Frictional Losses in An Engine: Sunil Manohar Dash

Frictional Losses in an Engine
Sunil Manohar Dash

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Cabin 5, New Workshop Building
Email: sunilmanohardash@gmail.com
1
Emission Control Methods
1) Engineering of the combustion process – Advances in fuel

injectors, oxygen sensors, and on-board computers.
2) After treatment devices in the exhaust system – Catalytic

Converter, Air Pump.
3) Optimizing the choice of operating parameters – One of the

NOx control measures that have been used in automobile
engines is Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System.
4) Evaporative Emission Control – Positive Crankcase Ventilation

(PCV) System, Charcoal Canister.
5) Alternate Fuel – Biodiesel, CNG, H2.

2
3
Sources of Frictional Losses
Direct Frictional Losses
Loss of power due to relative
motion between different moving 10%
parts including piston, cam shaft,
27%
bearing, valve train etc.
Contribute > 50% of total frictional
losses
Pumping Losses 35%

Pumping Power spent during
intake and exhaust stroke. 13%
Auxiliary Losses
Power spent to drive auxiliary Direct 15%
Frictional
devices such as water pump, losses
lubricating pump, cooling fan and
4
fuel pump etc.
Friction can be expressed as loss using power terms:
fmep = imep – bmep – amep – cmep
fmep: work lost to internal friction

imep: net work generated in the combustion chamber
bmep: work available at the crankshaft
amep: work required to drive auxiliaries
cmep: work required to drive supercharger or turbocharger
Mechanical Efficiency is defined as
𝒃𝒑 𝒃𝒎𝒆𝒑
𝜼𝒎 = =
𝒊𝒑 𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒑
5
Factors Affecting Frictional Losses
For same swept volume
V= (𝝅/𝟒)𝐃𝟐 x L
1. Stroke to Bore Ratio (L/D)
D
 For the same swept volume of the

cylinders, the one with lower L/D
L
ratio has less frictional loss.
 Lower L/D has less excursion length

or lesser frictional area.
2. Number of Cylinder and Size
 Small number of large diameter

cylinders are beneficial for
frictional loss reduction.
6
3. Engine Speed
 Frictional losses are increased at higher engine speed.
 Beyond optimum engine speed mechanical efficiency decreases.
7
4. Oil Viscosity 5. Engine Load
 Higher the oil viscosity higher will  Increase in engine load increases
be pressure or frictional loss. Since the lubricating oil temperature
the viscosity decreases at higher hence reduces the viscosity and
temperature, frictional loss also frictional losses.
decreases. But beyond a certain
value of oil temperature, liquid
film fails to prevent metal and
6. Compression Ratio
metal contact that increases
frictional loss again.
 The frictional loss increases with
the increase of compression ratio.
8
Control of Frictional Losses in an Engine
Mechanical Friction
 It is caused by rubbing of the high

spots of the moving components.
 In presence of lubricating oil

friction is reduced due to formation
of hydraulic floating condition.
9
Important Characteristic of
Lubricating Oil
 It must stick to the solid surface.
 It should not be squeezed out

between the surface even at the
extreme load condition.
 It should not require excessive

force to shear adjacent fluid layer.
10
Purpose of Lubrication
 Reduce the frictional resistance of the engine to a minimum to

ensure maximum mechanical efficiency.
 Protect the engine against wear.
 Serve as a cooling agent by picking up heat.
 Remove impurities from the lubricated region.
 Form a seal between piston rings and the cylinder walls to

prevent blowby.
11
Properties of Lubricating Oil
 The lubricating oil must simultaneously act as a lubricant, a

coolant and an agent to remove impurities.
 It must be able to withstand high temperature without any

change in its characteristics.
 It must not oxidized at high temperature while attached to the

cylinder wall, piston crown or at the piston ring.
12
1. Viscosity
The viscosity of the lubricating oil must be such that it can flow
easily to all moving parts.
Viscosity of oil changes with temperature.
Viscosity Index (VI): It is the measure of change in viscosity of an

oil with temperature as compared to two reference oils having
same viscosity at 100 0C.
Paraffinic base oil (higher change in viscosity) VI=0
Naphthanic base oil (little change in viscosity) VI=100

