hello isfhsdh ndsfvjksbfvn sjv hsd bcjk bfhhfb chbgsf nmdbfvsd bdcvnmbsef

efhnbdsrfvbkehfvu xcfn,
dvjbndkbvnxc ujdnbvj
Sr. No. Load (kN) Deflection
(mm) Strain Stress (Mpa)
1 0 0 0 0
2 0.5 0.2 0.003937 6.24141805
3 0.7 0.3 0.005906 8.73798527
4 0.8 0.4 0.007874 9.98626888
5 0.9 0.6 0.011811 11.23455249
6 1 0.7 0.01378 12.4828361
7 1.1 0.9 0.017717 13.73111971
8 1.2 1.1 0.021654 14.97940332
9 1.3 1.2 0.023622 16.22768693
10 1.5 1.3 0.025591 18.72425415
11 1.6 1.5 0.029528 19.97253776
12 1.7 1.6 0.031496 21.22082137
13 1.9 1.8 0.035433 23.71738859
14 2 1.9 0.037402 24.9656722
15 2.1 2 0.03937 26.21395581
16 2.3 2.4 0.047244 28.71052303
17 2.4 2.5 0.049213 29.95880664
18 2.5 2.5 0.049213 31.20709025
19 2.6 2.7 0.05315 32.45537386
20 2.7 2.8 0.055118 33.70365747
21 2.9 3 0.059055 36.20022469
22 3 3.2 0.062992 37.4485083
23 3.1 3.4 0.066929 38.69679191
24 3.3 3.6 0.070866 41.19335913
25 3.5 3.7 0.072835 43.68992635
26 3.7 3.8 0.074803 46.18649357
27 3.8 3.9 0.076772 47.43477718
28 4 4 0.07874 49.9313444
29 4.1 4.1 0.080709 51.17962801
30 4.2 4.2 0.082677 52.42791162
31 4.3 4.2 0.082677 53.67619523
32 4.4 4.3 0.084646 54.92447884
33 4.5 4.4 0.086614 56.17276245
34 4.6 4.4 0.086614 57.42104606
35 4.7 4.5 0.088583 58.66932967
36 4.8 4.6 0.090551 59.91761328
37 4.9 4.6 0.090551 61.16589689
38 5 4.7 0.09252 62.4141805
39 5.1 4.8 0.094488 63.66246411
40 5.2 4.9 0.096457 64.91074772
41 5.4 5 0.098425 67.40731494
42 5.5 5 0.098425 68.65559855
43 5.6 5.1 0.100394 69.90388216
44 5.8 5.2 0.102362 72.40044938
45 6 5.3 0.104331 74.8970166
46 6.1 5.3 0.104331 76.14530021
47 6.3 5.4 0.106299 78.64186743
48 6.4 5.5 0.108268 79.89015104
49 6.5 5.6 0.110236 81.13843465
50 6.6 5.7 0.112205 82.38671826
51 6.8 5.8 0.114173 84.88328548
52 7 5.9 0.116142 87.3798527
53 7.1 6 0.11811 88.62813631
54 7.2 6.1 0.120079 89.87641992
55 7.3 6.2 0.122047 91.12470353
56 7.5 6.3 0.124016 93.62127075
57 7.6 6.4 0.125984 94.86955436
58 7.7 6.4 0.125984 96.11783797
59 7.9 6.5 0.127953 98.61440519
60 8 6.5 0.127953 99.8626888
61 8.1 6.6 0.129921 101.1109724
62 8.3 6.7 0.13189 103.6075396
63 8.5 6.8 0.133858 106.1041069
64 8.7 6.9 0.135827 108.6006741
65 8.8 7 0.137795 109.8489577
66 9 7.1 0.139764 112.3455249
67 9.1 7.1 0.139764 113.5938085
68 9.3 7.2 0.141732 116.0903757
69 9.6 7.2 0.141732 119.8352266
70 9.7 7.3 0.143701 121.0835102
71 9.9 7.3 0.143701 123.5800774
72 10 7.4 0.145669 124.828361
73 10.1 7.4 0.145669 126.0766446
74 10.2 7.5 0.147638 127.3249282
75 10.3 7.5 0.147638 128.5732118
76 10.5 7.5 0.147638 131.0697791
77 10.7 7.6 0.149606 133.5663463
78 10.8 7.7 0.151575 134.8146299
79 10.9 7.7 0.151575 136.0629135
80 11 7.8 0.153543 137.3111971
81 11.2 7.8 0.153543 139.8077643
82 11.4 7.8 0.153543 142.3043315
83 11.5 7.9 0.155512 143.5526152
84 11.7 8 0.15748 146.0491824
85 11.8 8 0.15748 147.297466
86 12 8.1 0.159449 149.7940332
87 12.2 8.1 0.159449 152.2906004
88 12.5 8.2 0.161417 156.0354513
89 12.7 8.2 0.161417 158.5320185
90 12.8 8.2 0.161417 159.7803021
91 12.9 8.3 0.163386 161.0285857
92 13 8.3 0.163386 162.2768693
93 13.1 8.4 0.165354 163.5251529
94 13.2 8.5 0.167323 164.7734365
95 13.4 8.5 0.167323 167.2700037
96 13.7 8.6 0.169291 171.0148546
97 14 8.7 0.17126 174.7597054
98 14.2 8.7 0.17126 177.2562726
99 14.5 8.8 0.173228 181.0011235
100 14.7 8.8 0.173228 183.4976907
101 14.9 8.9 0.175197 185.9942579
102 15 8.9 0.175197 187.2425415
103 15.3 8.9 0.175197 190.9873923
104 15.5 8.9 0.175197 193.4839596
105 15.8 8.9 0.175197 197.2288104
106 16 8.9 0.175197 199.7253776
107 16.2 9 0.177165 202.2219448
108 16.6 9 0.177165 207.2150793
109 16.8 9 0.177165 209.7116465
110 17 9 0.177165 212.2082137
111 17.2 9 0.177165 214.7047809
112 17.3 9.1 0.179134 215.9530645
113 17.6 9.1 0.179134 219.6979154
114 18.1 9.2 0.181102 225.9393334
115 18.4 9.3 0.183071 229.6841842
116 18.5 9.7 0.190945 230.9324679
117 18.7 9.7 0.190945 233.4290351
118 19 9.7 0.190945 237.1738859
119 19.2 9.8 0.192913 239.6704531
120 19.5 9.8 0.192913 243.415304
121 19.6 9.9 0.194882 244.6635876
122 20 9.9 0.194882 249.656722
123 20.1 10 0.19685 250.9050056
124 20.2 10 0.19685 252.1532892
125 20.4 10 0.19685 254.6498564
126 20.6 10.1 0.198819 257.1464237
