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Implementation of the Solid Waste Management Ordinance
Research · October 2017

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20837.50407
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Republic of the Philippines
Region I
Candon National High School
Senior High School
Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid Waste

Management Ordinance in
Candon City
A Quantitative Research
Presented to the
Senior High School
City Division of Candon
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 2
(Quantitative Research)
by:
Del Rosario, Larianne

Habon, Abegail
La Madrid, Hanna Mae
Rulloda, Elijah Isiah
Feljone G. Ragma Ed.D.

Co-author/advise
Region 1
Senior High School
INDORSEMENT
This is to certify that the researchers who conceptualized the study
“IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE IN CANDON CITY” are ready for Oral
Examination.
Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.

Adviser

Region 1
Senior High School
APPROVAL
This is to certify that the above mentioned study has
SUCCESSFULLY PASSED the Oral Examination on March 16, 2017 before
the following, whose signatures are accordingly affixed.
GRETHEL B. BUGAOISAN
ii
Panel Member
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In appreciation for the assistanve given to this quantitative research
study entitled: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE IN CANDON CITY, the researchers
would like to thank the people who gave their time and effort in the
completion of this endeavor.
In particular, sincere and deepest gratitude is hereby offered to:
Dr. Feljone Ragma, the co-author of the study, Practical Research
2 adviser, for the encouragement, friendly and professional teachings,
comments, and suggestions in every step for the completion of the study.
The respondents of this study for Providing the opportunity and
allowing the researchers to gain necessary data from them using a
questionnaire which helped in the success of the research study.
iii
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to our respected research teacher,
Dr. Feljone G. Ragma who has been our constant source of inspiration to
pursue this study.
He has given us sufficient and overwhelming knowledge in order for
the researchers to complete the research study. In addition, he provided
great advices and techniques for the research study to run smoothly.
Without his teachings and support, this study would have not been
finished in a substantial and quality study.
iv
ABSTRACT
Title: Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid
Waste Management Ordinance in Candon City
Researchers: Elijah Isiah P. Rulloda

Abegail Habon
Hanna Mae La Madrid
Larianne Del Rosario
Adviser: Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.
Abstract: The quantitative study, which made use of the descriptive-

comparative design, focused on the level of implementation of the local
ordinance in Candon.
It utilized questionnaires to gather significant data from respondents
who are the residents of Candon specifically the parents of the students and
faculty/staff of Candon National High School. The study selected 100
respondents from the said institution as respondents of the study.
After using the statistical treatments: mean and Analysis of Variance,
the study found out that the level of implementation of the ordinance is
moderate. It was also discovered that the four indicators of the ordinance is
also moderately implemented. Although, among the four, collection and
transportation of waste came out to be the most implemented while disposal
of solid waste was the least implemented indicator. It was also revealed
that there is a significant difference on the level of implementation on each
indicator when compared. It means that they vary in the level of
implementation and that there is no consistent attention given to the four
indicators.
It recommended, among others, that concerned authorities should
make use of the research data to create proper action in improving the
implementation of the ordinance in Candon city for the betterment of its
citizens
v
Keywords: Residents of Candon, Implementation of the ordinance
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….…..……. i
ENDORSEMENT……………………………………………………….….…. ii
APPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………………..…. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………..…. iii
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………..… iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………….……………………….. vi
TABLES........................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER
I Introduction…………………………………….……………. 1
.
Background of the Study…………………………..….. 1
Framework………………………………………………… 7
Statement of the Problem………………………………. 9
Assumptions…………….………………………………… 10
vi
Scope and Delimitation….……………………………… 10
Importance of the Study ….……………………………. 11
Definition of Terms………………………………………. 12
Review of Related Literature and Studies…………........ 13
II Method and Procedures…..….…………………………… 38
Research Design…….…………..…………………………. 38
Sources of Data….………………..……………………….. 39
Locale and Population of the Study….………..…… 39
Instrumentation and Data Collection……….……….. 39
Tools for Data Analysis………………………….………. 41
Data Categorization………………………………………. 41
Ethical Considerations……………………………..……. 42
III Findings and Discussion……………………………..…… 43
Level of Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid 43

Waste Management Ordinance
Waste Generation and Storage 47
Waste Processing and Resource Recovery 48
Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste 49
Disposal of Solid Waste 49
Strengths and Weaknesses in the level of 50

implementation
Comparison of the level of implementation when 52

grouped according to domains
vii
IV Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations.…… 55
Findings………………………………………………………… 55
Conclusions……………….…………………………………… 55
Recommendations……………………………………………. 56
Bibliography……………………………………………………. 58
Appendices
A..................................................................................... 58
B.....................................................................................
C..................................................................................... 68
D..................................................................................... 69
Curriculum Vitae......................................................................... 70
viii
TABLES
Table Page
1 Level of Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid

Waste Management Ordinance ………………………….. 44
2 Strengths and Weaknesses in the level of

