ESc201, Lecture 7: 

7: Transients
Transients

Example I-
I-from A. K. Dutta
S was open for a long time, closes at
t 0 and
t=0, d opens againi att tt=5
5 ms.
Sketch vc(t). C will get completely
discharged through R2 & R3.
Given : vc=(0)=0,
)=0 At t=0
t=0, S closes
closes, R1 300x5
however, capacitor voltage cannot
vc    = VS = =3V
R1 +R 2 200+300
change instantly hence v(0+)=(0)=0.
F t > 0,
For 0 the
th capacitor
it voltage
lt would
ld grow exponentially.
ti ll
The problem has two part transients : one between 0 and 5ms, and the other beyond 5ms.
For t between 0 and 5 ms:
Need to find v(∞) and (time constant) 
Since the capacitor would behave like an open
open--circuit.
For  find Reff1, i.e. the Thevenin resistance seen by C RTh
by observation is: VTh Vc
Reff1 = R3 + R1||R2 =500 + 200||300=620
200||300=620
=Reff1C=(
C=(620
(620))x(
(5F))=3.1ms OR vc((t)=
)x(5 (t)=v
) vc((∞)) + [v
[vc((0)
(0)-
)-vc((∞)].e t/
)] -t/ 
 e-t/3.1m
e
e-t/3.1m
 Therefore
Therefore at t=5ms, vc(5ms)=2.4 V.
 ESc201, Lecture 7: 
7: Transients
Transients
For t > 5 ms:
S opens again i att t=
t 5 ms, thus
t=5 th removing i the
th source VS from
f th circuit.
the circuit
i it. Hence,
H
C would now start to discharge and eventually as t→∞, Vc(t) →0.
For this part of the transient,
let t=5ms be time tt´´=0,
=0 i.e.
i e new reference of time
time,
vc(0)= 2.4V and vc(∞)=0
The effective resistance seen by C for this case is Reff2=R2+R3=800
=800 .
open-circuited time constant  =R
Since R1 gets open- Reff
ff2C 800x5F
C=800x5
C=800x5
800x5 F=4ms
4ms
vc(t)=
(t)=vvc(∞) + [v (0)--vc(∞)].e-t´/
[vc(0)
2.4e-t´/4m  2.4e-(t
2.4e (t--5ms)/4m

At tt´´=5 ,
vc(t) = 0.7% of vc(0),
quite small.
 ESc201, Lecture 7: 
7: Transients
Transients and
Example 2

S was open for a long time, and closes at t = 0.

Find vC for t = 0−, 0+, ∞, and 10 ms.
With S open, 5 V source was disconnected from
the circuit, and only 5mA source was active
vc(0 −)=
)=vvc(0+)=5mA x 400
400 = 2V
With S closed at t = 0,, we redraw the circuit :

Thevenin's equivalent at AA--B after

removingg Capacitor.
p Taking g B as
the reference potential (ground),
KCL 5-VA V
+ 5m= A
600 400
600||400=240.
VA=VOC=VTh=3.2 V and RTh= 600||400=240
Ti
Time t t = RThC=
constant C 240  x 20
240 20F=4.8ms.
F 48
vc(∞)=3.2V, vc(0)=2V,
vc(t) = vc(∞) + [v
[vc(0)
(0)--vc(∞)].e t/= 3.2
(∞)] e-t/ 3 2 + (2- 3 2) e-t/4.8m = 3.2
(2-3.2).e 1 2e-t/4.8m
3 2 - 1.2e
Or vc(10ms)=3.05V.
 ESc201, Lecture 7: 
7: Transients
Transients R
R-- L circuits UDas