127 20.8 10.1 0.198819 259.6429909
128 20.9 10.2 0.200787 260.8912745
129 21.1 10.2 0.200787 263.3878417
130 21.3 10.2 0.200787 265.8844089
131 21.4 10.2 0.200787 267.1326925
132 21.5 10.3 0.202756 268.3809762
133 21.8 10.3 0.202756 272.125827
134 22 10.3 0.202756 274.6223942
135 22.3 10.4 0.204724 278.367245
136 22.4 10.4 0.204724 279.6155286
137 22.5 10.4 0.204724 280.8638123
138 22.8 10.5 0.206693 284.6086631
139 22.9 10.5 0.206693 285.8569467
140 23.2 10.5 0.206693 289.6017975
141 23.3 10.6 0.208661 290.8500811
142 23.6 10.6 0.208661 294.594932
143 23.8 10.6 0.208661 297.0914992
144 24 10.7 0.21063 299.5880664
145 24.4 10.7 0.21063 304.5812008
146 24.8 10.8 0.212598 309.5743353
147 25 10.8 0.212598 312.0709025
148 25.4 10.9 0.214567 317.0640369
149 25.8 10.9 0.214567 322.0571714
150 26 11 0.216535 324.5537386
151 26.4 11 0.216535 329.546873
152 26.7 11 0.216535 333.2917239
153 27 11.1 0.218504 337.0365747
154 27.4 11.1 0.218504 342.0297091
155 27.6 11.2 0.220472 344.5262764
156 28 11.2 0.220472 349.5194108
157 28.2 11.3 0.222441 352.015978
158 28.4 11.4 0.224409 354.5125453
159 28.8 11.5 0.226378 359.5056797
160 29.1 11.5 0.226378 363.2505305
161 29.5 11.6 0.228346 368.243665
162 30 11.6 0.228346 374.485083
163 30.3 11.7 0.230315 378.2299338
164 30.5 11.7 0.230315 380.7265011
165 31.1 11.7 0.230315 388.2162027
166 31.4 11.7 0.230315 391.9610536
167 31.7 11.8 0.232283 395.7059044
168 32.2 11.8 0.232283 401.9473224
169 32.4 11.9 0.234252 404.4438897
170 32.7 12 0.23622 408.1887405
171 33.1 12.1 0.238189 413.1818749
172 33.4 12.2 0.240157 416.9267258
173 33.5 12.2 0.240157 418.1750094
174 33.7 12.2 0.240157 420.6715766
175 34 12.3 0.242126 424.4164274
176 34.2 12.3 0.242126 426.9129946
177 34.4 12.4 0.244094 429.4095619
178 34.7 12.4 0.244094 433.1544127
179 34.9 12.5 0.246063 435.6509799
180 35.1 12.5 0.246063 438.1475471
181 35.4 12.6 0.248031 441.892398
182 35.6 12.6 0.248031 444.3889652
183 35.9 12.7 0.25 448.133816
184 36 12.7 0.25 449.3820996
185 36.3 12.8 0.251969 453.1269504
186 36.6 12.9 0.253937 456.8718013
187 36.7 13 0.255906 458.1200849
188 37 13 0.255906 461.8649357
189 37.1 13.1 0.257874 463.1132193
190 37.2 13.2 0.259843 464.3615029
191 37.4 13.3 0.261811 466.8580702
192 37.5 13.5 0.265748 468.1063538
193 37.6 13.6 0.267717 469.3546374
194 37.7 13.9 0.273622 470.602921
195 37.8 14 0.275591 471.8512046
196 37.9 14.2 0.279528 473.0994882
197 37.8 14.6 0.287402 471.8512046
198 37.7 14.7 0.28937 470.602921
199 37.6 14.8 0.291339 469.3546374
200 37.5 14.9 0.293307 468.1063538
201 37.4 15 0.295276 466.8580702
202 37.3 15.1 0.297244 465.6097865
203 37.2 15.2 0.299213 464.3615029
204 37 15.3 0.301181 461.8649357
205 36.9 15.3 0.301181 460.6166521
206 36.8 15.4 0.30315 459.3683685
207 36.6 15.5 0.305118 456.8718013
208 36.5 15.5 0.305118 455.6235177
209 36.4 15.7 0.309055 454.3752341
210 36.2 15.7 0.309055 451.8786668
211 36 15.8 0.311024 449.3820996
212 35.9 16 0.314961 448.133816
213 35.7 16 0.314961 445.6372488
214 35.5 16.1 0.316929 443.1406816
215 35.3 16.2 0.318898 440.6441143
216 35.1 16.3 0.320866 438.1475471
217 35 16.4 0.322835 436.8992635
218 34.7 16.5 0.324803 433.1544127
219 34.6 16.6 0.326772 431.9061291
220 34.4 16.7 0.32874 429.4095619
221 34.1 16.8 0.330709 425.664711
222 33.9 16.9 0.332677 423.1681438
223 33.7 17 0.334646 420.6715766
224 33.5 17.1 0.336614 418.1750094
225 33.2 17.2 0.338583 414.4301585
226 32.9 17.3 0.340551 410.6853077
227 32.8 17.4 0.34252 409.4370241
228 32.6 17.5 0.344488 406.9404569
229 32.2 17.6 0.346457 401.9473224
230 32 17.7 0.348425 399.4507552
231 31.7 17.8 0.350394 395.7059044
232 31.6 17.8 0.350394 394.4576208
233 31.4 17.9 0.352362 391.9610536
234 31 18 0.354331 386.9679191
235 30.7 18.1 0.356299 383.2230683
236 30.3 18.2 0.358268 378.2299338
237 30.1 18.3 0.360236 375.7333666
238 29.8 18.4 0.362205 371.9885158
239 29.6 18.5 0.364173 369.4919486
240 29.1 18.6 0.366142 363.2505305
241 28.7 18.7 0.36811 358.2573961
242 28.4 18.8 0.370079 354.5125453
243 28 18.9 0.372047 349.5194108
244 27.4 19 0.374016 342.0297091
245 27.8 22.4 0.440945 347.0228436
246 27 22.9 0.450787 337.0365747
247 23.7 23 0.452756 295.8432156
248 17.7 23.1 0.454724 220.946199

