum which is a commemorative

marker for the fabled town of Mauban which has produce many statements, scholars, artists,

writers and religious and has provided a serene place for contemplation and for creative pursuits;
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 12

the grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes where the first mass in the university site was celebrated; the

playground park; the stone stairway overlooking Dumacaa River and its decades old trees which

give the place a decidedly sparklingly clean and cool ambiance; and it also have basketball court,

fountain, swimming pool and mini restaurant and cottages for its resort purposes. Today, the

magnificent beauty of the Botanical Garden never ceases to amaze its visitors and it is one spot

that makes the Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation unique among its peer institutions, for

in the heart of its campus is a natural laboratory and a refuge for a wounded and for those

seeking solace and inspiration.

According to the Chesterfield County, Virginia Planning Department (2009), site

planning in landscape architecture and architecture refers to the organizational stage of the

landscape design process. It involves the organization of land use zoning, access, circulation,

privacy, security, shelter, land drainage, and other factors. This is done by arranging the

compositional elements of landform, planting, water, buildings and paving and building. Site

planning generally begins by assessing a potential site for development through site analysis.

Information about slope, soils, hydrology, vegetation, parcel ownership, orientation, etc. are

assessed and mapped. By determining areas that are poor for development (such as floodplain or

steep slopes) and better for development, the planner or architect can assess optimal location and

design a structure that works within this space.

According to Ghilani (2008), a traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends have

been marked in the field and whose lengths and directions have been determined from

observations. In traditional surveying by ground methods, traversing, the act of marking the

lines, i.e., establishing traverse stations and marking the necessary observations is one of the

most basic and widely practiced means of determining the relative locations of points.
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 13

Ghilani’s article is relevant to the present study because traversing is preliminary in

conducting land survey.

According to Bannister (2000), topographic surveys produce maps and plans of the

natural and man-made features. There is no clear distinction between a map and a plan, but it is

generally accepted that in a plan detail is drawn such that it is true to scale, while in a map many

features have to be represented by symbols, the scale being too small. Height information can be

added either as spot heights, which are individual height points, or as contours, which give a less

detailed but more visual representation of the area. Frequently spot heights only are shown on

plans. Plans tend to be used for engineering design and administration purposes only, but maps

have a multitude of uses – navigational, recreational, geographical, geological, and military,

exploration – their scales ranging from 1:25,000 to, say 1:1,000,000.

Bannister’s article is relevant to the present study because topographic survey will be

conducted to determine the elevation of the project site.

According to Gatus (2010), Geodetic Engineering technology is fast changing and so

with the policies regulating the practice of the profession. To keep abreast with this ever

advancing technology, updated laws, rules and regulations are reprinted and simplified in his

book entitled “Geodetic Engineering Laws and Practices” as sources of ideas and information

and as a ready reference at work, in school, or even at home. It serves as a refresher on the

appropriate laws, rules and regulations on geodetic engineering practice. It is recommended for

the use of practicing geodetic engineers, educators and students in geodetic engineering, the

local government units in their land use planning, and even landowners in real estate services.

The researcher included this study as a reference for the laws in executing any other

types of survey.
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 14

According to Civil and Environmental consultants (CEC) which provides a diverse range

of landscape architectural services to real estate developers, institutional facilities, business and

industry, landscape architecture is a comprehensive profession utilizing artistry, diversification,

and cost effectiveness while maintaining the natural environment, reflecting the project theme,

and coinciding with all aspects of the site.

The researcher included this study for the purpose of concern in the site development

review process: means of access, parking, landscaping, buffers, architectural features, and

location of structures, impact on adjacent land uses and other elements related to the health,

safety and general welfare of the environment and community.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite

system (GNSS) that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near

the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is

maintained by the States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver

with some technical limitations which are only removed for military users. The GPS is the

newest method available to surveyors. The system is based on a constellation of 24 satellites in

precise orbits around the Earth. Today’s GPS receivers can directly calculate the position of

any place on the Earth’s surface from signals broadcast from the satellites. While inexpensive,

handheld receivers can provide a position to within a hundred feet, or less, more sophisticated

receivers can provide a position to within a few inches. If two or more of these receivers are

used, and one is placed on a known position, the directions and distances between the receivers

over very large areas can be determined with a precision never before obtainable. However,

due to technical limitations, GPS technology is not suitable for precise determination of
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 15

elevations. At present, the high cost of these receivers is prohibitive for use in all but the larger

control surveys or aerial mapping projects.

