ESC201 UDas SECTIONS on 

ESC201 UDas
Brihaspati::
Brihaspati
L b t
Laboratory D
Days and 
d
Tutorial Rooms.
Tutorial Rooms
Tutorial  Rooms.
M1 M2 M3
M1, M2, M3,
Tu1, Tu2, Tu3,
, , ,
W1, W2,
Th1, Th2, Th3,
F1, F2, F3.
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Maximum Power Transfer
Test Voltage Method to Find RTh when it is difficult to short the
output end to find Isc:
Procedure:
i) Open circuit the load terminals and attach a test voltage source Vt.
ii) Null all independent sources (short Voltage sources and open Current sources),
keeping dependent source undisturbed.
undisturbed.
iii) Perform a circuit analysis, and find the current It drawn by the circuit from Vt.
iv) Find Rth from the ratio of Vt/ It.

1310
1310 It
a
IS 4x10‐5V2
+       
500A
500 V2 50k
0k Vt
100
100  80II
80 s
b
Vt=50k(It-80Is) and V2= Vt. Again in the Controlled Voltage circuit
4x10-5 Vt= - Is(1310+100)= - 1410 Is.
Or Vt= 50kIt + (50k x 80 x 4x10-5 /1410) Vt.
Vt- (160/1410)Vt= 50kIt Which gives Vt/ It= 56.4k
(160/1410)V 56.4k
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Maximum Power Transfer condition
M i
Maximum P
Power Transfer
T f Theorem:
Th
The Goal is to ensure that the maximum power is delivered to the load
– Extremely useful for audio applications : A speaker resistance can be tuned to ensure
that the maximum power is transferred to it from the audio amplifieramplifier.. Thus,
Thus the
maximum possible level of sound is produced and minimum is wasted in the amplifier
amplifier..
– One important condition for this to happen is given by the maximum power transfer
theorem.
To find the value of RL that would ensure maximum power to be transferred to it, and to
find this maximum Power consumed by RL which is (PL)max.
Th
Thevenin i Equivalent
E i l t 2
representation of any circuit on V 2 V Th RL
IL = Th
And PL =R I
L L 
the left is driving a load RL. R Th +R L  R +R 2
Th L
RTh Given VTh and RTh are fixed for the circuit it
X represents, the only way that PL can be maximized is
by varying RL.
IL
VL RL The condition at which PL be maximum would be the
VTh
condition dPL/dRL=0.
X
2 2
dPL
=0=
 VTh 
-
2  VTh  R L
or
1
=
1
orR L =R Th
2 3
dR L  R Th +R L   R Th +R L  2R L R Th +R L
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Transient Response of R, L, C circuits.
Ti
Time Domain
D i (Transient)
(T i t) Response
R
For Inductors (L) the current, as mentioned earlier, cannot change instantaneously
and ffor Capacitors
p ((C)) the voltage
g across it cannot change
g instantaneously.
instantaneouslyy.
These are Passive elements, capable of storing and delivering finite amounts of energy, but
the average power cannot be greater than zero over an infinite time interval, as they are
ideally not dissipitave elements
elements..
Therefore the current – voltage relationship for these two elements are a function
of time.
time.
To investigate the time domain (transient) response of RL and RC circuits
Transient Response:
Time response of RC and RL circuits, known as 1st circuits, have to be found.
1st--order circuits,
Circuits, having R, L, and C are known as 2nd
2nd--order circuits, can be looked into later.
The input is assumed to be a step function, either going from zero to maximum or
from maximum to zero within an infinitesimally small time.
time
The behaviour of the circuit on either of these inputs,
which is a function of time,, is known as the
Vs
response.
transient response.
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Power Transfer and Transient Response
R-C Circuits: Vs is
i a DC V
Voltage
lt S
Source off magnitude
it d Vs
Switch S was open for a long time and is closed at t = 0.
Application of KCL at the indicated node gives

For t > 0+

v (t) for both t = 0 and 0+ are zero, since the capacitor was initially discharged, and that
the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantly. i.e. v C ( 0  )  v C ( 0  )
 a1 t
dx
  a1 x  a 2 Solution: x (t )  K 1  K 2 e
dt
 a1 t
x ( )  K 1 x (t )  x ( )  K 2 e
Using the initial condition at t=0: x (0 )  x ( )  K 2
 a1 t
x ( t )  x (  )  { x ( 0 )  x (  )} e
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Power Transfer and Transient Response

t

v C ( t )  v C (  )  { v C (0  )  v C (  )} e RC

Where RC should have the dimension of time i.e.  = RC is called the time constant
of the R-C circuit
circuit..
 
If the capacitor was under discharged condition then v C ( 0 )  v C ( 0 )  0


t
and vC (  )  VS Then v C ( t )  V S (1  e  )
Since the capacitor voltage varies
exponentially with time, hence, it
would take infinite time for this
voltage to become exactly equal
to Vs. However in 4-5 it is very
close to Vs.
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Power Transfer and Transient Response
O the
On th other
th h hand
d if th
the switch
it h iis opened
d after
ft ththe capacitor
it h has ffully
ll charged
h d tto Vs:
t

v C ( t )  v C (  )  { v C ( 0  )  v C (  )} e RC
v C ( 0  )  v C ( 0  ) = VS
And the capacitor will ideally hold the charge for infinite time unless there is a discharge
path, which can be provided by connecting a resistor “r” in parallel to the capacitor.
t’=0
t =0 t

v C (  )  0 , v C ( t )  v C ( 0  ) e RC

t

r v C ( t )  VS e RC

If the capacitor voltage at time t’=0

Has not reached,
reached such
s ch as say
sa vc(t) then
vC (t   0  )  vC (t   0  ) = vC (t )
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Power Transfer and Transient Response
R-L Circuits: Vs is a DC Voltage Source of magnitude Vs
Switch S was open for a long time and is closed at t = 0

t=0 At t = ∞ R i = VS/R
R

VS i
+
VS L vL
- i L(t) for both t = 0 and 0+ are zero, since the
I d t was nott carrying
Inductor i any current. t
For t > 0+ V S = R i(t)+ L
d i(t) x ( t )  x (  )  { x (0 )  x (  )} e  a1 t
dt i ( 0 
)  i ( 0 
) 0
Inductor current cannot change instantly.

VS VS -R t
i(t)=
i(t) + { i(0 )-
) } e L
R R VS 
t

L i (t )   (1  e  )
T im e C o n s ta n t :   R
R
As at t=0+ iLt=0 the
t

v L (t )  V S e 
whole of VS= vLt(t).
 ESC201 UDas Lec6 Transient Response: Inductor Len’s law. 

L
i (t   )  0  
t

i ( t )  i (  )  { i ( 0  )  i (  )}  e 
R2
t VS
 V S  RL2 t
 i(0  )  i(0  ) 
i ( t )  i (0 )  e 
R1 i (t )  e
R1
What happens to the voltage across the inductor nownow??
It was zero to start with
with.. Think of Lenz’s law and the inductor’s application as a
choke in a fluorescent tube light.
g