implementation ……………………………………………… 51
3 Comparison of the level of implementation when
grouped according to domains …………………………... 52
4 Post hoc Analysis……………………………………………. 52
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Governance is an essential factor in building a society. It serves as
a general guidance to ensure that the ethical actions are practised in the
society and in the government. It is considered as a battery that gives life
to the government for the common good of the society.
Governance ensures harmony of life in the society by establishing
laws and orders, securing justice, protecting human rights and upholding
the dignity and welfare of all people. It refers to the structures and
processes that are designed to provide transparency and broad-based
participation. In general terms, governance represents norms, values and
rules through which public affairs are managed in a manner that is
transparent, participated, inclusive and responsive. Development
Assistance Committee (DAC) defines governance as the exercise of
authority or power in order to manage the country’s economic, political
and administrative affairs. Apart from being an instrument of public affairs
management, or a gauge of political development, governance has become
a useful mechanism to enhance the legitimacy of the national and the local
government.
1
Meanwhile, local governance is the governing state that is situated
in the local setting. Usually, local government is built to work as a
supplement serving foundation of the national ruling system because not
everything or not every aspect of the whole country can be assessed by the
national government. Specifically, the local government implements local
rules and regulations that will serve as a pattern of guiding and promoting
a healthy social welfare among the people of the locality.
The role of local governance is to supervise the local’s lives and their
ideologies by maintaining a good relationship between the people of the
locality and the local government. The local government will act as an
agent in implementing laws that are administered by the national
government. With the help of the local government, it will be easy for the
state to distribute the information to the locals and help in the political
issues going around in the local area. Governance in the local setting can
provide the community with faith to the elected local officials and trust to
its decision-making abilities.
In connection, the government processes laws that affect the entire
nation in order to maintain safety and to prevent further
miscommunication and threats that may come to the people. Although the
application of these laws are needed immediately, certain stages are
needed to make sure a law only focuses and affect the nation in the best
2
and positive way. However, a law cannot be implemented rapidly because
the dissemination of information takes a long process. The implementation
process cannot be done in an instant since the nation possesses a high
population rate. Despite the fact that it is difficult to disseminate
information, the national government takes action through
communicating with the local government of each city and town to help in
spreading the necessary information to the people.
These laws are significant in providing general safety. The
government implements different laws to uphold peace and prevent people
from behaving in a negative manner that affects the quality of life of other
people. Laws exist in three different levels, national, regional and local
settings. Since people do not operate with the same moral ethics, laws can
help regulate and shape behavior. Law is an effective tool in bringing social
change in the country and without laws; it can mislead the people and the
entire nation.
Laws are not only implemented by the national government. Cities
and towns have the authority to make its own law known as ordinace.
Ordinance is a law passed by the municipal government. Local laws are
issued by elected lawmakers and local administrative agencies but it is
limited only in the vicinity of the local government and cannot involve
3
federal laws. Cities and towns have different ordinances but the goal is the
same which is to eliminate unlawful actions.
The local government creates local laws because they notice the law
as a necessity to ensure the peace and order of the locality. Local laws also
cover issues such as the activities permitted on public land, animal
management and use of infrastructure. Local laws promote righteousness
since local citizens are obliged to follow local laws or else face the
consequences of breaking them. Many ordinances deal with maintaining
public safety, health, morals and general welfare. And through these local
laws, the citizens are directed to do what is right.
One of the ordinances being implemented for the welfare of all is the
Comprehensive Solid Waste Management ordinance. This ordinance is
implemented to municipalities to guarantee a clean and orderly
community. The ordinance aims to have an environment-friendly locality
and develop positive attitudes for the people towards cleaning and
segregating. An international basis of an almost the same ordinance with
the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management can be observed in the
country of Singapore. The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
Facility was instigated to completely reduce, collect, recycle and dispose
waste within the country. This was executed because of the increase of
solid waste over the years, from 1,260 tons of waste per day in the year
4
1970 to 8,559 tons per day in the year 2016. In addition, four functional
elements of ISWM includes source reduction, recycling and composting,
waste transportation and landfilling (Leblanc, 2016). These are the main
practices of Singapore to achieve a clean environment.
In the interim, Philippines implements a different system in
handling waste of the country. Specifically, in the cities of Cebu, Illigan
and Quezon, these cities are known to employ the No Segregation, No
Collection ordinance. The solid waste management system implemented
in the city of Cebu focuses in the segregation of biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste. Along with its implementation is the information
dissemination to be made by the officers in charge. The ordinance follows
different scheduling for the collection of plastics, bottles, glass, papers and
wastes from commercialized establishments.
The No Segregation, No Collection ordinance also made its way to
the provincial level. The city of San Andreas in Ilocos Norte started this
solid waste management practice for it is proven effective in maintaining
cleanliness and sanitation of every household in the city. The ordinance
requires collectors to roam around the city three times a week to collect
the waste from houses and establishments and are well segregated. The
local government of San Andreas devised a segregation process between
biodegradable waste that consist of papers, fallen leaves and food residues
5
and non-biodegradable waste that consist of materials made from plastics,
glass and metal scraps. Along with the segregation of solid waste, the
ordinance also bans littering and throwing waste along the streets, no open
burning of waste and no open dumping of garbage in flood-prone areas
(Lazaro, 2016).
Meanwhile, the city of Candon also made the action in implementing
its own ordinance known as the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management
ordinance. The local government perceives that the ordinance is a
necessity for the city to regulate the people in segregating and proper
throwing of wastes. The local government of Candon provides two dump
trucks capable of collecting waste from 6-8 barangays in Candon. The
dump trucks differs in collecting waste. One is for biodegradable waste
and the other for non-biodegradable waste. Once the wastes are collected
in the assigned barangays, the dump trucks go straight to the landfill
located in Balingaoan to eradicate and to store waste that can be used for
recycling and reusing.
The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management serves as a tool for
change in the peoples action. The goal of this study is to identify the
current situation of the ordinance and the environment and to determine
ways of engaging the local people in following the ordinance.
6
Framework
This section of the study is centered on the theories that supplement
the implementation of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management
ordinance in the locality.
Good governance creates a strong future for a community by
continuously guiding towards a goal. In accordance to this is the first
theory known as Systems Theory of Good Governance of Bang and Esmark
(2009), stating that good governance relies on instruments of governance
that nurtures and strategically utilizes the self-governing potential of civil
society under the strategic supervision of public authorities, seen in such
diverse areas as employment policy, health policy, police power, crime
prevention, education policy, bio-politics and accounting practices etc. It
runs parallel to the statement of Rouse (2015) that law implementation is
the carrying out, execution, or practice of a plan, a method, or any design,
idea, model, specification, standard or policy for doing something. As such,
implementation is the action that must follow any preliminary thinking in
order for something to actually happen. The statement describes that the
government utilizes its different agencies to carry out the implementation
processes of laws under specific areas
The aim of having good governance can only be fulfilled through
proper implementation of the law. In relation to this is the theory under
7
governance, the second theory or the Implementation Theory of Yudof
(1981), asserting that it is concerned with the examination of
organizational compliance with particular policy directives. In addition, he
stated that the day is long gone when lawyers and social scientists assume
that court decisions and legislative and administrative rules automatically
are translated into the desired actions. The theory displays that
government agencies that handle the implementation process of laws are
to be monitored to identify the overall situation of the law. In connection,
according to Allot (1981), Laws may become ineffective even if they were
originally effective. The statement shows that the government agency that
runs the process of law implementation can greatly affect the success rate
of a law.
There are a lot of laws being implemented for the improvement of a
community; some of these laws focus on the environmental sustainability.
One of which is an ordinance known as the Comprehensive Solid Waste
Management that is implemented in the locality of Candon. The ordinance
aims to discipline its citizen into proper segregation of waste and practice
cleaning in the community. It corresponds with the Waste Management
Theory of Pongracz (2004) claiming that the proper information
dissemination of the waste management can be trace as unified body of
knowledge about waste to organize the diverse variables of waste
8
management system as it stands today. The statement shows that the
citizens of the locality are the determinants of the overall situation in
cleanliness and segregation in the community and the successfulness of
the implemented ordinance itself.
Generally, the study revolves on the implementation of the
Comprehensive Solid Waste Management ordinance in the locality of
Candon following the flow of good governance as the base for a law or an
ordinance to be implemented effectively grounded with the theories on
good governance and law implementation.
Statement of the problem
This study investigates the implementation of the Comprehensive
Solid Waste Management ordinance in Candon City.
Specifically, this study ought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of implementation of the ordinance in the
locality of Candon along:
a. Waste Generation and Storage;
b. Waste Processing and Resources Recovery;
c. Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste; and
d. Disposal of Solid Wastes?
9
2. What are the capabilities and constraints in the level of
implementation of the ordinance?
3. Is there a significant difference in the implementation of the
ordinance when grouped according to its domain?
Assumptions
The following are the assumptions of the study:
1. The implementation level of the ordinance in the city of Candon is
moderate.
2. The capabilities of the ordinance are that it ensures cleanliness in
the locality; it ceases the creation of harmful fumes, foul odors and
unhealthy scavenging activities in the vicinity; it eradicates unsightly
uncovered and overflowing waste containers in the streets,, public places
and open areas while the constraints of the ordinance is that the citizens
of Candon does not fully practice the ordinance and are not aware of such
rule.
Scope and Limitations
The study only includes citizens of Candon, specifically, the parents
of students and Faculty or staff from Candon National High School where
their current location is within the vicinity of Candon. The study is
conducted in the year 2017.
10
Importance of the Study
This research will greatly benefit the following:
The City of Candon will be given information on the overall situation
of the ordinance in the locality. It will also be an introduction for the
citizens of Candon who are unaware of the ordinance.
The legislative office will be given background information about the
level of implementation of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management
ordinance in the locality, which will contribute further improvement in aid
of legislation.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources will be
provided with information that they can use to enhance waste
management system of the city.
The study will also benefit the barangay captains in providing official
records about the present situation concerning law obedience in their
specific areas.
The researchers are benefited in such ways that the researchers will
be more knowledgeable about the realities on implementation process and
the behavior of people towards laws.
11
The study will also be a basis for future researchers in the field of
environmental sustainability.
Definition of Terms
To further understand this study, the following terms are
operationally defined;
Capabilities. These refer to a performance with a descriptive
equivalent of satisfactory and above.
Constraints. These refer to a performance with a descriptive
equivalent of fair performance and below.
Level of Implementation. These refers to the intensity of
application of the ordinance in the vicinity
Waste Generation and Storage. It is the right way of segregating
and storing of solid waste in proper trash bins and the inspection of the
cleanliness of residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural areas.
Waste Processing and Resources Recovery. This refers to the
conversion of waste to human resources and makes it beneficial through
the process of proper segregation and recycling.
Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste. It revolves on the
collection of waste around the residential, commercial and institutional
12
areas in accordance to the dos and don’ts in the collection and
transporting of solid wastes.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Level of Implementation
Waste Generation and Storage
Waste generation is the most important aspect to look at in order to
have effective solid waste management system. The generation of waste
varies considerably between countries based on culture, public awareness
and management (Harra & Goel 2009; Wagner & Arnold, 2006).
Developed countries are experiencing high waste generation while
developing countries always have problems with the implementation of the
management system (Harra & Goel, 2009). This includes weak
enforcement, lack of technology and ineffective policy implementers
(Agamathu et al, 2009). In detail these countries experience low and
irregular collection of waste, uncontrolled of air and water pollution in
open dumping area, and the mismanagement of scavenging activities
(Latifa et al, 2009).
Waste Generation and Storage of Waste in Residential Areas
13
According to Dr. Biniya Kunal Soni (2009), there are different types
of waste generated by Residential Houses. First type is food waste such as
vegetables, fruits, etc. Landfill Waste like diapers, pads and nappies.
Another type is Fragile Waste such as broken glass wares, bulbs, tube
lights etc. Some of the waste was common and repetitive in nature such
as paper, plastic and container waste. The last two types are E-Waste like
CDs and DVDs and the Use of Throw Waste which are classified as blades,
razors, rags and etc. Interview with solid waste management organizations
indicate the two types of waste storage practices exist in the city of
Kathmandu Metropolitan, commingled waste storage (mixed together) and
segregated waste storage. Commingled waste storage is the more prevalent