13
1. Viscosity
Lubricating oil generally rated using a viscosity scale established

by SAE. Commonly used viscosity grades are:
Defined at 99 0C Defined at -18 0C Multigrade Oil

SAE 5 SAE 5W SAE 5W-10
Which Oil should we use in cold and hot condition?
14
2. Specific Gravity
It is an indicator of weight and volume. In general specific

gravity of oil varies between 0.85 to 0.96.
3. Pour Point
It is the temperature below which lubricating oil loses its fluidity

and will not flow or circulate in the system. The pour point of the
lubricating oil must be at least 150F below the operating
temperature to ensure proper circulation.
15
4. Oxidation Stability
The lubricating oil must be resistive to oxidation. Due to

oxidation oil forms deposits on the piston rings and thereby
loses its lubricating properties.
5. Oiliness
It is the property that ensures the oil molecule adhere or cling to

the metal surface and provide lubrication after the oil gets
displaced or squeezed out.
16
6. Corrosiveness
The lubricating oil must be noncorrosive and should protect

against corrosion.
7. Detergency
The oil must have properties to effectively clean the engine

deposits.
8. Foaming
The oil must not produce minute bubbles or foam that reduces
mass flow rate as a consequence hydrodynamic pressure of the
lubricating oil is reduced.
17
Additive for Lubricating Oil
Antioxidants and Anticorrosive agents

Zinc dithiophosphate
Detergency
Metallic Salt or Organic Acid
Antifoaming
Silicon Polymer
Pour Point Depressor

Polymethacrylate
Detergency
Sulphur, Chlorine or Prosperous compounds
18

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Frictional Losses in an Engine

Sunil Manohar Dash

1) Engineering of the combustion process – Advances in fuel

2) After treatment devices in the exhaust system – Catalytic

3) Optimizing the choice of operating parameters – One of the

4) Evaporative Emission Control – Positive Crankcase Ventilation

5) Alternate Fuel – Biodiesel, CNG, H2.

Pumping Losses 35%

Friction can be expressed as loss using power terms:

fmep = imep – bmep – amep – cmep

fmep: work lost to internal friction

Mechanical Efficiency is defined as

 For the same swept volume of the

 Lower L/D has less excursion length

2. Number of Cylinder and Size

 Small number of large diameter

 Frictional losses are increased at higher engine speed.

 Beyond optimum engine speed mechanical efficiency decreases.

4. Oil Viscosity 5. Engine Load

 It is caused by rubbing of the high

 In presence of lubricating oil

 It must stick to the solid surface.

 It should not be squeezed out

 It should not require excessive

 Reduce the frictional resistance of the engine to a minimum to

 Protect the engine against wear.

 Serve as a cooling agent by picking up heat.

 Remove impurities from the lubricated region.

 Form a seal between piston rings and the cylinder walls to

 The lubricating oil must simultaneously act as a lubricant, a

 It must be able to withstand high temperature without any

 It must not oxidized at high temperature while attached to the

Viscosity of oil changes with temperature.

Viscosity Index (VI): It is the measure of change in viscosity of an

Paraffinic base oil (higher change in viscosity) VI=0

Naphthanic base oil (little change in viscosity) VI=100

Lubricating oil generally rated using a viscosity scale established

Defined at 99 0C Defined at -18 0C Multigrade Oil

Which Oil should we use in cold and hot condition?

It is an indicator of weight and volume. In general specific

It is the temperature below which lubricating oil loses its fluidity

The lubricating oil must be resistive to oxidation. Due to

It is the property that ensures the oil molecule adhere or cling to

The lubricating oil must be noncorrosive and should protect

The oil must have properties to effectively clean the engine

Antioxidants and Anticorrosive agents

Pour Point Depressor

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