Lectures Slides on

Oscillations and Waves

by
Prof. Debashis Bandyopadhyay
Department of Physics
BITS Pilani

Email: bandy@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Mobile No. 9950676285
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Text Book
Vibration and Waves
by
A.P. French

Reference Book
Waves and Oscillations
by
N. K. Bajaj

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Topics from Text Book 2 (A.P. French)
(4) Simple The basic mass-spring system, Chapter 3
harmonic solving SHM equation using pp: 41-53,
motion (SHM) complex exponentials, examples of 62-70
SHM, the decay of free vibrations,
effect of very large damping
(3) Forced oscillator Undamped oscillator with Chapter 4
and resonance harmonic forcing, forced oscillator pp. 78-95
with damping
(2) Forced oscillator Power absorbed by a driven Chapter 4
and resonance oscillator, resonance pp: 96-101

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Topics from Text Book 2 (A.P. French)
(5) Coupled Normal modes, normal frequencies Ch.5
Oscillations and forced oscillations of two pp: 121–127
coupled oscillators, normal modes 129-151
and their properties for N coupled
oscillators
(3) Normal modes The free oscillations of stretched Ch.6
of continuous strings, normal modes of a pp: 161-170
systems stretched string, forced oscillations
of a stretched string
(3) Progressive Waves in one direction, dispersion, Ch. 7
waves Phase and group velocities. Energy Pp 201-207,
in a mechanical wave, transport of 230
energy by a wave. 237-241.

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 What makes this course important?
Vibrations, oscillations and waves appear in
observable and less observable places
They have an enormous impact on
understanding how things work in different
brunch of physics (astrophysics, thermal physics,
quantum mechanics, optics, condensed-matter
physics, mechanics, atmospheric and planetary
physics, etc.).
So it’s a basic learning in physics

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Observable oscillations
Water waves Oscillation of a floating
body
Earthquakes
Pendulums Car springs, shock
absorbers

Spring-mass system

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Different types of oscillatory motions

 Periodic motion: Any motion that repeats

itself in equal intervals of time.

 Oscillatory motion: If a particle moves

back and forth over the same path.

 Harmonic motion: Oscillatory motions

which can be expressed in terms of sine
and cosine functions.
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Periodic Motion

Oscillatory Motion

Harmonic Motion

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Sine and cosine oscillation
Vibration of di-atomic molecule

Vibration of AuGe10 nanocluster

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators

A frictionless U tube containing

liquid

Steam engine with

Oscillating cylinder

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Pendulum

Oscillation of a simple pendulum :

Force acting on the mass : F  mg
Torque :   I   I   L  F  mgL sin   mgL
g g
 mL   mgL      0      0
2

L L
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Pendulum

1 1
Total Energy at any Instant 't'=E=K .E.  PE  I 2  mgy  I 2  mgL 1  cos  
2 2
1 2 1 2  2 
For small oscillation  E  I   mgL 1  cos    I   mgL 1  1  ... 
2 2  2 
1 2 mgL2
 E  I  ; I  mL2
2 2
dE g
  I   mgL  0  mL2  mgL  0      0
dt L
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Physical Pendulum

In case of physical pendulum :

1 1
Total Energy at any Instant 't'=E=K .E.  PE  I 2  mgy  I 2  mgL 1  cos  
2 2
1 2 1 2  2 
For small oscillation  E  I   mgL 1  cos    I   mgL 1  1  ... 
2 2  2 
1 2 mgL2
 E  I 
2 2
dE mgL
  I   mgL  0  I   mgL  0    0
dt I
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Simple Harmonic Oscillators: Physical Pendulum
Radius of gyration or gyradius of a body about an
axis of rotation is defined as the radial distance of
a point from the axis of rotation at which, if the
whole mass of the body is assumed to be
concentrated, its moment of inertia about the given
axis would be the same as with its actual distribution
of mass.

