ESc201, Lecture 7: 

7: Transients
Transients

Linear circuit
 dv//dt is large
dv
ESc201, Lecture 8: 
8: Time
Time varying, periodic, Sinusoidal
Periodic signals:
Th Fourier
The F i transform
t f off a
function of time takes it to the
frequency domain of the function
function..
Some such transforms are that for a
signal in time transformed to a description
in the frequency domian.
domian. Another is the
electron motion description
p in a crystal
crystal.
y .
From crystal spatial domain to the electron
wave--vector domain
wave domain..
The Fourier transform of a periodic signal is
an impulse train where the impulse
amplitudes are 2π times the Fourier
coefficients of that signal.
signal. We need shifted
impulses since they correspond to different
frequency components in the Fourier series
representation..
representation The periodic signal can be represented as a summation of a
series of Sin functions
A square wave = sin(x) + sin(3x)/3 
+ sin(5x)/5 + ... (infinitely)
4  1  nπt 
f(t)=  Sin  
π 1,3,5 n  T 
 ESc201, Lecture 8: 
8: Time
Time varying, periodic, Sinusoidal variation
What if the transform has only one frequency component the variation of which
looks like the displacement of a frictionless pendulum? c.f. Walter Lewin's Last Lecture
https:://www
https //www..youtube.
youtube.com/watch?reload=
com/watch?reload=9 9&v=4
&v=4a0FbQdH
FbQdH33dY
The summation has only one term !!
This is called Sinusoidal variation:
A sinusoidal voltage source (independent or dependent) produces a voltage that varies
sinusoidally with time
time.. A sinusoidal current source (independent or dependent) produces a
current that varies sinusoidally with time
time..
A sinusoidally varying function can be represented by
either Sine or a Cosine function
function.. Although either works
equally well, it is tradition to use the Cosine function
which would be clear later in Phasor representation
representation.
p .
Hence a sinusoidally varying voltage is represented as:as:
cos(t+
v(t) =Vm.cos( ), where  is the angular frequency
t+
(rad /s), t is has the dimension of phase angle,  is an
rad/s),
arbitrary phase angle, and  = 2f= 2/T
f=2 /T..
Changing the phase  tt  shifts the sinusoid on the Note: Average with time is always = 0
time axis but has no effect on the amplitude
amplitude.
If  is positive, sinusoid shifts left, and if negative the sinusoid shifts right on the time axis.
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical‐engineering‐and‐computer‐science/6‐002‐circuits‐and‐electronics‐
spring‐2007/video‐lectures/lecture‐16/
 ESc201, Lecture 8:  8: Time
Time varying, periodic, Sinusoidal
There is no transient disturbance (all perturbations have settled down) and LINEAR
i e If the excitation is at frequency ‘’ then the response will also be in frequency ‘’.
i.e.
If the Average with time is always = 0, then we can at least compare the amplitudes (Vm) of
two signals of the same frequency, but how does one compare the strength of two signals of
different frequency?
q y Use the rms voltage
voltage:
g :
t0  T t0  T
1 1 1 2  T  Vm
Vrms   v(t ) dt   V cos (ωt+ )dt  Vm   
2 2 2
m
T t0
T t0
T 2 2
cos((t+
v1 (t)=v1 cos t+)
m
v2 ((t)=v cos((t+
) 2 cos t+60o)
m
v(t)

v2(t)
T
1
I rms  
2
t i (t ) dt
T 0
 ESc201, Lecture 8: 
8: Time
Time varying, periodic, Sinusoidal