The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous

navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified

engineering design studies from the 1960s.

Based on the Geodetic Engineering manual by Besavilla (1985).The scheme of work of

Topographic survey were as follows: (1.) Establishment of a horizontal control measuring

angular and linear measurements of a certain point. (2.) Establishment of the vertical control by

determining the elevation of control points by leveling or using plane table. (3.) Determining the

elevations and locations of some important features as many deem necessary for the preparation

of the topographic map. (4.) Computations of elevations, distances and angles as obtained from

the previous field work undertaken. (5.) Preparation of topographic map, which is actually a

representation of the terrestrial relief.

Also include topographic map which is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail

and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines in modern mapping, but

historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show

both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series,

made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a

combination of two line segments that connect but do not intersect; these represent elevation on a

topographic map.

Topographic Map uses that includes: (1.) Cross-sections and contours - the standard

method of representing relief on topographic maps. Contour lines are lines joining points of

equal elevation on the surface of the ground. They can also be thought of as the lines of
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 16

intersection between a series of horizontal planes and the ground surface. (2.) Earthwork for

grading areas – can be excavating or filling, or combination thereof. Grading is broken down

into two types: (a) Cut - Earthen materials that are removed from an area of land, such as

digging a hole; and (b) Fill - The earthen materials that are added to an area of land, such as the

placement of soil for a berm or fill slope. (3.) Reservoir areas and volume - may be created in

river valleys by the construction of a dam or may be built by excavation in the ground or by

conventional construction techniques such as brickwork or cast concrete. (4.) Route location -

defines the three dimensional paths is the alignment. It is designed as 'horizontal' and 'vertical'

alignment because of 'plane surveying' and two dimensional drawing. The ideal alignment is a

great circle from the start, or ORIGIN to the end or DESTINATION. As long as walking

speeds were the norm, alignment was mostly effected by acceptable terrain and directness of

route.

The general requirements for topographic map also include such as: The scale and

contour interval of a map that you are preparing will be specified according to the purpose for

which the map will be used. Obviously, a map that will be used for rough design planning of a

rural dirt road will be on a smaller scale and have a larger contour interval than one to be used

by builders to erect structure on a small tract in a built-up area. The extent to which details

must be shown may also be specified; if not, it is usually inferred from the purpose of the map.

The following guidelines suggest the nature of typical map specifications. A map should

present legibly, clearly, and concisely a summation of all information needed for the use

intended, such as planning, design, construction, or record.

And for locating contour lines, there are four (4) systems of ground points: (1.) Control

Points System - ground points form an irregular system along ridge and valley lines and at
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 17

other critical features of the terrain. The ground points are located in plan by radiation or

intersection with transit or plane table and their elevations determined by trigonometric

leveling. (2.) Cross-Profile System - ground points are on relatively short line traverse to the

main traverse. The distances from the traverse to the ground points are measured with the tape

and the elevation of the ground points are determined by direct leveling. (3.) Trace Contour

System - in this system, the contours are traced out on the ground. The various contour points

occupied by the rod are located by the radiation using a transit or a plane table. (4.) Checker

Board System - this is used in areas whose topography is smooth. The tract is then divided into

squared or rectangles with stakes set all the corners. The elevation of the ground is determined

at these corners and at intermediate critical points where changes in slopes occur, usually by

direct leveling.

The control of the project shall qualify as follows: (1.) Primary Control – the azimuth

shall be determined to the nearest one second of arc and the distance shall be measured twice to

the nearest millimeter taking into account the temperature sag, pull and sea level corrections.

1:20000. (2.) Secondary Control – the azimuth shall be determined to the nearest fifteen second

of arc or less and the distance shall be measured once to the nearest millimeter, taking into

account the temperature, sag, pull and sea level. 1:10000. (3.) Tertiary Control – the azimuth

shall be determined to the nearest one minute of arc or less and the distance shall be measured

once to the nearest centimeter, taking no account of temperature, pull, sag and sea level if the

weight of the per meter does not exceed fifteen thousand kilogram. 1:5000

The control Survey Accuracy also included in which depends on surveys done such as:

(a) Geodetic Control – as per accuracy these are classified as; first order which has a relative

error of 1:100000; second order 1:50000; third order 1:20000; fourth order 1:10000 and the
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 18

ZERO order which is the highest control point which has a relative error of 1:1000000. (b)

Project Control – these are classified into primary control which has a relative error of 1:20000;

secondary 1:10000; and tertiary 1:5000.