Let us consider the " radius of gyration " of the physical pendulum about its
CM is k and the distance of CM from the point of suspension is L.


So, I  m k  L   
2 2
mgL
  0  2
gL
  0  2
g
0
I k L 2

k  L2    L

k 2  L2
 T  2
gL

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Differential Equation of Simple Harmonic
Motion (SHM)
A mass-spring systems

d 2x d 2x k d 2x 2k
F  kx  m 2  kx  2   x  0 x F  2kx  2   x  02 x
2

dt dt m dt m
d 2x d 2x
 2  0 x  0  x  0 x  0
2 2
 2  02 x  0  x  02 x  0
dt dt

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 KE, PE and TE of SHM
A mass-spring systems
Variation of PE and KE in a spring  mass system :
Differential equation of a spring  mass system :
x  02 x  0  x  Acos t
dx
Velocity :   x    A sin t
dt
 K .E.: m2  m2 A2 sin 2 t  m2 A2 1  cos 2 t 
1 1 1
2 2 2
KE  m2  A2  x 2 
1
2
 x x
1
and P.E.    F.dx    kx.dx   kx 2
0 0
2
1
Total Energy TE  : KE  PE  m2 A2  const
2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
A frictionless U tube containing liquid

Total force acting at any instant of time :

F  ma  2 yg
d2y d2y
  L  2  2 yg  2  
2g
y
dt dt L
2g L
 y  02 y  0, where, 0  and T  2
L 2g
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Solution using energy conservation

Total force acting at any instant of time : F  ma  2 yg

d2y d2y 2 g y
g
  L  2  2 yg  2   y;PE    F .dy  y 2 ;
dt dt L 0
L
g
2

KE  M   ;Total energy : E  My 2  y 2

1 dy 1
2  dt  2 L
2 g 2g  2g L
 y y 0 y y  0 ,where, 0  and T  2
ML L L
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
2g
 Simple Harmonic Oscillators
Floating object

d2y
F  Additional buoyancy force  m 2   Ayg
dt
d y2
Ag m
 2  0 y  0; where, 0 
2 2
 T  2
dt m Ag
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
Example IV: Prob. 6.17 ( K & K):A rod of length l and mass
m, pivoted at one end, is held by a spring at its midpoint and
a spring at its far end, both pulling in opposite directions.
The springs have spring constant k, and at equilibrium their
pull is perpendicular to the rod. Find the frequency of small
oscillations about the equilibrium position.
l l l
Total torque : I    . .k  l.l.k  mg 
2 2 2
1 2  5kl 2 mgl 
 ml       0
3  4 2 

 15k 3 g  15k 3g
      0  0  
 4m 2l  4m 2l
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Solution of SHM equation: I
2
 dx 
2
dx d x dx
x 2
0x 02  2 2
0x  0     02 x 2  Const
 dt 
2
dt dt dt
Let it starts from initial amplitude. So, At x  A, x  0
 Cons tan t  A2 02
2
 dx 
    02  A2  x 2  
dx
 dt
 dt   A2  x 2 
x
 sin    0t    x  A sin  0t   
1

 A

At,t  0 , x  A, Sin   1    , x  A cos 0t
2
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Solution of SHM equation: II
2
dx d 2 x dx  dx 
x  02 x  0  2  202 x 0   0 x  Const
2 2

dt dt 2 dt  dt 
Let it starts from initial velocity. At ,t  0, x  0 and x  0
2
 dx 
    02  02  x 2  
dx
 Cons tan t  02 2  0 dt
 dt   02  x 2 
 x 
 sin    0t    x  0 sin  0t   
1

 0 
At ,t  0 , x  0 , sin   0    0, x  A sin 0t

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Solution of SHM equation:III
2
dx d 2 x dx  dx 
x  02 x  0  2  202 x 0   0 x  Const
2 2

dt dt 2 dt  dt 
Let it starts from initial velocity. At,t  0, x  x0 and x  0
2
 dx 
 2 2

