ESC201 UDas

ESC201 UDas Lec5 Electrical
Lec5 Electrical Energy storage
Ideal Capacitor

For dc or steady state when the voltage does

not vary with time.
time. A capacitor under dc or
steady state acts like an open circuit (i=0).
t
1
i (t ) 
dq (t ) d [Cv(t )]
 C
dv(t ) v (t ) 
C  id t  v ( t o )
dt dt dt to

Therefore Capacitors linear elements.

elements. Hence Superposition,
Combination rules, Thevenin/Norton
Thevenin/Norton are valid
valid.. From K. Rajawat
 Capacitor: series/parallel
Capacitor: series/parallel

dv
iC
dt

C eq  C 1  C 2  C 3

1 1 1 1
  
v C eq C 1 C 2 C 3
 ESC201 UDas
ESC201 UDas Lec5 M
Lec5 Magnetic Energy storage
Inductors
If μ is the permeability of i(t)
th core off the
the th coil,
il N is
i C (t)
Self inductance is defined as the number of coil turns, i
flux linked per unit current. r
for (length of the coil)
Or L ==(t)/
(t)/ii(t).
(t) c
v(t)
 r (mean radius of coil). u
 (t) = L × i(t) μ N 2 π r 2 Henry i
L= t
From Faraday's Law 
d
e m f generated is -
e.m.f. d ((t)) di(t)
() For dc or steady state when 
dt v(t)
(t)  = L× the current does not vary 
Two things to remember: dt dt with time, an inductor acts 
dv c like a short circuit (v=0)
like a short circuit (v=0)
ic = C Voltage across a capacitor
dt cannot change instantaneously
Instantaneous change in voltage implies infinite current!
Instantaneous change in voltage implies infinite current!
di Current through an inductor cannot
v=L change instantaneously
dt
Instantaneous change in current implies infinite voltage!
 Inductors: series/parallel
/p

L e q  L1  L 2  L 3

1 1 1 1
  
L eq L1 L2 L3
 ESC201 UDas
ESC201 UDas Lec5 Circuit 
Lec5 Circuit equivalents
equivalents
Not every circuit requires that all Node
Node‐‐voltages and Mesh
Mesh‐‐currents for a circuit
be found, but to drive a load only those at the LoadLoad‐‐Nodes and LoadLoad‐‐Branch be found
found..
Then it is unnecessary to do a full analysis on the circuit.
circuit. Rather any equivalent circuit
which provides the required information is sufficient
sufficient..
Thevenin’s Theorem
Theorem:: Any network containing independent and dependent sources
and resistors, when viewed from the load, can be represented by an equivalent
voltage
lt source VT in
i series
i with
ith an equivalent
i l t resistance
it RTh
Norton’s Theorem:
Theorem: Any network containing independent and dependent sources and
resistors, when viewed from the load, can be represented by an equivalent current
source IN in shunt with an equivalent resistance RN
R Th =R1||  R 3 +R 2 ||R 4 

V3

R5
I3
 ESc201, Lecture 5: 
5: Circuit
Circuit Equivalents UDas
Thevenin’s (Voltage Source) & Norton’s  (current Source) equivalent  circuits:
Thevenin’s Theorem
Theorem::
– Any network containing independent and dependent sources and resistors,
when viewed from the load,
load can be represented by an equivalent voltage source
VTh in series with an equivalent resistance RTh.
The Thevenin voltage VTh is also referred to as the OpenOpen‐‐Circuit Voltage (Voc).
RTh is defined
d f d as the h effective
ff i resistance
i off the
h network,
k looking
l k f
from the
h two
open‐‐circuited terminals.
open terminals.
Norton’s Theorem
Theorem::
– Any network containing independent and dependent sources and resistors,
when viewed from the load, can be represented by an equivalent current source
IN in shunt with an equivalent
q resistance RN. But value off RN = RTh and IN is
referred to as the Short circuit Current (Isc).

Circuit Voc RL Circuit RL

Isc
 RTh= 3+4||4 5V
 Voc= ((5/8)x4
|| = 5 ) = 2.5V
4 V1 3 V2 Short RL : Isc = I3 |V2=0 and apply KCL at node 1.

+ V1  5 V1 V1
5V 4 RL=6
=6   0
- 4 4 3
V 1.5
0.833xV1  1.25, I3 =Isc  1   0.5A
3 3
Sure ,Voc/Isc give the same value of RTh=5 
=5
Voc=V2 when RL is taken out.
8 V1 6 V2
KCL at node 1 gives :V1  5 V1 V1  Voc
I5   0
+
RL=7
=7 8 5 6
5V 
5 1.5I5 0.491xV1  ((1/ 6)V
) oc  ((5 / 8))
0.491xV1  (1/ 6)Voc  (5 / 8)
V1  0.34Voc  1.27, Voc  0.467x6x0.34Voc +1.27x0.467x6
KCL at node 2 gives :
1.27x0.467x6
1 27x0 467x6
V1  Voc Voc   75.2V
1.5I 5  0 0.0473
6 when RL is shorted V2=0,
V1  Voc V and Isc=1.5I5+V1/6=1.5(V
( 1/5)) +V1/6=0.467V1
15 1 0
 1.5
6 5 KCL at node1 gives: (V1-5)/8 + V1/5 +V1/6=0
0.467 x6V1  Voc V1= (1/0.492)x(5/8)=1.27V or Isc=0.59A, RTh=126.7 
=126.7