According to Anderson (2008), about control and topographic survey, horizontal control

can be established by GPS survey, total station system traverse, aerial photogrammetric methods,

ordinary traverse, or trilateration and triangulation. Frequently, a combination of certain of these

methods is used. GPS surveys using static and rapid static methods and total station system

traverse can be used to establish primary and secondary control for relatively large topographic

surveys. These methods also are utilized in areas of lesser extent when field conditions are

appropriate (hilly, urban or mountainous regions). The horizontal control standard will be a

number that is a radius of relative error circle with a probability of 0.95. This error circle is

computed using error propagation from a least-squares adjustment of the data used to establish

the position with respect to the geodetic datum. For the regional accuracy, this datum is defined

by the nearest Continuously Operating System (CORS) station. For local accuracy, the error

circle is determined by error propagation in a least-squares adjustment between known control

points connected by the local survey.

The purpose of vertical control is to establish bench marks at convenient intervals over

the area to serve (1) as points of departure and closure for operations of topographic parties when

locating details and (2) as reference marks during subsequent construction work. Vertical control

usually is accomplished by direct differential leveling, but for small areas or in rough country the

vertical control is frequently established by trigonometric leveling. All elevations for topographic

mapping should be tied to bench marks that are referred to the North American Vertical Datum

of 1988 (NAVD 88). Differential leveling is the operation of determining the elevations of points
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 19

some distance apart. Usually, this is accomplished by direct leveling. Differential leveling

requires a series of setups of the instrument along the general route and, for each setup, a rod

reading back to a point of known elevation and forward to a point of unknown elevation.

A geodetic control survey takes into account the shape of the earth and generally is used

for primary control networks of large extent and high precision, such as those surveys

established for continents, states and countries. The bulk of geodetic surveys performed currently

are done with GPS for the horizontal positions but geodetic leveling still is used for precise

vertical control. An engineering control survey provides the horizontal and vertical control for

the design and construction for private and public works. Depending on the size and scope of the

project, such a survey may be geodetic but often is simply a plane survey for horizontal control

with precise or differential leveling for vertical control. Ideally, the engineering survey should

ordinate and close on horizontal and vertical control points in the national or state geodetic

network. The distinguishing feature of a topographic survey is the determination of the location,

both in plan and elevation, of selected ground points that are necessary for plotting contour lines

and the planimetric location on features on the topographic map. A topographic survey consists

of (1) establishing, over the area to be mapped, a system of horizontal and vertical controls,

which consists of key stations connected by measurements of high precision; and (2) locating the

details, including selected ground points, by measurements of lower precision from the control

stations.

The Luzon datum of 1911 is the most commonly used datum for the Philippines. Most of

the series published by the Philippine National Mapping and Resource Information Authority

(NAMRIA) uses Luzon datum. Any spatial data created from digitized maps will most likely be

based on it. Luzon uses the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid and its origin is located just south of Luzon at
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 20

Balanacan, Marinduque Island. The Luzon datum of 1911 can be defined by the origin near San

Andres point on Marinduque Island in the Southern Tagalong Region. It is then stationed at

Balanacan. Luzon Datum was established in 1911 and is defined in terms of position of station

Balanacan such as: Latitude = 13-33-41; Longitude = 121-52-03 and Azimuth to station Baltazar

= 09-12-37

According to Vaníček P. and E.J. Krakiwsky (1986), Geodesy is primarily concerned

with positioning within the temporally varying gravity field. Somewhat obsolete nowadays,

geodesy in the German speaking world is divided into "Higher Geodesy" which is concerned

with measuring the Earth on the global scale, and "Practical Geodesy" or "Engineering Geodesy"

which is concerned with measuring specific parts or regions of the Earth, and which

includes surveying. The shape of the Earth is to a large extent the result of its rotation, which

causes its equatorial bulge, and the competition of geological processes such as the collision of

plates and of volcanism, resisted by the Earth's gravity field. This applies to the solid surface, the

liquid surface (dynamic sea surface topography) and the Earth’s. For this reason, the study of the