Sinusoidal Steady‐
Sinusoidal Steady‐State Response
Sinusoidal Steady State Response
1. Deals with response of circuits under sinusoidal (sine or cosine functions) excitations
(voltage or current)
2 The signals are 
2. The signals are periodic
The signals are periodic function of time
periodic function of time
function of time
3. There is no 
There is no transient disturbance (all perturbations have settled down)
transient disturbance (all perturbations have settled down)
4. Phasors
Phasors,, Impedance
Impedance,, Admittance
Admittance,, and Response of RC and RL circuits to
sinusoidal excitation S
Source ffor a sinusoidal
i id l signal.
i l
2
 1 T  Vs(
) ) + R
  v (t) 2
dt  
T
1 v(t) 2  T 0  Vrms
2
p avg =  dt  =  RI 2rms Very similar to the dc expression
T0 R R R except use the
h r.m.s
r.m.s.. voltage.
l
v(t) =Vm.cos(
.cos(t+
t+v), and similarly i(t) =Im.cos(
.cos(t+
t+i), but this is difficult to handle, so rewrite it
in a different way that the v(t) and i(t) still has the same phase relationship between them.
O v(t)
Or (t) =V (t) and
Vm.cos(
.cos( (t+
d i(t) =IIm.cos(
.cos( i
t+ - v).) → p = VmImcos
cos((t) cos
cos((t+
t+ i -  v)
cos( + ) = cos
using the cos( cos.cos  – sin
.cos .sin
sin .
.sin
p=(1/2)V
p=(1/2) cos((i
VmImcos - v) + (1/2)
(1/2)V
VmImcos cos((i - v). cos(2t) - (1/2)
cos(2 (1/2)VVmImsinsin((i - v). sin(2
sin(2t)
Av. power is now pavg=(1/2)
=(1/2)V
VmImcos cos((i - v)=( Vm/√2)(
)=(V √2)(IIm /√2) cos((i - v)=
√2)cos )=VVrmsIrmscos cos(()
((i - v) , cos
 cos(()=power factor (pf
(pf).
). Similarly sin( i - v) is called the reactive factor (rf
sin( (rf))
 ESc201, Lecture 8: 
8: Time
Time varying, periodic, Sinusoidal
Phasor Representation
p
As per Euler’s identity
e ±jθ  cosθ  jsinθ, therefore cosθ = Re{e+jθ } and sinθ = Im{e+jθ }
v(t) = Vm cos(ωt  v )= Re{Vm e jv .e jωt } j= -1
 = Vm.ejv = P {Vmcos
cos((tt+
t+v)} iss tthee p
phasor a sfo o
aso ttransform cos((tt+
of Vmcos t+v)
Thus the phasor transform transfers the Im(V)
Im (V)
sinusoidal function from the time domain
to the complex domain.
domain.
i.e.  = Vm.ejv = Vmcos v +jVmsin
cos  v.
sin
= Vm. v And visa
visa--versa
versa.. t t
 
j v 2 2
Note that | e | cos v  sin v  1 
v in this case is 1 for one and 2 for the other.
While representing sinusoidal signals either in angular
tt
 Re(V)

sweep domain or time or domain i.e. t or t, respectively ,

confusion may arise regarding whether a given waveform
is leading or lagging some other waveforms
waveforms..
This confusion can largely be eliminated by representing
the sinusoidal signals as Phasors
Phasors..
 ESc201, Lecture 8: 
8: Time
Time varying, periodic, Sinusoidal
R
v(t) ( t+θ v ) v R = Vm θ v
(t) = Vm cos(ωt+θ
Vm Vm
v(t)
i(t) = cos(ωt+θ v ) iR = θ v
R R
1
R  R R ,  R  R =GR R is the Resistance
dv R G is the Conductance
ic =C v(t) = Vm cos(ωt+θ v )
+ dt
 d  Vm cos(ωt+θ v ) 
jv
d  Re{e .e }
jωt

ic = C =C
dt dt -X is
jv jωt c i the
th negative
ti
=jωC.Re{e .e }=jωCv Reactance
1  1 
 C =jωCC or C   C  -j    C  j  -X C   C -1/ Xc is the negative
j C
jωC  ωCC Susceptance
L=0.1H  ji jωt 
d Re{I m e .e }
di  
L L
v L =L sin(ωt+i )
 ωLI m sin(ωt
dt dt
v(t)
ji
 ωLI m cos(ωt+i  90o )  ωL Re{I m e .e-j90 .e jωt }
L  jωL L ji
 jωL Re{I m e .e jωt }
=jX L  L XL is the positive Reactance 1/ XL is the positive Susceptance