form between the two practices. The majority of households have
expressed a willingness to segregate their waste and store them separately
(G. M. J. Hasan, B. Karanjit 2006).
According to Bernardo (2008), in a barangay in Manila, household
commonly generated the type of wastes are food/kitchen wastes, papers,
PET bottles, metals, cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, plastics and other
wastes( mixed wastes). She said that they didn’t perform composting and
burning of wastes. The household rely on garbage collection by the
government. Household waste is stated as the garbage and rubbish
created or caused to be created in the day to day living of a residential
14
dwelling unit, excluding white goods, bulky items such as furniture and
large rugs and household hazardous waste.
Waste Generation and Storage in Commercial Establishments
The study of Cascadia Consulting Group provided a record on the
Highest Rate of Waste Generated on the year 2006 concerning commercial
establishments. Food stores have the highest rate of waste generated with
an average of 71 percent. followed by retail big box stores, with an
estimated 64 percent generated rate. The group with the third highest rate
is material and garden stores and lastly is large hotels wich generated
approximately 23 percent. Solid Waste Storage and Disposal Section
7.16.050 states that it shall be the duty and responsibility of every person
in possession, charge, or control of any establishments where garbage or
refuse is created or accumulated to at all times keep or cause to be kept
adequate portable storage containers of approved size, deposit or cause to
be deposited all garbage, rubbish and waste in said storage containers.
Waste Generation and Storage in Institutional/Industrial
Since the beginning, the hospital is known for the treatment of sick
persons but we are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage and
fifth generated by the human and environment. Now, it’s a well established
fact that there are many adverse and harmful effects to the environment
15
including human beings which are caused by the "hospital wastes"
generated during the patients care.
Hospital waste is a potential health hazard to the health care
workers, public and flora and fauna of the area (Chandra, 1999). Hospital
generates a variety of different kinds of waste and refuse categorizing
hospital waste helps staff keep hospitals clean and sanitary so
thatvdiseases and infections do not spread. Hospital wastes is broken into
five general categories, namely, GHW, SHW, IHW, PHW, RHW and each
types of refuse is handled with the necessary precautions to help everyone
maintain optimal health (Mackenzie and Crown-well 1998).
Lyceum of the Philippines Batangas was awarded for obtaining an
effective waste management. According to research most schools, public
and private in the city of Batangas generates different kinds of wastes
mostly papers. Some of which are plastics, food wastes and even sanitary
pads caused by the disobedience of the students ( Abigail Manzano, 2014).
Waste Generation and Storage in Agricultural sources Agricultural mainly
consists of spoiled food grains and vegetables, agricultural remains, litter,
etc., generated from fields, farms and granaries.
Agricultural development is usually accompanied by wastes from
the irrational application of intensive farming methods and the abuse of
chemicals used in cultivation, remarkably affecting rural environments in
16
particular and the global environmental in general. The waste generated
is dependent on the types of agricultural activities carried out (J. N.
Nwakaire, 2015).
Waste Processing and Resources Recovery
Techniques in Waste Processing
According to Health and Safety Executive (2015) claimed that waste
processing depends on the nature of the source material, there are a
plethora of sorting and processing activities utilized that range from labor
intensive hand picking operations through to highly mechanized or
technically complex processes. The chosen method of sorting will depend
on many factors such as the nature of the waste, the ease of segregation
and the yield and quality of the resultant recycles.
Municipal (household) curbside sorted recyclables. A proportion of
waste is sorted into its fractions (typically glass, plastics and paper) at the
curbside. These pre-sorted materials are forward to transfer stations for
bulking up and compacting prior to transportation onto processing
facilities, or in some cases export. The process can involve manual picking
lines for removal of erroneous materials and the use of compacting
machinery.
17
Municipal (household) and commercial mixed recyclable waste. If
not sorted at the curbside, municipal recycles may be taken to centralized
premises, such as transfer stations or materials recycling facilities (MRFs)
for sorting and or processing. The waste stream can be sorted into various
constituent components (eg paper, plastics, glass, metals, WEEE etc. and
the residual material) depending on the set-up at each particular MRF.
Commercially derived waste is treated in much the same manner.
Irrespective of the complexity of the MRF there are usually manual picking
lines incorporated at various stages of the process to remove unwanted or
rogue materials.
Industrial or builders waste. Generally this type of waste is collected
by skip and delivered to waste transfer stations where the material
(primarily construction based) is sorted into its component parts prior to
processing or disposal. Again, these sites can incorporate a mixture of
manual and mechanical operations, to include the use of MRFs,
The recycles that result from the sorting operation (or from other
sources such as Civic Amenity/HWRC/Bring Sites) may be processed on
the same site that the sorting took place or forwarded on to more
specialized facilities for treatment. Further processing of recyclables and
other waste materials can involve a number of discrete sub-industries of
the waste management and recycling sector
18
According to the study of Torbert, Gebhart, & Busby (2011), one
possible method to relieve this waste problem is to reduce the volume of
the municipal solid waste or utilize waste in methods other than
landfilling. Collection and composting of organic food, processing, and
landscape wastes, as well as paper, glass and metal recycling have made
significant contributions to reducing waste volume, but landfill utilization
requirements still exceed landfill capacity. Processes and equipment to
facilitate the rapid separation, volume reduction, and conversion into
reusable products have been developed and tested in limited capacities.
This chapter describes one such process developed by Bouldin and
Lawson, Incorporated, which produces a cellulosic by-product,
trademarked as Fluff®, which has been shown to be suitable for a number
of uses based on laboratory test results that indicate it is relatively benign
from an environmental aspect despite the municipal input stream from
which it is derived. A full spectrum of research will be presented to
highlight (1) the chemical and agronomic nature of this material called
Fluff, (2) its mineralization characteristics when used as a soil additive, (3)
the effects of land application on vegetative plant growth, development,
biomass production, and chemical composition of plant tissues, (4) the
effects of land application on numerous soil chemical and physical
properties, and (5) results from a proof of concept study showing the
19
applicability of this material for use as a dust suppressant on unpaved
roads.
Fluff: a unique municipal solid waste processing by-product is a
solid waste processing technology that facilitates the rapid separation,
volume reduction, and conversion of municipal waste into a sterile organic
pulp has been developed and deployed at several locations. This process
separates the organic fraction of municipal garbage from the recyclable
materials and then sterilizes it, producing a pulp-like material called Fluff
(Bouldin & Lawson, Inc., 2000). This technology is currently in use in
Warren County, TN, where a 95% recycling rate has been achieved for the
county’s municipal solid waste, with the bulk of the organic byproduct
composted for use as a topsoil replacement in the horticultural industry
(Croxton et al., 2004). Several processing systems have also been deployed
in the island countries of Aruba, St. Croix, and St. Thomas, where land fill
space is at a premium and alternative Fluff uses include pelleted fuel
production and beach erosion prevention and restoration.
This waste processing technology is currently in use in Warren
County, TN, where a 95% recycling rate has been achieved for the county’s
municipal waste, with the bulk of the organic byproduct composted for use
as topsoil replacement in the horticultural industry (Croxton et al., 2004).
While the resulting Fluff material has been used successfully after
20
composting in the horticulture industry, Fluff may also be an effective soil
amendment before composting to improve soil physical and chemical
properties, thereby enhancing land rehabilitation efforts.
Cold Pressing and Sintering (CP&S) is one of the earliest technologies used
for forming technical crystalline ceramics. The technology itself is simple;
it involves pouring ceramic powder, often with small amounts of organic
binders, into a die. The simplest die geometry consists of a cylindrical body
with top and bottom plungers. The application of uniaxial compressive
stress along the axis of the plungers leads to compaction of the powder
into a cylindrical pellet. The pellet is ejected from the die and then sintered
in a conventional kiln.
Alternatively, cold pressing can be done in an isostatic press. The
powder is loaded into an elastomer mold, which is sealed and inserted into
a liquid bath (generally oil). The liquid is then pressurized to compact the
powder, then the pressed part is removed from the mold and sintered. The
mold can be reused or discarded.
The Cold Crucible Induction Melter (CCIM) consists of water-cooled
tubes that are arranged to form a crucible, the contents of which are
heated by induction. An inductor surrounding the crucible is energized by
a high-frequency alternating current that induces eddy currents (and
resultant Joule heating) of materials contained in the crucible. The melting
21
process is usually initiated by inserting a resistive heating element into
the crucible. This element couples with the fields to form an initial melt;
the initial melt then couples with the electromagnetic field. At that point,
the resistive element can be removed so that no foreign materials are in
contact with the melt. A solid “skull” of quenched waste material, typically
a few millimeters in thickness, forms along the inside crucible wall,
protecting it from degradation and corrosion. The shell isolates the melt
from the crucible so that the latter can be maintained at ambient
conditions. This prevents molten materials from bonding to the crucible,
allowing residuals to be removed at the end of the melting campaign.
CCIMs are potential replacements for JHMs and AJHMs. As noted
previously, JHMs with some AJHM features are now part of the current
DOE baseline for production of high-activity and low-activity waste glass
Resource Recovery of Solid Waste
United Nation Environment Program (2015) claimed that resource
recovery is the separation of certain materials from the waste we produce,
with the aim of using them again or turning them into new raw materials
for use again.
It involves composting and recycling of materials that are heading to
the landfill. Here is an example: Wet organic waste such as food and
agricultural waste is considered waste after food consumption or after an
22
agricultural activity. Traditionally, we collect them and send them to a
landfill. In Resource Recovery, we collect and divert to composting or
anaerobic digestion to produce bio methane. We can also recover nutrients
through regulator-approved use of residuals
The concept can be applied in household settings too. Many
communities have places that residents can drop off waste that they have
already sorted in their homes. This makes it easy for waste recovery
organizations to pick them up for further processing.
Recovering waste is not an easy task. It involves good planning,
education, community participation, and use of technology. But it has
huge environmental and economic benefits and must be seriously
considered.
Resource recovery benefits us because it reduces our need to tap
into new raw materials, thereby saving the environment. For example, by
separating and collecting all paper products from the waste we create, we
can recycle them to reduce the need for new pulp which comes from
timber. Less energy is also used in recycling old materials than new raw
materials. How is waste water reused? Think of wastewater and storm
water as another example. The demand for potable water can be greatly
reduced if we can divert all wastewater and storm water for treatment and
23
re-use. We can use it for gardening, agriculture, sanitation (cleaning) and
even heating by energy producers.
Resource Recovery: Turning Waste into Energy
Garthe (2017) claimed that resource recovery can reduce the
amount of low density polyethylene (LDPE) in the waste stream and gain
valuable energy that would otherwise have been lost in the landfill.
Plastic film has provided farming with many benefits, but film also
contributes significantly to the growing municipal solid waste stream. Low
density polyethylene (LDPE) is the most commonly used film in the
agricultural industry because of LDPE’s inertness, flexibility, and moisture
barrier properties. In 1990, the agricultural community consumed 234
million pounds of LDPE film, which represents 3.6 percent of the total
LDPE film consumed in the United States. LDPE film accounts for the
largest amount of plastic consumed by the agricultural community, and
this amount increases each year as more uses and benefits are found.
Currently, most farmers dispose of their used film by burning or
burying it on the farm or sending it to be landfilled. Burning and burying
are illegal in most areas, and many landfills are filling up and closing
down. To deal with this solid waste dilemma, many members of the
agricultural community are considering integrated waste management—
24
an approach that balances different waste management options—to help
reduce the burden of LDPE film on the waste stream. These options
include source reduction, recycling, resource recovery, and landfilling.
To decrease the amount of LDPE film in the waste stream, source
reduction and recycling are being encouraged. Agricultural film, which has
been exposed to sunlight, heat, pesticides, dirt, grease, and rodents, is
often so heavily contaminated that it can’t be re-used or recycled. For
example, it is not uncommon for mulch film to be contaminated by up to
50 percent of its weight by dirt, moisture, and vegetation. Resource
recovery can reduce the amount of LDPE in the waste stream and gain
valuable energy that would otherwise have been lost in a landfill.
The Resource Recovery Process
Resource recovery usually means heat recovery by incineration. An
estimated 14-16 percent of the United States’ waste stream is incinerated.
Wastes are taken to a modern energy recovery facility where they are
burned in combustion chambers or boilers. The high combustion
temperatures help the waste burn thoroughly and create less ash for
disposal. Modern air pollution control devices—such as electrostatic
precipitators, dry and wet scrubbers and/or fabric filters—are used to
remove potentially harmful particulates and gases from the incinerator’s
emissions. Some facilities can reduce the amount of particulates by up to
25
99.9 percent. The end product from this process is heat energy that can
be used to generate steam and electricity. The remaining ashes must be
properly disposed of in a landfill.
The Benefits of Resource Recovery
By burning the solid wastes into ash, resource recovery reduces the
volume of waste entering the landfill by approximately 90 percent and
recovers valuable energy that benefits all parts of society. In addition,
resource recovery is inexpensive and can be financed in two ways. One
way is for the plant to require a tipping fee—a charge to tip the dump bed
of the waste hauler truck—which is approximately equal to the fee charged
at a landfill. Second, revenue can be generated by selling the resulting
energy to local electric companies. Besides these benefits, capturing the
energy value of all of the waste generated in the U.S. could save as much
as 60,000 barrels of oil each day.
Incineration of wastes has led to a unique process called landfill
reclamation: wastes that were buried in a landfill years ago are being
excavated and incinerated. Although the Btu (energy value) of this waste
has been lessened by approximately 40 percent, landfill reclamation helps
to save valuable landfill space by reducing the volume of space that the
buried wastes were taking up.
26
Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste
Collection of Solid Waste
Waste collection is the collection of solid waste from point of