Earth's gravity field is called physical geodesy by some. The locations of points in three-

dimensional space are most conveniently described by three Cartesian or rectangular

coordinates, X,Y and Z. Since the advent of satellite positioning, such coordinate systems are

typically geocentric: the Z axis is aligned with the Earth's (conventional or instantaneous)

rotation axis. Prior to satellite geodesy era, the coordinate systems associated with a

geodetic datum attempted to be geocentric, but their origins differed from the geocentre by

hundreds of meters, due to regional deviations in the direction of the plumb line (vertical). These

regional geodetic datum’s, such as ED50 (European Datum 1950) or NAD83 (North American
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 21

Datum 1983) have ellipsoids associated with them that are regional 'best fits' to the geoids within

their areas of validity, minimizing the deflections of the vertical over these areas.

DENR Administrative Order of 2007, No. 2007- 29, defines Article 1 -General

Provisions. (Section 1.) Policy Objectives - It is the policy of the state to accelerate the

adjudication and mum of lands of the public domain for the purpose of achieving lenurial

security, land ownership', improvement of standard of living and stimulation of land market

activities in consonance with the principles of sustainable development. Toward these ends, the

DENR shall pursue as a priority, the unification, synchronization and regulation of all surveys

on, but not limited to, agricultural lands, mineral lands, forestlands, protected areas, civil and

military reservations, road networks and lands for other purposes and expedite the conduce,

verification and approval of surveys thereon. A. In line with these policies and objectives, there

is a need to progressively review aim update the country’s land survey regulations and streamline

the survey procedures, simplify its requirements, and introduce provisions on business process

reengineering; and B. It is also the objective of DENR to proactively enable all individuals

concerned to keep abreastwith the dynamic advancement of surveying practices and technologies

and enhance their capability, effectiveness and the efficiency in the conduct of land survey for

registration, development, and lor other purposes. (Section 2.) Scope and Coverage - This Order

shall cover the policies and standards on land survey and mapping activities. Surveys covered

include control surveys, cadastral surveys, isolated surveys, mineral land surveys, forest and

protected areas/natural parks delimitation surveys. However, survey regulations and

specifications governing forest delineation, hydrography surveys, tidal observations, remote

sensing and other allied field not covered by this Order shall be provided in separate issuances.
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 22

RELATED STUDIES

From the study of Jefren Villaos et.al, entitled “A proposed topographic survey for

establishing control points at Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation”. The survey was

conducted under the specification described in the Geodetic Engineer’s Manual and other

references. The author of this study gave more emphasis on topographic survey; its main focus is

on establishing coordinated control stations in MSEUF, layout on the field and some

requirements needed for topographic survey. This research work is related to the proposed

project study in preparation of topographic survey and in order to establish control points at any

place and developing a site, topographic survey is the best kind of survey to be used.

From the study of Brenda De Vega et.al, entitled “A Proposed Ecological Residence

Subdivision” located at Brgy. Magais I, del Gallego, Camarines Sur which contains an area of

(6) six hectares land to be subdivided into 11 blocks and 302 residential lots. Topographic plan is

one of the major requirements for applying a Certificate for registration and a license in order to

construct a subdivision or architectural structure. According to House and Land Use Regulatory

Board, Board Resolution No. R-578 series of 1995 known as the Amending Rules Implementing

the Subdivision and Condominium buyers Protected Decree and other Laws in which it amends

the rules requiring a Topographic survey first before a certain subdivision and building is to be

established. From the study of Batch 2011 entitled “A Proposed Ecological Residence

Subdivision”. Their study also requires topographic survey of their subdivision project.

From the study of Nico Orejola et.al, entitled “proposed Residential Subdivision located

at Brgy. Talisay Tiaong, Quezon”, with the total area of 8,380sq.m. which has a saleable area of

5,784sq.m. to be subdivided into 4 blocks and 38 lots simple subdivision. In order to design a
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 23

subdivision, after securing all the necessary permits, topographic survey is the first survey

process to be done whether it is in a simple or large scaled lot.

From the study of Hilarion Flores (2006) “A Proposed Residential Subdivision in Brgy.