EXPERIMENT NO:- 05
Aim of Experiment: To harden (air cooling) a given mild steel specimen and to check
the microstructure after hardening process.
Apparatus: Furnace, given mild steel specimen, specially designed files, belt
grinder, emery papers (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200), velvet colth, alumina
powder, disc polishing machine, optical microscope.
Theory � Hardening is a process in which the specimen was put in the furnace for
9100 C and we kept it in this situation for approximately 30 minutes. After that it
was cooled at room temperature for microstructure check.
The various purposes of this treatment are:
1. To relive internal stresses developed during solidification, machining,
forging, rolling or welding etc.
2. To improve or restore ductility or toughness.
3. To enhance machinability.
4. To eliminate chemical non-uniformity.
5. To refine grain size.
6. To reduce gaseous content in steel.
Procedure:
1. Non heat treated mild steel specimen is taken.
2. Check the hardness of specimen using Brinell hardness tester.
3. Take another specimen of mild steel for microstructure check.
4. Specimen is polished on abrasive papers of grades 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000,
1200 respectively on disc polishing machine.
5. After polishing with abrasive paper, the polished specimen is polished using
velvet cloth on which alumina powder is dispersed to remove out any impurties from
the specimen.
6. Specimen is checked for mirror like surface finish.
7. Check the microstructure of non heat treated mild steel specimen.
8. Now apply heat treatment to this specimen and after cooling follow the same
procedure for hardness and microstructure check.
 Figure 5.1 Microstructure of mild steel before heat
treatment

Result: Hardness before Hardening (Air Cooling) =

Hardness after Hardening (Air Cooling) =

Microstructure of mild steel before heat treatment consist of pearlite (black and
dark phases) and ferrite (white and light phases) as shown in figure. 5.1 (source
www.google.com)
Microstructure of mild steel after heat treatment consists of
----------------- as shown in figure 5.2 (obtained as from optical microscope).

Precautions:
1. Polishing should be slow, smooth and flat.
2. Uniform pressure is applied throughout the polishing.