production (residential, industrial commercial, institutional) to the point
of treatment or disposal. Municipal solid waste is collected in several ways:
House-to-House: Waste collectors visit each individual house to
collect garbage. The user generally pays a fee for this service.
Community Bins: Users bring their garbage to community bins that
are placed at fixed points in a neighborhood or locality. MSW is picked up
by the municipality, or its designate, according to a set schedule.
Curbside Pick-Up: Users leave their garbage directly outside their
homes according to a garbage pick-up schedule set with the local
authorities (secondary house-to house collectors not typical).
Self-Delivered: Generators deliver the waste directly to disposal sites
or transfer stations, or hire third-party operators (or the municipality).
Contracted or Delegated Service: Businesses hire firms (or
municipality with municipal facilities) who arrange collection schedules
and charges with customers. Municipalities often license private operators
and may designate collection areas to encourage collection efficiencies.
27
Collected MSW can be separated or mixed, depending on local
regulations. Generators can be required to separate their waste at source,
e.g., into “wet” (food waste, organic matter) and “dry” (recyclables), and
possibly a third stream of “waste,” or residue. Waste that is un-segregated
could be separated into organic and recycling streams at a sorting facility.
Transporting of solid waste
According to Tampa City Government, the Department of Solid
Waste & Environmental Program Management uses three different
methods to collect household waste. They are manual, semi-automated,
and fully automated collection.
Manual Collection for Yard Waste Manual - collection vehicles are
operated by one driver and one loader who are responsible for driving and
loading debris into the truck. The design of the low-entry cab allows our
personnel to safely step in and out of the truck in order to efficiently
perform their duties. Manual collection is used for yard waste only.
Semi-Automated Collection - The driver operates a mechanical arm
on the exterior of the vehicle, which is designed to load a City-issued refuse
or recycling cart into the body of the truck. Semi-automated collection
reduces injuries and other potential hazards associated with manual
collection.
28
Fully-Automated Collection Fully - automated refuse collection is a
technologically advanced waste collection system designed to improve
collection efficiency, enhance performance, and reduce injuries to
personnel. The operator uses a set of hand controls while seated inside the
cab to mechanically lift and return a City-issued cart from the
homeowner's curbside.
Disposal of Solid Wastes
Waste disposal process aim to isolate the waste from people and the
environment in a manner that causes no harm. The best position for
dealing with particular waste depends on the nature of the waste itself (it’s
form, composition and quantity), the technologies available in the region,
the availability of financial resources, and having enough skilled people to
build, operate and maintain the facilities.
Information on waste generation is important to determine the most
suitable waste disposal options. Improper waste disposal may cause
pollution. The main purpose in implementing best practice for solid waste
management is to prevent pollution. According to Aye & Widjaya,
economics & environmental aspects of waste disposal option are always
the main issue in choosing the right technology developed Asian countries
such as Japan, South Korea and Singapore are on their way to eliminate
29
landfilling while some other Asian countries still have problems with open
dumping.
Wastes are disposed in the designated are and are not disposed in
the rivers, canals, vacant lots, trash bins. Lyceum of the Philippines
collection area as it fried to waste materials are not disposed to river,
canals, sea or vacant lots.
According to Bernardo (2008), in a barangay in Manila, household
commonly generated the types of wastes are food/kitchen wastes, papers,
PET bottles, metals, cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, plastics and other
wastes( mixed wastes). She said that they didn’t perform composting and
burning of wastes. The household rely on garbage collection by the
government. Collection is done twice daily, except Sundays, and
household members bring their garbage when the garbage truck arrives.
However, there are those who dumb their garbage in no designated pick-
up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumbed garbage becomes
a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms.
Some household members said that it is possible that the dumping
in certain areas caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family
members. Mothers and household helpers are responsible for household
wastes management. Most of the household members said that garbage
collection and disposal is the responsibility of the government. This law is
30
not fully implemented in Metro Manila. According to Gogoi (2013), the
proper disposal of solid waste of any kind is essential for the preservation
of the living environment and the maintenance of a high level of public
hygiene. The effects on the environment of the treatment and disposal of
waste therefore have enormous significance on the maintenance of quality
on life and measures to reduce the problem have to be taken in the best
possible way to keep the Guwahati city as a clean and healthy place for its
citizens.
Furthermore, the study of El Sidig (2004) classified three kinds of
disposing solid waste, these are the open dumping, ocean dumping and
sanitary landfill.
Open dumping: the most primitive waste repository is the open
dump. Waste is collected and, to save space and transportation costs, is
compacted. The compacted waste is hauled to the dumping site, usually
in the morning, and spread on the ground, further compaction sometimes
being effected by bulldozing. Organize matter rots or is consumed by
insects, by rats or, of permitted, by bags. Various salvaging operation may
go on during the day bottles, rags, knick-knacks, and especially metal
scraps are collected by junk dealers or by individuals for their own use. In
some communities, the accumulation is set a five in the evening (or ir may
ignite spontaneously) to reduce the total volume and to expose more metal
31
scrap for possible salvage of course, the organic degradation, the burning,
and the salvaging are recycling operations. However, there are serious
detrimental features to the dump. Its biological environment differs. From
those that have involved in natural ecosystems, and is not controlled by
effective regulatory mechanisms. The result is that the organisms that
multiply at dump are not likely to be the type that are benign to people.
The dump is a potential source of diseases, especially those carried by files
and rats. The fires, too, are uncontrolled and therefore always smoky and
polluting. Rainfall enters the clump and removes a quantity of dissolved
and suspended matter, including pathogenic microorganisms that are
water pollutants. And of course the dumps are ugly. (Stuck et al, 1978).
43
Ocean dumping: Is practiced by many coastal cities. Barges carrying
the refuse travel some distance from the harbor and discharge their loads
into a natural trench or canyon on the ocean floor. In this way most of the
trash is removed from sight, though not from the diosphere. Aquatic
dumping areas are almost devoid of communities of benthic animals, and
thus the normal food webs in the ocean are disrupted. Although plankton
and fish may survive in dump areas, they are affected by unusual
environment. For example, flounder caught in the former New York city
dumping region have had offtastes. Analysis of the stomach contents of
32
these fish reveals that old adhesive bandages and cigarette filters
constituted part of the animal’s diet. Such dietary aberrations certainly
cause foul flavors.
Sanitary landfill: Landfill means waste disposal on land. The
practice has had various names over the years including tips (UK),
Sanitary landfill (USA), coups (Scotland, controlled tipping (UK) and
dumps (worldwide). (Crawford et al,l 989). It is the most extensively
employed disposal method today, in which waste is deposited in a tough
that has been excavated in a low value area at the edge of town. Sometimes
a borrow pit or a abandoned gravel pit is selected as a site. At the end of
each day's dumping, the accumulated trash is compacted and then
covered with a layer of soil. This method obviously is superior to the dump-
and-burn system, since it minimizes air and water pollution, restricts fly
and rodent breeding, and reduces the possibilities for the dispersal of
disease organisms. When considering landfill as a method of waste
disposal the project should be approached in the same way as the design
of a new building, bridge or road. Decisions 44 have to be made on site
selection, project extent, finance, construction materials, method of
operation and site rehabilitation.
In connection, World of Earth Science (2017) said that waste
management is the handling of discarded materials. Recycling and
33
composting, which transform waste into useful products, are forms of
waste management. The management of waste also includes disposal,
such as landfilling.
A primary objective of waste management today is to protect the
public and the environment from potentially harmful effects of waste.
Some waste materials are normally safe, but can become hazardous if not
managed properly.
The first humans did not worry much about waste management.
They simply left their garbage where it dropped. However, as permanent
communities developed, people began to dispose of their waste in
designated dumping areas. The use of such "open dumps" for garbage is
still common in many parts of the world. Open dumps have major
disadvantages, however, especially in heavily populated areas. Toxic
chemicals can filter down through a dump and contaminate groundwater
. The liquid that filters through a dump or landfill is called leachate.
Dumps may also generate methane, a flammable and explosive gas
produced when organic wastes decompose under anaerobic (oxygen-poor)
conditions.
The dumping of waste does not just take place on land. Ocean
dumping, in which barges carry garbage out to sea, was once used as a
disposal method by some United States coastal cities and is still practiced
34
by some nations. Sewage sludge, or waste material from sewage treatment,
was dumped at sea in huge quantities by New York City as recently as
1992, but this is now prohibited in the United States. Also called biosolids,
sewage sludge is not generally considered solid waste, but it is sometimes
composted with organic municipal solid waste.
Burning has a long history in municipal solid waste management.
Some American cities began to burn their garbage in the late nineteenth
century in devices called cremators. These were not very efficient, however,
and cities went back to dumping and other methods. In the 1930s and
1940s, many cities built new types of more-efficient garbage burners
known as incinerators. The early incinerators were rather dirty in terms of
their emissions of air pollutants, and beginning in the 1950s they were
gradually shut down.
Public attitudes also play a pivotal role in decisions about waste
management. Virtually every proposed new landfill or waste-to-energy
plant is opposed by people who live near the site. Public officials and
planners refer to this reaction as NIMBY, which stands for "Not In My
BackYard." If an opposition group becomes vocal or powerful enough, a
city or county council is not likely to approve a proposed waste-disposal
project. The public also wields considerable influence with businesses.
Recycling and waste prevention initiatives enjoy strong public support.
35
About 19% of United States municipal solid waste was recycled or
composted in 1994, 10% was incinerated, and 71% was landfilled.
The greatest impetus for waste prevention will likely come from the
public. More and more citizens will come to understand that pesticides,
excessive packaging, and the use of disposable rather than durable items
have important environmental costs. Through the growth of the
information society, knowledge about these and other environmental
issues will increase. This should result in a continuing evolution towards
more efficient and environmentally sensitive waste management.
36
CHAPTER II
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
This part of the study describes and focuses on the research design,
sources of data, instrumentation and data collection, data analysis and
ethical considerations.
Research Design
The entire research study will use the descriptive method of
quantitative research approach.
The descriptive research design according to Shuttleworth (2008) is
a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior
of a subject without influencing it in any way. This design is appropriate
for this study since the study wants to describe the level of implementation
of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance in Candon City.
The study will use the quantitative research approach. Babbie
(2010) stated that the quantitative research emphasizes objective
measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of
data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by
manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational
techniques. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data
and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular
37
phenomenon. This research approach is fit for the study since the study
will be using the questionnaire in collecting data from a large scope of
respondents living in the vicinity of Candon City which will give the study
a high level of accurateness.
Sources of Data
Locale and Population of the study
The population of this study will compose of the parents of enrolled
students and faculty or staff of Candon National High School
The research requires one hundred (100) respondents coming from
the school’s personnel and student’s parents. It is required that the
address of the respondent is within the vicinity of Candon.
Instrumentation of Data Collection
The researchers will hand out questionnaire to the chosen
respondents personally or through someone close to them. Since they are
chosen randomly, the researchers are willing to wait for them to answer
the questionnaire impromptu. If not, the researchers will give their name
and contacts so that the selected respondents can inform the researchers
if they are done answering the questionnaire. On the process of the first
meeting with the respondents, a communication letter will be given, and
then the researchers will give a concise introduction about the study and
38
discuss the importance of the person’s participation; and the assurance of
confidentiality.
To gather the necessary information from the citizens of Candon
City, the researcher will utilize questionnaire method in gathering relevant
data from the respondents that will contribute in obtaining the objective
of the study. The questionnaire contains the direct queries that will be
answered by the respondents based on their level of implementation.
Scaling from 1-5, whereas 5 is the highest and 1 is the lowest. There are
thirty questions that concerns the level of implementation of the
Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance and is divided into
four parts; Identifying the level of implementation on Waste Generation
and Storage, Waste Processing and Resource Recovery, Transporting and
Collection of Solid Waste and Disposal of Solid Waste.
The respondents will supply their answers based on the options in
the questionnaire that will be distributed. The answers of the respondents
will be collected and subjected for data interpretation through statistical
treatment.
Tools for Data Analysis
39
The study will utilize a statistical tool in treating the data that will
be gathered namely: Mean
The mean will be used to determine the level of implementation of
the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance in the locality of
Candon. If it is highly, moderately implemented or disregarded. According
to Eather (2014) the mean is the average of the numbers: a calculated
“central” value of a setoff numbers.
Moreover, the capability of mean is that it uses every value in the
data and hence is a good representative of the data (Williams and Wilkins,
2000). This pertains that the sample population is to be represented by
the computed mean. Although, the mean cannot give a meaningful value
for the computed data. This means that using the mean does not give the
reason why is the mean is in such a way.
Data Categorization
Responses of the level of implementation and level of validity
pertaining to the questionnaire about Comprehensive Solid Waste
Management Ordinance will be scored and categorized using the following
point scale, range value and descriptive equivalent
40
Statistical Range Descriptive Equivalent Classification
4.51 – 5 Very Highly Strength