Mamala II, Sariaya, Quezon.” 1.63 hectares land to be subdivided into 4 blocks and 76 lots

which followed the standard in designing subdivision. This study is not broad as that, its main

focus is on the subdivision design and its lay-out in the field and some requirements needed for

residential subdivision approval. This study also requires topographic survey of their subdivision

project design.
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 24

UNIT III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Research Design

The research design that was utilized in the present study is research and development.

This study includes technical documents such as Original Certificate of Title (OCT) or Transfer

Certificate of Tittle (TCT) and survey plans which were analyzed. Computations of data were

interpreted based on topographic planning. Furthermore, this study provides computation and

site development plan of Botanical Garden.

The method used by the researcher that plays an essential role on the development of the

proposed project is a qualitative research. In this project, the researchers decided to use the

method for the reason that, this is the most appropriate method in developing Botanical Garden

in Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation.

This project study has included the components such as site search to determine whether an

existing and proposed project of resort are present in the locality, research of local and regional

reports and other relevant documents in order to provide a contextual framework to the study,

field survey of the proposal area aimed, recording survey coverage data, assessing the market

potential of the land and formulating a model of site location relevant to the area, documentation

and assessment of survey results.

BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 25

Research Environment

In response with the global problems today regarding environment conditions, the

researcher conceptualized on how the geodetic engineering field may contribute to lessen the

environmental problems. The goal of conservation site planning is to protect conservation

features such as designated peaks and ridges, riparian areas, native plants and plant communities,

areas near public preserves, wildlife habitat areas, biological corridors, and sites of

archaeological and cultural value. Through analyzing the situation, the researchers agreed to

conduct a study on a topographic plan project that may minimize site disturbance and protect

ecologically sensitive areas of a site. Hence, the researcher looked for a site that can be applied

by the said concept. With these parameters, a place was chosen at Quezon in the town of Lucena

Brgy. Ibabang Dupay wherein the climate is tropical so the researcher look for it as not only a

cool place to stay but also an affordable resort. The property has a total land area of more or less

three (3) hectares, which is bounded on the North and Northwest by Dumacaa River; and

Southeast by Manuel S. Enverga university campus. Botanical Garden is 20 minutes away drive

in the St. Ferdinand Cathedral and in the city proper of Lucena; 15 minutes away from Dalahican

Fish Port; and 20 minutes away from Lucena Grand Central Terminal by public transport.

In conducting a process for the reconstruction and beautification of botanical garden, this

study is guided by the licensed Geodetic Engineer and surveyor in the period of more or less (1)

one month to complete all the necessary requirements, (1) week in securing permits and legal

documents to all concerned government officials such as Register of Deeds (RD); (1) week in

conducting field work such as surveys to locate man-made and natural features; (1) week office
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 26

works such as computations of elevations, boundaries and lot area; and (1) week estimation of

the cost of the project and preparation of Site Development Plan for Botanical Garden.

Procedures

This project study is a narrative and survey research dealing with natural, man-made

features and ground elevation in developing Botanical Garden.

The research has the following procedures in Topographic Survey.

A. Topographic Survey

1. Data Gathering

Facilitate the research of the approved plan with technical description, OCT or TCT and

on the status of the location whether an existing and proposed project of resort are still present in

the locality in terms of environmental condition such as vegetation, air and water etc., research of

local and regional reports and other relevant documents in order to provide a contextual

framework of the study, and for the verification and rectification of technical documents such as

titles, the Register of Deeds (RD) in Lucena City were visited for the verification of title of

Botanical Garden.

2. Site Investigation and Reconnaissance Survey

The survey team headed by a duly licensed Geodetic Engineer (GE) can now proceed on

the location to conduct a site investigation and reconnaissance survey to verify the natural

surfaces of the land, the erosion patterns, accessibility to various services and to determine the

existing monuments on the ground.

BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 27

3. Traverse

Establishing traverse stations by putting hub or wooden stakes driven on the ground.

Clearing the course of the line of traverse and other obstruction is also done to establish control

networks.

4. Relocation Survey

The next step is to relocate the boundary of the property by means of property surveying;

to validate the actual contour or profile of the area; to establish their fixed reference point on the

ground; and to validate any existing permanent marks or monuments at the location.

5. Lot Topographic Survey

This process involves establishment of horizontal and vertical control, and configuration

of the terrain and the natural or artificial features using techniques in plane surveying to establish

elevations of man-made and natural features.

