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Sample 1 Sample 2
Mean ̅ ̅
Sample size
Degrees of Freedom . . . 1
̅ (point estimator of ) Average of differences between the paired observations
Standard deviation of all the differences
Level of Significance
Confidence Interval 1‐
Formulas for Calculating the Confidence Interval for Mean Differences
Standard Error
√
Critical value (for this, see Excel Output Below)
Margin of Error
Confidence Interval of ̅
Difference √
Formulas for Hypothesis Testing – Difference of Means Between the Two Samples
Hypothesized Difference
̅
Test Statistics (t‐value)
√
See p‐value in output for
p‐Value See p‐value in output for one‐tail
two‐ tail
Null Hypothesis H0: H0: H0:
Alternate Hypothesis Ha: Ha: Ha:
Reject H0, if p‐value of two‐tail < p‐value of one‐tail < p‐value of one‐tail <
Using Excel Data Analysis – select “t‐Test: Paired Two Sample for Means” to get the following values
from the output:
Sample 1 Sample 2
Mean ̅ ̅
Variance
Observations
Pearson Correlation
Hypothesized Mean Difference
df 1
t Stat ̅
√
P(T<=t) one‐tail p‐value of one‐tail
t Critical one‐tail (all of is on one side)
P(T<=t) two‐tail p‐value of two‐tail
t Critical two‐tail