Implemented
3.51 – 4 Highly Implemented Strength
2.51 – 3 Moderately Implemented Weakness
1.51 – 2 Poorly Implemented Weakness
1 – 1.51 Not Implemented Weakness
Ethical Considerations
To guarantee ethical conduct in the process of this research, the
researchers will certainly observe the following:
The respondents name will not be mentioned in any part of the
research and it is an assurance that they will never be emotionally and
physically harmed as a respondent for the research study.
Proper and accurate document sourcing of the dates and materials
that will be used in the study will be done to avoid copyright infringement
or plagiarism.
A communication letter will be presented to the people that will help
in validity and verification of questions that will be in questionnaire. This
is to ensure that the questionnaire that will be distributed is organize and
does not tamper any ethical conduct.
41
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This section of the study presents the results, statistical analysis
and interpretation of the data collected concerning the level of
implementation of the Comprehensive Solid Waste Ordinance of Candon
city. Also, the differences of the four domains of the ordinance were
discussed.
Level of Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid Waste

Management Ordinance
Table 1. shows the level of implementation of the city ordinance
along four domains, namely waste generation and storage, waste
processing and recovery, collection and transportation of solid waste and
disposal of solid waste. The overall mean of the domains is 3.28, which
means moderate level of implementation. This implies that the city
ordinance is fairly observed. Furthermore, it can be said that the
implementation of the ordinance has not fully covered all barangays,
public places and residence of Candon since the implementation has not
even reachead a high level of implementation. In addition, this indicates
that the dissemination of the ordinance in the city was not satisfactory.
Clearly, the citizens are disciplined in handling solid waste generation,
segregation and disposal.
42
Table 1. Level of Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid Waste
Management
Indicators of Implementation Mean Description
A. Waste Generation and Storage
Residential Areas 3.25