Example 3 t=0
2 io

As the switch has been closed for a +

long time, for t < 0 the voltage 20A 0.1
0.1  2H 10
10 40
40 
across the inductor must be VL=0 iL vo
- 
VL(0-)=0, therefore iL(0 )=20A
As the current through the At t=0 when the switch opens, the equivalent
inductor cannot change resistance across the inductor is:
instantaneously, iL(0+)=20A . 10. Or =L/Req = 2/10=0.2s
Req= 2 + 10||40 = 10
t
- IL(0)=20A .
L /R e q
i L (t)= i L (  )+ { i L (0 )-i L (  )} e and at t= or > 0
iL(∞)=0
) 0 as all
ll the
th magnetic
ti energy will
ill dissipate
di i t in i the
th resistors.
it Hence
H ) 20 -5t A.
iL(t)=20e A
By current division then for t ≥ 0, io(t) = - [iL(t)]x 10/(10+40). So io(t) changes
instanteneouslyy from io(0- ))=0 to io((0+) = - 0.2x20A= - 4A.
And io(t ≥ 0+ ) = - 0.2iL(t) = - 4e-5t A
Hence vo(t) = 40io= - 160e-5t V for t ≥ 0+ 40 load is
The power dissipated in the 40
 2  2 10t 
vo ((-160)
160) e 10t 640  10t  
W10   40dt   40
dt   640e dt 
10 
e
0
 64J
0 0 0
 t’=0 UDas
ESc201, Lecture 7: 
7: Transients
Transients

vc(t) = vc(∞) + [[v

vc(0) t/
(0)--vc(∞)].e-t/ r
t

v C ( t )  v C (  )  { v C ( 0  )  v C (  )} e RC

t B  t A 
vc (t B )  Vmax  vc (t A )  Vmax  e



tC t B 
vc (tC )  Vmin  vc (t B )  Vmin  e


 vc (t A )

vc(tB)

vc(tA) vc(tC)
T
(t B  t A )  (t C  t B ) 
tA tB tC 2
Determine vc(tA) and vc(tB) in terms of Vmax and Vmin
 ESc201, Lecture 7: 
7: Transients
Transients and UDas
t t A  t t A 
 B
 B
vc(tB)
vc (t B )  vc (t A )e   Vmax [1  e  ]
1 2 3 2 3
x x x x x
ex  1     ..., e-xx  1  x    ... vc(tA) vc(tC)
1! 2! 3! 2! 3! tA tB tC
When RC= >> ((ttB-tA), x << 1
vc (t B )  vc (t A )[1  1 
 tB  t A 
] V [1  1 
 tB  t A 
]
max
 
vc (t A )  Vmax Discharging current
vc (t B )  vc (t A )  Vmax [
 tB  t A 
]
Charging current
Linear variation
 with time
Vc
Vs R
↓ C

vc(tB) 0
tB


t
vc (t A ) dt  vc (t A )t |t
B

A
tA
vc(tA)
 vc (t A )[t B  t A ]
The circuit performs as an integrator
 ESc201, Lecture 7: 
7: Transients
Transients--Differentiator UDas
Vc When the source voltage goes from 0 to VS, the voltage
across the
th capacitor it cannott change
h iinstantaneously,
t t l so
VC(0+) = VC(0-) = 0
C Or VR(0+) = VS.
Vs R VR As time progresses the source is at VS, C would charge
↓ t/) to finally to a voltage V , thus decreasing
(1-e-t/
as ~ (1- S
0 the current to zero (given sufficient time, i.e. T is large
compared to ). ) Which means VR→0
VS VS VS dv//dt is
dv
Decreasing  very
l
large, so the
th
differentiation
would look more
A  becomes
As b smaller
ll the
th like an impulse
response looks more like So for  << T/2 the circuit
a vertical line + or - behaves like a differentiator
-V S -V S
When the source remains constant at VS, VR still remains at 0. But, when the source switches
from VS to 0, the source is shorted but VC remains at VS, and VR is now - VS. As C discharges
through R exponentially, the voltage VR has to come to 0. It remains at 0 till the supply
remains
i att 0 and d the
th same process repeatst it
itself,
lf when
h the
th supplyl again
i goes from
f 0 to
t VS.
A similar exercise of differentiator/integrator can also be done for R R--L circuits, however,
in practical inductors it is avoided as losses are higher in real R
R--L circuits