 Const    x      02  02  x02  x 2  
2 dx
 0 dt
 dt   
0 0 0
02 x x
2
0
2

 x 
 sin 
1
  0t    x  02  x02 sin  0t    ;
 2  x 2 
 0 0 
 x0 
If ,at,t  0,x  x0 ,  sin 1

  x 
2 2
 0 0 
If ,at,t  0, x  0, sin   0    0, x  A sin 0t

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 SHM: Diff. equn.:How to solve?
A mass-spring systems

d 2x d 2x k
F  kx  m 2  kx  2   x  02 x
dt dt m
d 2x
 2  02 x  0  x  02 x  0
dt
Solun :Take a trial solun in the form :
x R .P.eit or I .M .eit
Put it in the differential equation we have :
 2  2  0    
 x  aeit  beit   a  b  cos t  i  a  b  sin t
 x  Acos t  B sin t
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 SHM: Diff. equn.:How to solve?
Solun :Take a trial solun in the form :
x R .P.eit or I .M .eit
Put it in the differential equation we have :
 2  2  0    
 x  aeit  beit   a  b  cos t  i  a  b  sin t
 x  Acos t  B sin t  R cos  cos t  R sin  sin t
B
 x  R cos  t    , where, R  A  B and tan   i 2 2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 Prob. 3.19
Mass ‘m’ is connected by two identical
springs on a frictionless horizontal
table. Here the spring constant is k and
un-stretched length of springs is l0.

a ) Differential eq. of motion along x :

d 2x 2k d 2
x
F  2kx  2   x  x x  2  2x x  0
2

dt m dt
2k m
 x   x  0 x 
2
x ;Tx  2
m 2k
 Solun. If at t  0,x  t   A0 and x  0, then, x  t   A0 cos xt
http://www.glowscript.org/#/user/techforcurious/folder/TwoSpring/program/5.2-
TwoSpring1D
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 b) Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse direction

For small oscillation : y  l , let unstretched length is 0 . 

2
0  y2
1/2
 y  2
 y2  y2
 0 1  2   0 1  2      0   Spring force :
 0   2 0 2 0
y2
F  k   k. , Here,  is very very small and can be taken as cont.
2 0
y2 y   
So, Fy  F sin   k . . ; Total Vertical force : 2 Fy   2 k  0
y
2 0  
  2k    
1/2 1/2
d2y   
 m 2   2k  0
 y  y 
0
 x  0
; l  l0
dt   m  
 


http://www.glowscript.org/#/user/techforcurious/folder/TwoSpring/program/5.3-TwoSpring2D
Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani
 Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse direction

9 y l  l0 5 4 5 Tx
 c  If l  l0 , then,   l0   
4 x l 4 9l0 9 Ty
 d  x  A cos  xt  1  and y  B sin   y t  2  ; At , t  0, x  A0 and x  0
1  0 and A  A0 ; x  A0 cos xt

At , t  0, y  A0 and y  0 2  and B  A0 ; y  A0 cos  y t
2

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 b) Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse direction

Resultant motion (x-y vibrations) can be combined to get the following figure.
http://www.glowscript.org/#/user/techforcurious/folder/TwoSpring/program/5.3-TwoSpring2D

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani

 b) Differential eq. of motion along y :Transverse
direction: Non-linear oscillation

For small oscillation : y  l , let unstretched length is 0 .

1/2
 y 2
 y 2

 0  y  0 1  2   0 1  2 
2 2

 0   2 0
y2 y2
   0  ; Spring force : F  k   k . ,
2 0 2 0
y2 y k 3
So, Fy  F sin   k . . ; Total Vertical force : Fy   2 y
2 0 2l0l
d2y k 3
 2
 y  0 :Vibrations are nonlinear  nonsinusoidal 
dt ml0l

Professor Debashis Bandyopadhyay, Department of Physics, BITS Pilani