1. Concerned resident ensures that Moderately
generated solid waste is properly Implemented
separated in three enclosed containers
for recoverables, left-
overs/consumables and others.
2. Residents choose proper containers 3.31
such as cans, sacks, bags, bins, etc
that facilitates sanitary, efficient Moderately
handling, storage, collection, transport Implemented
or disposal at least cost.
3. Public thoroughfares and ground in 3.41

front or in the vicinity of residential
houses are kept clean and tidy by the Moderately
owner/lessee of the house or building Implemented
at all times.
4. Trees, shrubs and other vegetation 3.47

within the vicinity of the residences are
regularly cared for and maintained to Moderately
minimize generated waste and Implemented
unpleasant sight.
Commercial Areas 3.23
1. Storage containers for segregated

commercial wastes be communal or
individual with cover depending on its
43
location for collection and transport Moderately
process. Implemented
2. The lobby and fronting 3.35

sidewalk/immediate grounds of
commercial establishments are
maintained, cleaned and presentable
by the owner/operator/lessee of the Moderately
establishment. Implemented
Moderately
Implemented
Overall Mean 3.34
B. Waste Processing and Resource

Recovery
Residential Areas
1. Segregated recyclables are properly 3.41 Moderately

stored before collection and are Implemented
collected separately and brought to
recycling center, eco-centers or junk
dealers.
2. Food and kitchen refuse are collected 3.18 Moderately
as fodder or feeds for animals and Implemented
portions that are not suitable as fodder
are composted.
Commercial Areas
1. Segregation of wastes from 3.32 Moderately

commercial areas (shopping malls, Implemented
restaurants, commercial complexes,
recreational centers, etc.) is mandatory
before issuance of renewal of business
permits.
2. Markets/agoras adopt a segregation 3.30 Moderately
scheme Implemented
that will facilitate the segregation of
recyclables, food/vegetable waste and
non-recyclables.
3. Food wastes from commercial centers 3.20 Moderately
(e. g food centers, restaurants, Implemented
canteens, etc.) are collected as
44
fodder/animal feeds and are not
disposed to sewers.
Overall Mean 3.28 Moderately

Implemented
C. Collection and Transportation of

Solid Waste
Residential Areas
1. The concerned resident ensures that 3.66 Highly

the solid waste is brought out in front Implemented
of his gate/door and/or along the
collection route of the collection
vehicle/cart, during the collection
period.
2. Residents report to the Office of the 3.29 Moderately
City Health Officer or concerned official Implemented
for any uncollected solid waste within
the vicinity of his/her residence.
3. Garbage not segregated and placed in 3.33 Moderately
approved containers by the local Implemented
government are not collected and be
treated as disposed of in violation of the
anti-littering provision of this
ordinance and be penalized
accordingly.
Commercials Areas
1. The owner/operator/lessee of any

enterprise is responsible for the timely
3.53 Highly
positioning of stored solid wastes
during collection period. Implemented
2. Residents remind the Environmental 3.33 Moderately

Sanitation Unit of the Office of the City Implemented
Health Officer in the collection of
uncollected solid wastes and other
related matters.
Implemented
45
D. Disposal of Solid Waste
Residential Areas/Commercial/Industrial
1. Open burning of solid waste is 2.96 Moderately

prohibited. Residuals of solid wastes Implemented
after resource recovery, recycling and
composting be disposed of by sanitary
landfilling or other ecologically sound
methods.
2. Hospital wastes, especially infectious 2.88 Moderately
wastes are incinerated in approved Implemented
incinerator of facilities and the ash
residues be disposed in separate
compartments in the sanitary landfills.
3. Illegal dumping of solid waste along 2.94 Moderately
streets, alleys, river banks, and in any Implemented
public places is strictly prohibited.
Implemented
Grand Total 3.28 Moderately