6. Computation

The succeeding occurrences in the process were the calculation for generated lots, for

feasible area and for topographic profile generation. This will make use of traverse and lot data

computations to know the elevations of man-made and natural features whether it is below or

above form the datum plane based on the recorded survey data.

7. Establishment of Control

Control consist of two parts: (1) horizontal control, in which the planimetric positions of

specific control points are located, and (2) vertical control, in which elevations are established on

specified bench marks located throughout the area to be mapped. This control provides the

skeleton, which later is clothed with the details, or locations of such objects as roads, houses,

trees, streams, ground points of known elevation, and contours.

BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 28

B. Preparation of Topographic Plan / as–built map

The topographic plan is made through the use of computer program called AutoCAD.

The plans are prepared to determine the position of any feature or more generally any point in

terms of both a horizontal Coordinate system such as latitude, longitude, and altitude.

C. Assessment of the Financial Concept.

For the final procedure, analysis of the market value against the cost of project and time

consumed to know if the project will be profitable.

D. Site Development Plan

Shows how the maps and plans prepared, the formulation of a model of site that relevant

to the area for its marketing purposes. This will also project the future site, which serves an

important reference for future construction and development and conform the design standards

which provide all drawings, including record drawings and bulletin sketches in Autodesk

AutoCAD (dwg) format for the development of Botanical Garden.

E. Time Table

Shows the duration of the project and how long the project could be done and as well as

the time for every process of the project.

Design Concept

In conducting the study, theories and concepts on land surveying are used such as

management and decision making in deciding the appropriate methods and instrumentation

required to complete the task satisfactorily to the specified accuracy and within the time limits

available. This initial process can only be properly executed after very careful and detailed
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 29

reconnaissance of the area to be surveyed or the preliminary survey to know and observed the

perfect location for traverse station. Relocation, to obtain boundary, elevations and area needed.

The principle on topographic surveying is also utilized to establish both horizontal and vertical

control to prepare a Maps and plans for the design and construction. It also serves as a tool for

the preparation of plan for the development of Botanical Garden.

BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, J. (2008). SURVEYING: Theory and practice (7th Edition). Boston: WCB/

McGraw Hill.

Bannister, Arthur, Raymond Baker, & Stanley Raymond. (2000). Surveying (7th Edition).

Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Besavilla, Venancio I. (1984) Surveying for Civil and Geodetic Licensure Exam. Philippine

copyright1987 by Venancio I. Besavilla Jr.

Besavilla, V. I. (1985). Geodetic Engineers Manual. Philippines: Venancio I. Besavilla Jr.

Chesterfield Cuontry, V. p. (n.d.). Site Planning Process. Retrieved Feb 11, 2009, from google.

De Vega, Brenda G. 2011 “A Proposed Ecological Residence Subdivision”. Manuel S. Enverga

University Foundation (MSEUF).

Flores, Hilarion. 2006. “A proposed residential subdivision in brgy. Mamala II, Sariaya,

Quezon”. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation (MSEUF).

Gatus , Jose P. (2010) Geodetic Engineering Laws and Practices. Philippine: copyright 2010 by

Vibal Publishing House Inc. and Jose P. Gatus, MNSA, FGEP.

Ghilani, C. D. (2008). Elementary surveying: an introduction to geomatics. New Jersey:

Pearso/ Prentice Hall.

Johnson, Dale E. 1985. Literature on the history of botany and botanic gardens 1730 – 1840:
BOTANICAL GARDEN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 31

A bibliography. Huntia 6(1): 1 – 121.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning System;

National Academy of Public Administration (1995). The global positioning system: a

shared national asset : recommendations for technical improvements and enhancements.

National Academies Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-309-05283-1., Chapter 1, p. 16 from Google:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System#References

Orejola, Nico, et. al. 2008. “Proposed residential subdivision located at barangay talisay,

tiaong, quezon”. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation (MSEUF).

Steve Donaldson, P.E. Civil/Site Practice Lead Pittsburgh, Civil & Environmental

Consultants, Inc. All rights reserved. From google:

http://www.cecinc.com/enviro_site_devplanning.html

Vaníček P. and E.J. Krakiwsky, Geodesy: the Concepts, pp. 714, Elsevier, 1986.

Villaos, Jefren M. 2010. “A Proposed Topographic Survey for Establishing Control Points at

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation”. Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

(MSEUF).