Implemented
Also In connection, World of Earth Science (2017) says that public
attitudes also play a pivotal role in decisions about waste management.
The public also wields considerable influence with businesses. Recycling
and waste prevention initiatives enjoy strong public support. Moreover,
the data shows that the acquired mean of all the domains is in moderate
or average implementation. This denotes that the implementation of the
ordinance is just enough for the betterment of the welfare of the citizens.
Waste Generation and Storage
It is seen in the same table that the waste generation and storage
indicators have a mean of 3.34, moderately implemented. This points to
46
the idea that the people do not fully follow the proper way of segregating
and storing wastes. This also directs that the residential areas in Candon
lack the proper number of containers for solid waste segregation and
proper storage. Also, residential and commercial areas are not kept clean.
This also lead to the idea that citizens of Candon are lazy and irresponsible
with the solid waste they generate. This connects with the finding of Hong
Kong University of Science and Technology (2006) stating that segregation
and storage of different types of waste in different containers, skips or
stockpiles to enhance reuse or recycling of materials and their proper
disposal.
Waste Processing and Resource Recovery
In terms of waste processing and resource recovery, it was evaluated
with an overall mean of 3.28 which indicates moderately implemented.
This leads to the concept that the waste collected are not entirely prepared
for recovery. In addition, this means that the waste being processed are
not stored or segregated properly for further processing. The citizens are
not fully engage to reusing and recycling. Moreover, the resource recovery
of the local government is at average and produces only enough recyclable
materials. This is in accordance to United Nation Environment Program
(2015) claiming that resource recovery benefits everyone because it
reduces the need to tap into new raw materials, thereby saving the
environment, by separating and collecting all paper products from the
47
waste created, and it can be recycled to reduce the needs of producing new
raw materials.
Collection and Transportation of Solid Wastes
The mean under collection and transportation of solid waste is also
presented in the same table which is 3.43. This implies that the
administered process of collecting and transporting wastes in the city was
moderately implemented. Also, this means that the collection and
transportation process of the solid waste is done occasionally and follows
a scheduling. Moreover, this infers that citizens of Candon prefer solid
waste to be collected rather than the idea of open burning or composting
of solid waste. This supports the discoveries of Bernardo (2008) that they
didn’t perform composting and burning of wastes. The household rely on
garbage collection by the government. Household waste is stated as the
garbage and rubbish created or caused to be created in the day to day
living of a residential dwelling unit.
Disposal of Solid Wastes
The same table also shows the obtained mean from the disposal of
solid wastes indicator as 2.93, which denotes moderately implemented.
This result shows that the residents do not exactly follow the rules in
disposing solid wastes properly. Additionally, the illegal disposal of solid
waste by citizens of Candon is taken lightly by the implementers or is not
given any charge even if caught in act. Furthermore, the lack of
48
responsible officials to inspect and investigate the disposal method of the
citizen reflects the average level of implementation of the ordinance. Also,
this depicts that there is a continuous lack of proper execution of the
ordinance that opens up risks in terms of health and environmental
wellness. This corresponds with World of Earth Science (2017) finding
which state the use of such "open dumps" for garbage is still common in
many parts of the world. Open dumps have major disadvantages, however,
especially in heavily populated areas. Toxic chemicals can filter down
through a dump and contaminate groundwater . The liquid that filters
through a dump or landfill is called leachate. Dumps may also generate
methane, a flammable and explosive gas produced when organic wastes
decompose under anaerobic (oxygen-poor) conditions.
Strengths and Weaknesses in the level of implementation
It can be seen in Table 2. the classification of the implementation of
each domain of the ordinance. In order to classify each domain, the mean
was used. The mean of each domain are as follows; 3.34, 3.28 3.43 and
2.93. The domains are classified as a weakness. This implies that the
ordinance, in overall, is not implemented fully and that the citizens of
Candon do not follow the ordinance religiously. Moreover, the domains
being a weakness makes the ordinance ineffective and incompetent. Also,
this means that there is a slow distribution of the necessary information
and guidelines for the ordinance leading to a longer adaptation period
49
Table 2. Strength and Weakness of the Comprehensive Solid Waste
Management Ordinance
Indicators of Implementation Mean Description Classification
Waste Generation and Storage 3.34 Moderately Weakness

Implemented
Waste Processing and Resource 3.28 Moderately Weakness

Recovery Implemented
Collection and Transportation 3.43 Moderately Weakness

of Waste Implemented
Disposal of Solid Waste 2.93 Moderately Weakness

Implemented
and lengthier time for the citizen to fully understand and follow the
regulation. This is corroborated by the finding of World of Earth Science
(2017) stating that the greatest impetus for waste prevention will likely
come from the public. More and more citizens will come to understand
that pesticides, excessive packaging, and the use of disposable rather than
durable items have important environmental costs. Through the growth of
the information society, knowledge about these and other environmental
issues will increase. This should result in a continuing evolution towards
more efficient and environmentally sensitive waste management.
Table 3. Comparison of the level of implementation when grouped

according to domains
50
Compared Domains Mean F-stat p-value Decision Remarks
Waste Generation and 3.34

Storage
Waste Processing and 3.28

Reject There is a
Resource Recovery
HO significant
13.6 0.0001
Collection and 3.43 difference
Transportation of Waste
Disposal of Solid Waste 2.93
Post hoc analysis

p-values for pairwise t-
tests
Group 4 Group 2 Group 1 Group 3
2.927 3.282 3.337 3.428
Group 4 2.927
Group 2 3.282 .0005
Group 1 3.337 .0001 .4280
1.71E-
Group 3 3.428 05 .0547 .1935
Comparison of the level of implementation when grouped according

to domains
Table 3. presents the comparison of the four domains of the level of
implementation of the ordinance. Since the p-value equal to 0.0001 is
smaller than the 0.05 level of significance, there is a need to reject the null
hypothesis. This implies that there is a significant difference between
waste generation and storage, waste processing and resource recovery,
collection and transportation of solid waste and disposal of solid waste.
51
With that, it suggests that the four domains were given different focus in
the implementation of the ordinance. The domain, disposal of solid waste,
when compared to the other domains indicates that it was not given
enough attention. As for the three domains, the same level of attention was
given in the implementation process. Although, the indicator, collection
and transportation of solid waste, resulted as the most implemented
indicator among the domains since a waste collector administers the
collection and transportation process of solid waste which made it effective
and efficient. Also, this implies that the collection and transportation of
solid is well practiced since the citizens are in need of such. They cannot
provide their own compost pit and does not have any other place to dispose
waste. So, they find that the local government’s collection method is the
easiest for them to get rid of their solid waste. In contrast, the indicator,
disposal of solid waste, came out to be the least implemented domain in
the study since unlawful disposal of solid waste still occurs in the vicinity
even though there are collectors. This implies that the scheduling of the
dump trucks does not meet all the citizens of Candon, thus forcing them
to illegal actions. Hence, the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management
ordinance of Candon passes the average standards of its citizens though
further improvements are still needed, specifically in the implementation
of the fourth indicator, disposal of solid waste. This finding runs parallel
to Torres’s (2009) a good solid waste and pollution control strategy will
52
not be an effective one until it is fully implemented, accepted, and
institutionalized by the people and institutions. As noted by several local
chief executives with exemplary solid waste programs, their strategies were
not about good engineering and slogans but rather strong political will in
implementing what is good for the environment and the people.
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
53
This section of the study presents the findings, conclusion and
recommendations.
Findings
The following are the significant findings of the study:
1. The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance is
moderately implemented in the city.
2. The domain Collection and Transportation of Solid waste came out
as the most implemented among all the domains.
3. The dissemination of information to the residence of each barangay
of Candon about the ordinance is inconsistent and insuffiecient
4. Illegal disposal of solid waste is still practiced by the citizens of
Candon.
5. The local government still lacks the proper equipment and number
of dump truck for the execution of the domains.
Conclusion
The Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance is a law
that still needs further development in its implementation techniques. The
overall implementation of the ordinance is at average and the domains are
moderately followed.
Recommendations
54
The following are the recommendations formulated based on the
findings and conclusion of the study:
1. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources should take
actions in providing more ways of reducing, reusing and recycling of
solid wastes in the local scene.
2. The local government should conduct barangay meeting concerning
on the distribution of information about the importance of the
ordinance.
3. The local government should provide more dump trucks for the
collection and transportation of solid waste.
4. The local government with the barangays should start a weekly
reminder that solid waste are to be segregated and will be subjected
to proper waste collection.
5. The local government should implement the ordinance consistently
in all barangays in Candon city.
6. The implementers should strictly conduct check-up and
investigation on citizens performing illegal disposal methods and
should employ necessary and appropriate penalties.
7. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources should
take actions in providing more ways of reducing, reusing and
recycling of solid wastes in the local scene.
55
8. Proper execution of waste segregation and waste storage should be
practiced for the effectiveness of the ordinance.
9. The different domains of the ordinance should be administered by
assigning an officer or group of people for inspection purposes.
10. Future researchers who will conduct a study on the same topic
should add more respondents and widen the scope of the study for
more reliable results.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brampton. (2009, June 11). Waste Processing. Retrieved from

https://www.brampton.ca/EN/Business/planning-
development/Documents/PLD/Waste%20Management/WasteProc
essingPresentation.pdf
Crown. (2006). Sorting/Processing of Waste. Retrieved from

http://www.hse.gov.uk/waste/processing.htm
56
EduGreen. (2006). Health Impact of Solid Waste. Retrieved from
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/health.htm
eSchoolToday. (2008). Effects of Poor Waste Disposal. Retrieved from

http://www.eschooltoday.com/waste-recycling/effects-of-poor-
waste-management.html
eSchoolToday. (2008). Resource Recovery. Retrieved from

http://www.eschooltoday.com/natural-resources/what-is-
resource-recovery.html
Garthe, J. (2016, August 8). Resource Recovery: Turning Waste to Energy.

Retrieved from http://extension.psu.edu/natural-
resources/energy/waste-to-energy/fact-sheets/c-11
Hayes, D. (2017, April 13). The Effects of Improper Waste Disposal.

Retrieved from
https://sites.psu.edu/hayescivicissues/2017/04/13/the-effects-
of-improper-waste-disposal/
MAV, V. L. (2016, October). Functions of Local Government. Retrieved from

Good Governance Guide:
http://www.goodgovernance.org.au/about-good-governance/role-
of-local-government/
NAS. (2011). Waste Processing and Waste Form Production. Retrieved from
https://www.nap.edu/read/13100/chapter/6#88
Siegle, D. (2015, November 10). Introduction to Correlation Research.

Retrieved from Educational Research Basics:
http://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/correlation/
SLILG. (2008). Solid Waste Collection and Transport. Retrieved from

https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/05SolidWasteCollectio
nandTransport.pdf
Tampa, C. o. (2016). Residential Waste Collection Method. Retrieved from

https://www.tampagov.net/solid-waste/programs/residential-
services/collection-methods
57
Torbert, H. (2011, April 23). New Municipal Solid Waste Processing
Technology Reduces Volume and Provides Beneficial Reuse
Applications for Soil Improvement and Dust Control. Retrieved from
https://www.intechopen.com/books/integrated-waste-
management-volume-i/new-municipal-solid-waste-processing-
technology-reduces-volume-and-provides-beneficial-reuse-
applications-for-soil-improvement-and-dust-control
TurbanDevelopment. (2007, May). Waste Collection. Retrieved from

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/R
esources/336387-1334852610766/Chap4.pdf
58
APPENDIX A
59
APPENDIX B
60
APPENDIX C

Region 1
Senior High School
Dear Respondent:
This is a questionnaire for the student’s parents, and faculty/staff of Candon National High
School. We, the researchers, are conducting a study regarding the level of implementation of the
Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Ordinance of the locality. If possible, it should only take for
about 10 minutes and please do not leave an item unanswered. Kindly return the completed
questionnaire to any member of the research team. We assure to keep your answers confidential.
Thank you for your time and effort. We sincerely appreciate it.
Directions: Below are the provisions of the Ordinance No. 038-02. Please feel free to rate how the
ordinance in Candon City is implemented by putting checkmarks on the blanks in the appropriate column
using the scale below:
61
5 Very Highly Implemented - it means that the level of implementation is highly acceptable
4 Highly Implemented - it means that the level of implementation exceeds acceptable
3 Moderately Implemented - it means that the level of implementation meets the acceptable standards
2 Poorly Implemented - it means that the level of implementation is below the acceptable standards
1 Not Implemented - it means that the level of implementation is unacceptable
E. Waste Generation and Storage 5 4 3 2 1
Residential Areas
5. Concerned resident ensures that generated solid waste are properly separated in
three enclosed containers for recoverables, left-overs/consumables and others.
6. Residents choose proper containers such as cans, sacks, bags, bins, etc that
facilitates sanitary, efficient handling, storage, collection, transport or disposal at
least cost.
7. Public thoroughfares and ground in front or in the vicinity of residential houses are
kept clean and tidy by the owner/lessee of the house or building at all times.
8. Trees, shrubs and other vegetation within the vicinity of the residences are regularly
cared for and maintained to minimize generated waste and unpleasant sight.
Commercial Areas
3. Storage containers for segregated commercial wastes be communal or individual
with cover depending on its location for collection and transport process.
4. The lobby and fronting sidewalk/immediate grounds of commercial establishments
are maintained, cleaned and presentable by the owner/operator/lessee of the
establishment.
F. Waste Processing and Resource Recovery 5 4 3 2 1
Residential Areas
3. Segregated recyclables are properly stored before collection and are collected
separately and brought to recycling center, eco-centers or junk dealers.
4. Food and kitchen refuse are collected as fodder or feeds for animals and portions
that are not suitable as fodder are composted.
Commercial Areas
4. Segregation of wastes from commercial areas (shopping malls, restaurants,
commercial complexes, recreational centers, etc.) are mandatory before issuance of
renewal of business permits.
2. Markets/agoras adopt a segregation scheme that will facilitate the segregation of
recyclables, food/vegetable waste and non-recyclables.
3. Food wastes from commercial centers (e. g food centers, restaurants, canteens,
etc.) are collected as fodder/animal feeds and are not disposed to sewers.
G. Collection and transportation of solid wastes 5 4 3 2 1
62
Residential Areas
4. The concerned resident ensures that the solid waste is brought out in front of his
gate/door and/or along the collection route of the collection vehicle/cart, during the
collection period.
5. Residents report to the Office of the City Health Officer or concerned official for any
uncollected solid waste within the vicinity of his/her residence.
6. Garbage not segregated and placed in approved containers by the local government
are not collected and be treated as disposed of in violation of the anti-littering
provision of this ordinance and be penalized accordingly.
Commercials Areas
3. The owner/operator/lessee of any enterprise is responsible for the timely positioning
of stored solid wastes during collection period.
4. Residents remind the Environmental Sanitation Unit of the Office of the City Health
Officer in the collection of uncollected solid wastes and other related matters.
H. Disposal of Solid Wastes 5 4 3 2 1
Residential Areas/Commercial/Industrial
4. Open burning of solid waste is prohibited. Residuals of solid wastes after resource
recovery, recycling and composting be disposed of by sanitary landfilling or other
ecologically sound methods.
5. Hospital wastes, especially infectious wastes are incinerated in approved incinerator
of facilities and the ash residues be disposed in separate compartments in the
sanitary landfills.
6. Illegal dumping of solid waste along streets, alleys, river banks, and in any public
places are strictly prohibited.
Thank you and God bless!
63
APPENDIX D
64
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Implementation of the Solid Waste Management Ordinance

Research · October 2017

conference paper View project

Dissertation View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid Waste

Del Rosario, Larianne

Feljone G. Ragma Ed.D.

This is to certify that the researchers who conceptualized the study

“IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE IN CANDON CITY” are ready for Oral

Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.

Republic of the Philippines

This is to certify that the above mentioned study has

SUCCESSFULLY PASSED the Oral Examination on March 16, 2017 before

the following, whose signatures are accordingly affixed.

In appreciation for the assistanve given to this quantitative research

study entitled: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE IN CANDON CITY, the researchers

completion of this endeavor.

In particular, sincere and deepest gratitude is hereby offered to:

Dr. Feljone Ragma, the co-author of the study, Practical Research

2 adviser, for the encouragement, friendly and professional teachings,

The respondents of this study for Providing the opportunity and

allowing the researchers to gain necessary data from them using a

questionnaire which helped in the success of the research study.

This research paper is dedicated to our respected research teacher,

pursue this study.

He has given us sufficient and overwhelming knowledge in order for

the researchers to complete the research study. In addition, he provided

finished in a substantial and quality study.

Researchers: Elijah Isiah P. Rulloda

Adviser: Feljone G. Ragma, Ed.D.

Abstract: The quantitative study, which made use of the descriptive-

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………….……………………….. vi

Background of the Study…………………………..….. 1

Statement of the Problem………………………………. 9

Importance of the Study ….……………………………. 11

Review of Related Literature and Studies…………........ 13

II Method and Procedures…..….…………………………… 38

Locale and Population of the Study….………..…… 39

Instrumentation and Data Collection……….……….. 39

Tools for Data Analysis………………………….………. 41

III Findings and Discussion……………………………..…… 43

Level of Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid 43

Waste Generation and Storage 47

Waste Processing and Resource Recovery 48

Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste 49

Disposal of Solid Waste 49

Strengths and Weaknesses in the level of 50

Comparison of the level of implementation when 52

1 Level of Implementation of the Comprehensive Solid

2 Strengths and Weaknesses in the level of

4 Post hoc Analysis……………………………………………. 52

A. Background of the Study

Governance is an essential factor in building a society. It serves as

society and in the government. It is considered as a battery that gives life

to the government for the common good of the society.

Governance ensures harmony of life in the society by establishing

processes that are designed to provide transparency and broad-based

participation. In general terms, governance represents norms, values and

rules through which public affairs are managed in a manner that is